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OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) LONDON: I9g61 DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS No. 1 — 16 September 1960 No. 2 — 18 November 1960 No. 3-17 January IQ61 No. 4-17 January Ig61 No. 5-17 January 1961 No. 6 — 28 February 1961 No. 7 — 30 March 1961 No. 8 — 30 March 1961 No.9- 4 July 1961 No,10- 14 July IQ61 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE BARTHOLOMEW PRESS DORKING BY ADLARD AND SON, LTD. NO»-~ 4: CONTENTS ENTOMOLOGY VOLUME X A taxonomic study of the larvae of West African Simultiidae (Diptera : Nematocera) with comments on the morphology of the larval black-fly head. By R. W. CRossKEY Notes on some Mallophaga from Mammals. By G. H. E. Hopkins A revision of two species complexes in the Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). 1. Cotachena histricalis Walker. 2. Syngamia floridalis Zeller. By Paut E. S. WHALLEY Microlepidoptera from the Solomon Islands. Additional records and descriptions of Microlepidoptera collected in the Solomon Islands by the Rennell Island Expedition 1953-54. By J. D. BRADLEY A revision of the genus Ducetia Stal (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). By D. R. RAaGGE New Pseudococcidae (Homoptera : Coccoidea) from Africa. By G. DE Lotto A catalogue of the types and other specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, Lepidoptera : Zygaenidae. By W. G. TREMEWAN A taxonomic study of some Indo-Australian Drepanidae (Lepidoptera). By ALLAN WATSON A preliminary revision of the families and subfamilies of Acridoidea (Orthoptera, Insecta). By V. M. Dirsu Sur les Psélaphides de Ceylan. By RENE JEANNEL Index to Volume X PAGE ce 2 EI 5B 211 241 317 351 423 A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF Aoi PAR VAL OP WEST AFRICAN SIMULITIDAE (DIPTERA: NEMATOCERA) WITH COMMENTS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE LARVAL BLACK-FLY HEAD R. W. CROSSKEY BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. r LONDON : 1960 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE LARVAE OF WEST AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE (DIPTERA : NEMATOCERA) WITH COMMENTS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE LARVAL BLACK-PLY HEAD BY R. W. CROSSKEY, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, Saale Pp. 1-74; 194 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 1 LONDON: 1960 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, ts issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 10, No. 1 of the Entomological serves. © Trustees of the British Museum, 1960 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued September, 1960 Price Twenty One Shillings AY TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE LARVAE OF WEST AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE (DIPTERA : NEMATOCERA) WITH COMMENTS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE. LARVAL BLACK-FLY HEAD By R. W. CROSSKEY}? CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION. : I DEFINITION OF WEST AFRIca AND List 0 OF West AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE : 3 MATERIAL AND METHODS : ; , : ; , 5 MORPHOLOGY OF THE SIMULIID Heap CaPsuLe ‘ F ‘ , ‘ 6 LARVAL CHARACTERS AND THEIR TAXONOMIC VALUE ‘ ; , ‘ ste) NOTE ON THE LARVAL INSTARS : 19 LARVAL CLASSIFICATION AND KEy TO SpECIES-c -GROUPS OF " ETRrIorran SIMULIIDAE é 2I KEY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF LARVAE OF West ‘AFRICAN BLACE-1 -FLIES 30 LARVAL DESCRIPTIONS : , : ; é : 3 : : 34 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. z ; : : : : F A : 92 REFERENCES ; ; ; F P ‘ i ; : F ee INTRODUCTION THE present study of the larvae of West African black-flies was begun in 1954 when I was engaged on a survey for Simuliidae in Northern Nigeria, mainly in connection with the distribution of Simulium damnosum Theo., the West African vector of onchocerciasis (Crosskey, 1956, 1957). It soon became clear that in the absence of any keys to Ethiopian black-fly larvae it was impossible reliably to identify larvae unless (a) they were associated with pupae of one species only, in which case it was reasonable to assume that larvae and pupae were conspecific, or (b) they showed a characteristic form of “ gill-spot ’’ in mature larvae which made their correlation with known pupae virtually certain. This difficulty fortunately did not apply to S. damnosum, whose characteristic larval features were already known, but larvae of other species could usually not be named at all, particularly if they were collected separately from pupae. On the other hand identification of pupae and adults was reasonably straightforward with the use of Freeman & de Meillon’s (1953) monograph of Ethiopian Simuliidae ; although these authors have briefly 1 Lately Entomologist, Ministry of Health, Northern Nigeria. ENTOM. 10, I. I 2 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE alluded to some of the more evident larval characteristics they have not given detailed larval descriptions or keys, and the present contribution is in a sense supple- mentary to their work with the intention of bringing our knowledge of the larvae more into line with that of the other stages. In this paper I have described, and given a key to, the species of West Africa only (for definition of West Africa see below), and it is hoped to provide a further study of the species of the rest of the Ethiopian Region (i.e. Africa south of the Sahara) at a later date. I have however examined all larval material of Ethiopian Simuliidae in the B.M. collection, and have taken into consideration all published larval descriptions including those of species from Madagascar. In this way I have been able to draw up a key to the larvae of the species-groups for the Ethiopian Region as a whole, but it should be appreciated that the definitions of species-groups and the key may require modification as more becomes known (especially since the larvae of many central and southern African species are still unknown). The early instars of the larvae of almost all the Ethiopian Simuliidae are unknown and most collections contain only mature larvae or larvae of medium size which are probably in the third or fourth instar (assuming that there are normally six instars in larval Simuliidae, as has recently been well demonstrated by Terterjan (1957) in Wilhelmia paraequina (Puri)). It will doubtless be some years before all the instars of all species are collected and described, and at the present time taxonomy has perforce to be based on mature or almost mature (presumably VIth stage) larvae, and this must be borne in mind in using the keys and descriptions. Younger larvae normally differ very considerably from older larvae and attention has been drawn to these differences in another section below. In this paper I use the words “mature larva”’ in the accepted sense of a larva which has attained its greatest length and in which the histoblast of the pupal respiratory organ is developed, although according to Hinton (1958) the so-called fully mature larva is in reality a ‘‘ pharate pupa ” which has undergone the larval-pupal moult and which continues to masquerade as a larva within the last larval cuticle. But since the taxonomic characters reside in the cuticular structures evidenced by this last larval skin it is legitimate taxonomically to speak of the mature larva, albeit that the living animal invested by the non-ecdysed skin is already the pupa. The larvae of several species of Ethiopian Simuliids have already been described, but many of the descriptions are very incomplete and until the present paper no larval keys have been published. The first references to larvae of Ethiopian black- flies are those of Roubaud (1907), who commented on the rectal gills of S. damnosum, and of King (1909), who gave somewhat imperfect coloured illustrations and a few lines of description of S. damnosum and S. griseicolle Becker ; the observations of these authors were repeated by Austen (1909). Further scattered, but more detailed, descriptions were given by Gibbins (1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1939). Gibbins’ larval slides (in the B.M. collection) have been examined and there are several inaccuracies in his descriptions ; as Freeman & de Meillon (1953) have already remarked, Gibbins seems sometimes to have made his drawings from mounts of whole larvae, so that “ differences’ between species appear which do not in reality exist, especially in the case of the mandibles which are in fact often remarkably uniform. In some TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 3 cases the number of rows and hooks per row in the posterior circlet seems to be exaggerated by Gibbins, and my own counts on his slide material do not agree, particularly in species with very numerous hooklets such as S. dentulosum Roubaud ; I have recorded these discrepancies where appropriate in the descriptions which follow. One of the most striking and easily seen differences between species, that of the postgenal cleft, was overlooked by Gibbins and he did not record this character in any of his larval descriptions. However, most of Gibbins’ description is essentially sound, and difficulties of working in African conditions may be responsible for inaccuracies. More recently the larvae of some further species have been described by Roubaud & Grenier (1943), Grenier & Doucet (19494, 19496), Grenier & Rageau (1949), Grenier & Ovazza (1951, 1956), Grenier, Hamon & Rickenbach (1955), and Grenier & Mouchet (1959) ; a few larval features have been noted by Freeman & de Meillon (1953), and Freeman (1955) has briefly described the larva of S. bernert Freeman, a remarkable species associated with mayfly nymphs and possibly belonging in the S. copleyi Gibbins complex. McMahon (1957) has noted some characteristics of the larvae of the S. neavet Roubaud complex and Lewis (1960) records certain differences in the hypostomium of species in this complex. In other zoogeographical areas knowledge of black-fly larvae is, for some territories at least, more advanced than in the Ethiopian Region, and larval keys exist for : Alaska (Sommerman, 1953) ; Australasia (Tonnoir, 1925) ; Australia (Mackerras & Mackerras, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1952) ; Britain (Edwards, 1920; Puri, 1925; Smart, 1944) ; Central Asia (Rubtzov, 1951) ; France (Grenier, 1953) ; Guatemala (Dalmat, 1955); Java and Sumatra (Edwards, 1934) ; Mexico (Vargas, Palacios & Najera, 1946) ; New York State, U.S.A. (Johannsen, 1903; Stone & Jamnback, 1955) ; North-eastern States, U.S.A. (Johannsen, 1934) ; U.S.S.R. (Rubtzov, 1956). DEFINITION OF WEST AFRICA AND LIST OF WEST AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE In this paper I use the term West Africa in a geographer’s sense (e.g. Harrison Church, 1957) to include that area lying to the west of the western boundary of the Cameroons Republic (former French Cameroons). Long usage has given West Africa this fairly precise meaning based upon its physical separateness from Equatorial and North Africa. The northern limit of West Africa is defined by the northern boundaries of the territories of French West Africa, but for all practical purposes by the Sahara. The western boundary of Cameroons Republic (the boundary between the former British and French Cameroons) lies along the watershed formed by the Cameroon-Adamawa Highlands (Adamawa Massif), which stretch with few breaks from the Gulf of Guinea to Lake Chad. This mountainous area is drained south- eastwards to the Sanaga River and Bight of Biafra, and north-westwards principally to the Benue-Niger system ; the narrow plain of the Benue River forms the only major break in the upland chain, which in places rises to 7,000 or 8,000 ft. with the southernmost outlier (Cameroons Mountain) reaching over 13,000 ft., the highest land in Africa west of the Ruwenzori range. 4 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE To what extent the natural divide provided by the Adamawa Highlands forms a zoogeographical barrier is problematical but its significance may have been under- estimated. Zoogeographically the West African Sub-region of the Ethiopian Region is usually held to include West Africa as defined above together with Equatorial Africa and the Congo Basin, and it is true that there is often a general uniformity in the fauna of this sub-region as a whole ; nevertheless there are usually also species which are characteristic either of the Congo Basin or of Upper Guinea (that area to the west of the ‘“‘ Dahomey gap ”’ where the savannah penetrates to the sea). The term West African Sub-region is scarcely apt for the composite area from Senegal to the Congo, and seems as inappropriate as the term Ethiopian Region itself ; similarly the term Guinea is very unsatisfactory since its meaning has always been vague, and since confusion may now arise with the Republic of Guinea. We really require a new, less ambiguous, name to denote the area at present called the West African Sub-region, and to restrict the term West Africa to that portion of the sub- region lying west of the “‘ Cameroon corner”’ of the Gulf of Guinea. It seems to me that West African faunal works are best delimited by the Adamawa Highlands since this is a natural topographical entity which may very likely be of zoogeographi- cal importance. If, on the other hand, Cameroons Republic is regarded as belonging in West Africa (as for example by French entomologists) it becomes inpossible to define West Africa in a logical way, for no topographical or zoogeographical barrier exists between Cameroons Republic on the one hand and Gabon, Middle Congo, and Oubangi on the other; the faunistic associations of Cameroons seem to me to be much more definitely with Equatorial Africa and the Congo basin than with West Africa proper. In view of the considerations given above I have omitted from this paper Simuliidae which are known from Cameroons Republic (former French Cameroons) but not from west of the Adamawa Highlands, e.g. S. hissettewm Gibbins (= S. vargasi Grenier & Rageau) and S. ovazzae Grenier & Mouchet. From West Africa as defined twenty-one species and twenty-eight pupal forms of Simuliidae are known, all of which are placed by Freeman & de Meillon in Simulium Latreille ; they are listed below in the species-groupings given by Freeman & de Meillon (1953). Full synonymy is given by these authors, and all specific names given in this paper are employed in the same sense as Freeman & de Meillon (op. cit.). Division A Group I. Simulium alcockit Pomeroy, 1922, type form form occidentale Freeman & de Meillon, 1953 form djallonense Roubaud & Grenier, 1943 form coalitum Pomeroy, 1922 Simulium johannae Wanson, 1947 Simulium schoutedent Wanson, 1947 Simulium impukane de Meillon, 1936 Simulium kenyae de Meillon, 1940 Simulium mcmahoni de Meillon, 1940 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 5 Group II. Simuliwm cervicornutum Pomeroy, 1920, type form Simulium unicornutum Pomeroy, 1920, type form form palmert Pomeroy, 1922 form blacklockt Edwards, in de Meillon, 1930 Group III. Simulium ruficorne Macquart, 1838 Simulium aureosimile Pomeroy, 1920 Group IV. Simulium hirsutum Pomeroy, 1922, type form Simulium adersi Pomeroy, 1922 Simulium bernert Freeman, 1954 Division B Group V. Simulium griseticolle Becker, 1903, type form form tridens Freeman & de Meillon, 1953 Group VI. Simulium dentulosum Roubaud, 1915, type form Simulium loutetense Grenier & Ovazza, 1951 Group VII. Simulium medusaeforme Pomeroy, 1920, type form form hargreavest Gibbins, 1934 Simulium vorax Pomeroy, 1922, type form Simulium colas-belcourt Grenier & Ovazza, 1951 Simulium bovis de Meillon, 1930 Simulium damnosum Theobald, 1903 S. berneri Freeman, described after the publication of Freeman & de Meillon (1953), is placed here in the hirsutwm-group because it appears to be most nearly allied to S. copleyi Gibbins and S. Jumbwanus de Meillon, species which are also associated with mayfly nymphs and which Freeman & de Meillon place in Group IV. Whether the copleyi and neavei complexes can legitimately be placed in the same group as hirsutum and adersi seems, however, very problematical. MATERIAL AND METHODS Larvae of all the twenty-one West African species are known and have been examined. Those of fifteen species were personally collected in Northern Nigeria, and larvae of the remaining species have been studied from material in the B.M. collection or belonging to Dr. D. J. Lewis. In addition to the spirit material I have also examined the slides of larvae in the B.M. collection, including those made by the late E. G. Gibbins from which his larval descriptions were drawn up. Correlation of larvae with known species has been established by: (a) collecting larvae with pupae of known species ; (b) confirming identity by dissection of the pupal respiratory organ of mature larvae (many of the Ethiopian species having very characteristic pupal gills); and (c) by examination of male genitalia from pupae collected with larvae, particularly for confirmation of identity in cases where the pupae themselves might be confused. Larvae collected personally and those in the B.M. collection are preserved in 80% alcohol and it should be noted that descriptions of colouring are based on this spirit material ; long preservation in spirit changes the general colour and so 6 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE far as possible the colour descriptions have been made from my own larval material recently collected. Larvae are undoubtedly best kept in spirit ; material kept in chloral gum seems most unsatisfactory since after such treatment the body shape may be distorted, the pigmentation and general colour difficult to make out, and the presence or absence of ventral papillae may become difficult to ascertain with certainty. Certain characters are best seen in spirit material without mounting; these include body shape, pigmentation and coloration, presence or absence of ventral papillae, form of the postgenal cleft, secondary lobules in the anal gills, and some- times the cuticular ornamentation of scales or spines. Almost all other characters require slide mounts. Mounts of whole larvae have been found of very little value, and for the present study separate balsam mounts of the following larval structures have been made for each species (after the customary treatment with 10% KOH and clearance in cedar-wood oil): head capsule (mounts of whole head capsule without appendages, ventral surface uppermost, in cavity slide), hypostomium, antennae, cephalic fans, mandibles, maxillae and hypopharynx and labrum, proleg, pupal respiratory histoblasts, abdominal cuticle, posterior circlet and anal sclerite. Staining is in general not required, and in this study a phase-contrast microscope was used for the examination of very small or unsclerotized structures, particularly for the fan-ray setae, the pecten of the lateral plate of the proleg, and the cuticular hairs (? microtrichia) and setae. Stained preparations (using 1°% acid fuchsin in 20% alcohol) were however made of the rays of the cephalic fans. In the descriptions I have, however, omitted mention of the setae on the inner surfaces of the cephalic fan-rays. These setae are generally very uniform in species which are closely similar, and only differ slightly from the usual picture in species which are otherwise very easily distinguished ; consequently they seem to have little or no taxonomic value for separating closely allied species, where one needs to find reliable characters. I have recorded the number of rows in the posterior circlet to which the posterior arm of the anal sclerite extends ; it will be noticed that this number is very different in different species, but it is of course a measure of the closeness of the rows in the circlet, and not of the length of the arm of the sclerite. Segment length ratios for the antennal segments have been given in the descrip- tions, and for this purpose the third and fourth segments have been regarded as a single segment since the fourth (apical) segment is extremely small; only three figures therefore appear in the ratios given. Larval descriptions are based on mature larvae ; in species with more than one pupal form the larva is described from the type form, except in the case of S. medu- saeforme form hargreavest which is very common and abundant whereas the type form of medusaeforme is rare. As far as is known at present the larvae of different pupal forms are in any case indistinguishable from one another except on the respira- tory organ, which is strictly a pupal character. MORPHOLOGY OF THE SIMULIID HEAD CAPSULE The need to apply in taxonomy a valid name to the strongly sclerotized antero- ventral region of the cranial wall has led me to consider in this section the general TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 7 morphology of the larval black-fly head. Although the morphology of the head capsule of other groups of larval Nematocerous Diptera has been recently studied, e.g. in the Anisopodidae by Anthon (1943), in Ceratopogonidae by Lawson (1951), in Chironomidae by Cook (1944a) and Gouin (1959), in Culicidae by Cook (1944) and Snodgrass (1959), and in Tipulidae by Chiswell (1955), there does not appear to be any published interpretation of this work in relation to the head of larval Simuliidae, although Grenier (1949) has made use of the term “ hypostomium ”’. It is necessary to consider here briefly the morphology of the larval black-fly head, since in my view it is important that morphological names should be used as far as possible in taxonomic studies, and that taxonomic terms must be jettisoned if they conflict badly with the usage of morphologists. For many years the flattened and toothed antero-ventral projection of the head capsule has been termed the mentum or submentum (most authors follow Puri (1925) in using the latter name) and sometimes even the labium. It seems odd that this structure, so evidently a part of the cranial wall without articulation of any sort, should have been regarded as of labial (i.e. head-appendage) origin. Recently however the work of the authors cited above has established that the so-called . submentum is in fact formed from the head capsule proper, and the name hypostomium has been given to this area (Anthon, 1943 ; Hennig, 1950 ; Lawson, 1951 ; Chiswell, 1955; and Snodgrass, 1959), and is followed in this paper. Gouin (1959) calls it the hypochilum in Chironomidae, but this seems an unnecessary departure from the accepted term hypostomium. To appreciate the nature of the hypostomium requires some consideration of the whole ventral region of the head capsule (Text-fig. 2). The Simuliid larval head is prognathous, and the elongation of the head has required the “ filling in” of the long area between the foramen magnum and the mouthparts. The foramen magnum is mainly bounded (not medio-dorsally or ventrally) by a distinct darkened band which is to be regarded as the post-occiput, delimited anteriorly by a slight groove or post-occipital sulcus (“ post-occipital suture ”’). Ventro-laterally the post-occiput is developed into two small backwardly-directed processes which may be interpreted as occipital condyles. Anterior to each condyle is a small oval hollow which is generally surrounded by a strongly sclerotized area; since these pits lie ventrally in the course of the post-occipital sulcus it seems legitimate to interpret them as posterior tentorial pits (occipital pits of Sommerman (1953)), although it should be noted that no tentorial endoskeleton is invaginated from them. The sclerotized ventral surface of the head between the posterior tentorial pits and the labium is formed by the postgenae, which become greatly elongated in many insects with a prognathous head in order to form a sclerotized floor to the cranium. In some Nematocerous larvae (e.g. Chironomus and certain mosquitoes) the ventro- median union of the postgenae remains evident as a longitudinal line or median postgenal suture. In Simuliid larvae however there is no such line remaining to indicate the postgenal union, although a few species show a more weakly sclerotized longitudinal area behind the base of the hypostomium, and some (e.g. in the genus Cnephia End.) are even completely unsclerotized in the midline. The position in the Simuliid head is further complicated since the ventral cranial wall between the 8 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE LABRUM MANDIBLE ‘ \ MAXILLARY PALP \ \ \ \ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ \ ‘ A) ‘ ANTENNA... Ve ae | eet \ ‘ STEM OF CEPHALIC FAN ' ‘ ' ' ‘ ' ‘ i] 4 ' 1 i] ' \ ‘ ' ' 1 ' ' 1 ‘ ' A oh ‘ \ ' 1 ' - mee -_ CEPHALIC CLEAVAGE LINE CEPICRANIAL SUTURE’) __ ~ - wan. { ANTERO-MEDIAN---9°""7 ~~~ Ty ; ANTRAO-LATERAL nasareeeninsndens-[--- GF HEAD- : ich MEIER HPD CU nate os akc. Wine a CEPHALIC APOTOME ~_<-7r" baad . Rk -——_ ‘ des ¢ POSTERO-MEDIAN ---~*""— | (‘FRONTO-CLyPEUS') . fie BH Le--.. Li ease To een) ae ete POSsT- \ POSTERO-LATERAL--"~ ti ST-OCCIPUT MAXILLA . MANDIBLE_ ~ MAXILLARY PALP HY POPHARYNX woe ences HYPOSTOMIUM POSTGENAL BRIDGE- 7 --- POSTGENAL CLEFT -- a4-°""" «ooo -—-- POST. TENTORIAL PIT ---~ a POST-OCCIPUT~ ' . H Py x ‘ 4. ‘ ‘ ’ . Re es = o CEPHALIC FAN . ‘ s OCCIPITAL FORAMEN 2 ‘oceipitat CONDYLE Head capsule and head appendages of mature (VIth stage) larva of Simulium ; Fics, 1 and 2. (x) dorsal; (2) ventral, TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 9 foramen magnum and the hypostomium is not always completely sclerotized—in fact only very few species (e.g. S. bernert, Text-fig. 39) have a completely sclerotized ventral surface to the head capsule. The vast majority of species have the posterior part of the ventral surface unsclerotized, so that the postgenae meet only in the anterior part, leaving a membranous opening behind, the postgenal cleft (Text-fig. 2). This cleft (occipital cleft of Sommerman (1953), epicranial cleft of Stone & Jamn- back (1955), ventral cleft of Rubtzov (1956) and French workers) occupies a position anterior to the posterior tentorial pits on the ventral surface and can hardly therefore be of occipital origin, nor can it be regarded merely as a forward ventral extension of the foramen magnum since the pits normally mark the ventro-lateral limits of the foramen. If the region of the cleft were sclerotized (as it is in fact occasionally) it would be “ filled in”’ by the postgenae, and I have therefore described it as the postgenal cleft. The size and shape of the cleft are extremely variable (providing one of the most valuable taxonomic characters) but it does not as a rule extend forward as far as the hypostomium, leaving a sclerotic bridge between its anterior apex and the hypostomial groove which marks the base of the hypostomium. The area between cleft and hypostomium I have called for taxonomic purposes the postgenal bridge (Text-fig. 2). In some species of Cnephia however, as mentioned above, the postgenal cleft tapers forward to reach the hypostomium so that the postgenal bridge is incomplete medially ; a similar condition appears very rarely in Simulium, e.g. in S. tbariense Zivkovitch & Grenier. The condition in these Simuliids is then not very dissimilar from that in the Tipulid larva in which the postgenae do not meet in the midline. The Tipulid hypostomium is clearly of paired origin, and according to Snodgrass (1959) is formed by the union of two processes extended forwards from the antero-median corners of the postgenae. Accepting Snodgrass’ interpretation the hypostomium of Nemato- cerous larvae is postgenal in origin. In Chironomids the hypostomium shows no evidence of its dual origin, and there is also no line dividing it posteriorly from the postgenae proper. In Simuliid larvae however a transverse line is impressed on the cranial wall behind the hypostomium, so that the hypostomium appears to be a separate sclerotization from the postgenal bridge. This line is clearly secondary, but is valuable in taxonomy since it divides the hypostomium from the postgenal bridge and enables the relative lengths of the two areas to be compared ; for this purpose it may be termed the hypostomial groove (Text-figs. 2 and 4). Morphologically the hypostomium, being postgenal, is part of the postgenal bridge, but in the taxo- nomy of Simuliid larvae it is useful to distinguish the areas in front of and behind the hypostomial groove as the hypostomium and postgenal bridge respectively as in Text-fig. 2. The whole composite sclerite forming the ventral and lateral walls of the cranium is sometimes termed the epicranial plate (e.g. by Stone & Jamnback (1955)), delimited from the fronto-clypeus which forms the dorsum of the head by the so-called frontal sutures (the arms of the Y-shaped epicranial suture). Snodgrass (1947, 1959) main- tains that the frontal sutures have no morphological significance, that they are simply lines of weakness at which the head capsule ruptures during ecdysis, and that they do not define any specific part of the head ; he therefore calls the sutures cephalic to TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE cleavage lines and the sclerotic area between them the cephalic apotome, and I have followed these terms in this paper (Text-fig. 1). Ordinarily, as Snodgrass points out, the clypeus extends to the bases of the mandibles, and the frons is the facial area between the antennae and the eyes ; hence the cephalic apotome is not equiva- lent to the fronto-clypeus, so that it is perhaps best to drop this term from taxonomic use. In the early instars of Simuliid larvae the cephalic apotome does not form part of the postero-dorsal margin of the head, since the post-occiput and the occipital region of the head are produced from either side so that they almost meet in the midline, leaving only a narrow occipital cleft rather as in mosquito larvae (the stem of the Y of the “ epicranial suture”’). In successive instars the gap between the parts of the post-occiput on either side widens so that the cephalic apotome comes to provide a large part of the postero-dorsal margin of the head capsule—that is to say that the occipital cleft increases so much in width that it is no longer recog- nizable as a cleft. The lateral area of the head in front of the eye-spots is the gena. LARVAL CHARACTERS AND THEIR TAXONOMIC VALUE The morphology of the Simuliid larva has been described in detail by Puri (1925), and useful brief accounts of larval characters are given by Smart (1944), Hennig (1950), Grenier (1953), Sommerman (1953), Stone & Jamnback (1955), and Rubtzov (1956). It will be useful however to record some comments on the characters of value in the taxonomy of larvae from the Ethiopian Region. Body shape and cuticular ornamentation. Fully mature larvae of African black-flies vary from 4-11 mm. in length, but are usually fairly constant for any one species ; on average the larvae are much smaller than those of Holarctic species. There are two distinct body shapes, as has been noted in the case of Mexican and Guatemalan species by Vargas, Palacios & Najera (1946) and Dalmat (1955) ; insome the abdomen is slightly clubbed with the posterior segments clearly set off from the anterior seg- ments and the sides of the thorax somewhat swollen (Text-figs. 7 and rr), and in others the abdomen (as seen in lateral view) expands gradually to its widest point and then contracts abruptly to the posterior circlet (Text-fig. 10) and the thorax is scarcely swollen laterally. The body form is constant within the species. Those with the clubbed abdomen normally show a pair of ventral papillae, downwardly- directed conical processes on the last abdominal segment just before the posterior circlet (Text-fig. 7), and those species with the gradually expanding form are without ventral papillae. The presence or absence of these papillae (ventral tubercles of some authors including Sommerman (1953) and Stone & Jamnback (1955)) appears to be of some fundamental taxonomic importance, and in any faunal area there is normally a fairly clear division of Simuliwm s.l. species according to their presence or absence. Their correlation with a definite body form is also striking, although there are exceptions, and some African species with a clubbed abdomen are without papillae, e.g. S. griseicolle and S. bovis (Text-fig. 6). The dorsal surface of the body is normally smooth in outline, but in one Ethiopian species (S. damnosum) the anterior abdominal segments are produced dorso-laterally into paired conical processes or tubercles (Text-fig. 9), of variable size but often very strongly prominent ; such protuberances seem to be very unusual, but Edwards (1934) has figured them in TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 11 the larva of ? S. varicorne Edw. from Sumatra, and I have seen similar though smaller protuberances in the Palaearctic S. (Titanopteryx) maculatum Mg. The function of these tubercles and of the ventral papillae is difficult to surmise, but it is notable that the latter occur principally in slow-water species and are most frequently absent in species living in swiftly-flowing water. The cuticle of most species bears well sclerotized setae, at least dorsally on the posterior abdominal segment. In some species setae also occur on the thoracic cuticle, but are normally absent from the proleg (S. damnosum is an exception to this). The large setae are socketed and presumably modified macrotrichia; in some cases they are simple spine-like setae but are frequently flattened fan-shaped or spatulate scales (Text-figs. 136-154). The form of the setae is more or less constant for any particular species and extremely useful as a taxonomic character in Ethiopian forms, although it does not seem to have been used in the taxonomy of black-flies from other zoogeographical regions. Most species show only one type of scale or seta, but in one species (S. griseicolle) both simple setae and fan-shaped scales occur together. In a few species the cuticle is apparently bare, but careful examination always seems to show the presence of some small socketed hairs on the swollen areas of the abdomen between the anterior and posterior arms of the anal sclerite (the ‘‘ expansions latero-dorsales ’’ of Grenier (1949)). In addition to socketed setae (macrotrichia) the cuticle may show minute colourless hairs; these seem to be almost impossible to see after potash treatment but may be seen in spirit material by transmitted light with the larva lying laterally. These exceedingly minute unsclerotized hairs appear to be filamentous extensions of the cuticle, without alveoli, and are therefore microtrichia as defined by Imms (1957) ; their occurrence may be fairly general, but they are certainly present in the cervicornutum-group and in S. dentulosum which otherwise appears to have a bare cuticle. The setae in Simuliid larvae are generally scattered, haphazardly arranged and without definite chaetotaxal arrangement. Pigmentation and colour. Although the head capsule is sometimes pale and unpig- mented most species show a definite head pattern and pigmentation. The markings of the head are formed by groups of head-spots (Text-fig. 1) which occur where the muscles are attached to the cranial wall. There are often more or less evident four groups of spots which may be termed antero- and postero-median, and antero- and postero-lateral head-spots. In some species the spots themselves are pale but the areas around them are darkened (e.g. Text-figs. 16-18), and in other species the spots are dark and the surrounding areas pale (e.g. Text-fig. 23) ; Edwards (1934) and Hennig (1950) have appropriately called these “ negative’’ and “‘ positive ”’ head markings respectively, and these terms are followed in this paper. Although some species show an indefinite pattern, either with an unpigmented head or with the head capsule strongly and rather evenly infuscated, it is usually possible to discern into which category they fall; negative pattern species may show very faint traces of an H-shaped pigmentation dorsally and a 3-shaped pigmented area laterally behind the eye-spots (essentially like Text-fig. 21), and positive pattern species may show the dark head-spots just a little more boldly than the surrounding dark pigmentation. Despite the variability in the intensity of pigmentation, the 1z2 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE CEPHALIC APOTOME POST-OCCIP ITAL SULCUS ‘ ANTENNA CEPHALIC FAN~-._ PUPAL RESPIRATORY oe“ HISTOBLAST PROLEG CIRCLET — Pee LATERAL ---~ PLATE a PROLEG” wae MAXILLA-*” ‘ ‘ H i POSTERIOR TENTORIAL Se HYPOSTOMIUM POSTGENA PIT 3 INTERMEDIATE TEETH MEDIAN TOOTH CORNER TOOTH ABDOMINAL _- SCALES nt OR SETAE LATERAL SERRATIONS HYPOSTOMIAL SETAE Pg oe VENTRAL .-* S PAPILLA AN\SSa \ “Sse. \ et ’ 9’ HYPOSTOMIUM \ \ 4 4 ‘ / \ POSTERIOR ANAL SCLERITE CIRCLET HYPOSTOMIAL’ 5 GROOVE POSTGENAL BRIDGE 4 Fics. 3-5. Mature (VIth stage) larva of Simulium: (3) lateral view of head; (4) ventral view of hypostomium ; (5) left lateral view of larva. general head pattern is extremely valuable taxonomically, and is normally constant for a particular species-group (Freeman & de Meillon (1953) suggested that head colour as a character is not applicable to Ethiopian species, but I have found this to be far from true). Pigmentation also varies in intensity in the antennae and in the lateral plates of the proleg, though this is not of much significance ; generally speaking these structures are pale and unpigmented in the smaller species, but darkened in the larger species, especially on the basal segment of the antenna. In TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 13 the known Ethiopian species of Cnephia the antennae are strongly pigmented on the apical halves with a pale ring between second and third segments. The general colour of the larval body is pale, milky-white (rather translucent in living material) but shows a variable amount of darker coloration which is deter- mined by chromatocytes visible through the cuticle ; the chromatocytes are large polygonal cells containing pigment granules which form a peripheral epithelium below the basement membrane (Hinton, 1959). The chromatocytes are closely aggregated dorsally but are fewer ventrally, where instead of lying adjacent to one another they are connected by cytoplasmic threads ; hence the colour of the larva is normally darker above, and pale below. On the abdomen the chromatocytes are occasionally less numerous intersegmentally, giving the larva an appearance of dark segmental mottling; they are normally absent from the abdomen ventro- apically so that this region is distinctly pale. The pigment granules within the cell- layer formed by the chromatocytes impart to the larva, since the cuticle and epidermis are transparent, a general colour which varies from pale yellowish or greenish or grey to dark brown or nearly black ; generally speaking the colour is fairly constant in any one species, although some species do vary considerably. Chromatocytes also invest much of the nervous system and render the ventral nerve-cord very evident in certain species—e.g. the dark grey nerve-cord of S. medusaeforme. In the thoracic region the pattern of the chromatocytes varies considerably with larval development, so that whereas in younger larvae the peripheral layer covers much of the thorax in older larvae the chromatocytes withdraw from the developing histoblasts of the wings, legs and pupal respiratory organ. The histoblasts therefore form milky-white islands in the general thoracic colour which increase in size as the larva matures. The pupal respiratory histoblast becomes dark brown with maturity of the larva. Head. The shape of the head capsule is generally very constant, but is sometimes unusually elongate as in S. neavei complex species and rarely strongly arched and contracted posteriorly as in S. copleyi. The eye-spots are of much the same size in most species, but in the S. neavei and S. copleyi complexes they are very small and also appear to be reduced in Ethiopian Cuepiia. Otherwise they have no taxo- nomic value. The labrum has been mounted and examined in each species but seems to be very uniform and I have found no significant differences. The form of the cephalic apotome varies slightly, in some species being more or less parallel-sided and in others contracted anteriorly, but hardly provides a workable character. On the other hand the form of the postgenal cleft (Text-figs. 28-47) is very varied but provides one of the most valuable taxonomic characters since the shape is more or less constant for any species ; furthermore the shape appears to be the same in each instar. In some cases the cleft is enormous and occupies most of the ventral aspect of the head with the postgenal bridge very reduced, but in other cases the cleft is small and the postgenal bridge long (see Dorier (1945)). Rarely the cleft is absent. The form of the hypostomium is the most time-honoured larval character, but it has to be admitted that in many of the Ethiopian species it is remarkably similar and sometimes virtually indistinguishable, as in species of the alcocki-group (Text-figs. 48-52) ; nevertheless there are many species or species-groups in which 14 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE its form is characteristic, and in order to record hypostomial characters in the descriptions I have used the names shown in Text-fig. 4. In almost all African species there is an apical row of nine teeth (13 in neaver-complex and 13-15 in known Cnephia species) in which the teeth at the antero-lateral angles and the tooth in the centre of the row are the most prominent (i.e. the median and corner teeth) ; between the median and corner tooth of each side are three intermediate teeth which are subequal in size or in which the middle one is smaller than the others. In some groups all the apical teeth are short and blunt with the median tooth only very slightly more prominent than the others and the corner teeth very broad basally. Lying laterally behind each corner tooth are two blunt dark strongly sclerotized teeth lying in the plane of the apical teeth, and behind these in a slightly different plane the lateral margin of the hypostomium is usually produced into a series of lightly sclerotized blunt or sharp serrations ; for descriptive purposes I have referred to all this series of denticulations as “lateral serrations ’’, although it should be appreciated that the anterior two on either side are separately sclerotized from the rest of the series and are more closely associated with the apical teeth. It appears that the two outer pairs of the thirteen apical teeth in the meavei-complex are derived from these first two serrations which have been produced forwards to lie in a row with the other teeth. The number of serrations is variable but their form, whether blunt or sharp, is fairly constant in any species. The hypostomium bears ventrally on either side a row of hypostomial setae (epicranial setae of Stone & Jamnback (1955)) which are frequently frayed apically ; the number of these setae varies slightly in each species, but some have more than others. Usually there are about 4-7 in each row, but often more, and S. dentulosum may have up to 18 setae on either side ; the number each side is not always the same. The number of setae and their position relative to the lateral margin of the hypostomium are of taxonomic use ; in some species the setae lie more or less parallel to the hypostomial margin, but in others distinctly diverge from the margin posteriorly. In the latter case the hypostomium is relatively shorter and broader than in those with the setae and margin more or less parallel. The distance between the apex of the corner tooth and the base of the first hypostomial seta is variable, and this distance varies from about half of, to more or less the same as, that between the apices of the corner teeth. In addition to the rows of large setae the hypostomium also bears ventrally some small basal discal setae, often one each side (as in Text-fig. 66), but the number and arrangement is variable and they have no taxonomic value. The antennae are 4-segmented, but the apical segment is a minute elongate cone, and for practical purposes I have regarded it as part of the third segment so that in the segment length ratios given in the descriptions the third figure represents the third and fourth segments combined. Segment length ratios vary between species, but also vary very greatly according to the age of larvae, so that different species must be compared in the same instar. The length of the first segment relative to its breadth may be useful taxonomically. The paired apical papillae on the second segment are of no value and are very uniform. The cephalic fans (premandibles, mouthbrushes) are of limited taxonomic use. The number of rays varies somewhat in mature larvae, and also increases with TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 15 each instar during development. The mean number of rays in mature larvae does, however, differ between species and some clearly have more than others—especially -the swift-water species in which there may be as many as 60 or 70 rays. Closely allied species, in which one needs to find characters, usually have much the same number. The small secondary fan is not much help with Ethiopian species, although Sommerman (1953) has used it generically for the Alaskan fauna. The setae borne on the inner margins of the rays of the main fan have been examined with a phase- contrast microscope in each species, in case they might provide characters of use in separating closely similar species; unfortunately they appear to be of little taxonomic use. There is some variability in the pattern of the setae but they are more or less identical in closely allied species, and are only distinctive in species which are easily enough identified on less obscure characters—e.g. S. dentulosum and S. damnosum. The setae are always clearly of two types, long and strong setae which are socketed macrotrichia with shorter and finer setae between ; the smaller setae appear to be without alveoli and are probably microtrichia. The macrotrichia are generally spaced at about a ray’s width from each other, but the spacing varies according to the position on the ray and to the position of the ray within the fan. The mandibles have considerable taxonomic value, especially generically, in the Simuliidae of some parts of the world, but their usefulness among Ethiopian black- flies is somewhat restricted. Certain species-groups show particular characteristics in the mandibular teeth, and occasional species have some unusual character, but in many cases the mandibles are extremely uniform, as for instance in the alcocki and cervicornutum-groups. The shape of the mandible is very constant, but in some species the outer margin is more strongly arched than usual and the basal area of the apical teeth may be very broad; the length of the apical teeth also varies slightly. The comb-like series of teeth borne on the inner side varies in different groups (cf. Text-figs. 112 and 113), and rarely they are very reduced as in S. berneri (Text-fig. 114) ; normally they either form a rather even row gradually decreasing in size, or the first three are differentiated as stout comb-teeth from the remaining more slender rather bristle-like teeth. In the latter case these first three teeth, which are referred to as comb-teeth in the descriptions, usually vary themselves in size, with the first (apical) one much larger than the others and the second shorter than the first and third ; occasionally the first three comb-teeth are subequal. In addition to bearing the comb-teeth the inner edge of the mandible is produced into denticulations which I have called mandibular serrations. In almost all Ethiopian species the serrations are paired (Text-figs. 112 and 113, M.s.) with the posterior serration much smaller than the anterior. The form of the serrations has some use taxonomically ; the form of the anterior serration is sometimes very elongated, and the posterior serration is absent in S. griseicolle. In one Ethiopian species of Cnepwa there is a series of saw-like serrations as in the Holarctic species of Prosimu- lium. Unfortunately the serrations are usually identical in very closely allied species. The maxillae are very uniform except for the single-segmented maxillary palp which varies in length; the length of the palp relative to its width at the base (when seen laterally in the flattest position of the maxilla) has been noted in the descriptions. The apical processes of the palp vary somewhat in length, and seem ENTOM. 10, I. 2 1 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 17 to be shortest in swift-water species. The hypopharynx and labium (very well figured by Grenier (1949 : 219)) have been examined in each species studied but seem to be very uniform and without taxonomic characters, although it is possible that very detailed study of these structures might show differences in the sensillae of the prementum. Thorax. Grenier (1949: 191) has figured the structure of the ventral proleg. The proleg bears a pair of dorso-lateral lightly sclerotized plates on the apical segment, each of which carries distally a pecten of lightly sclerotized strongly tapering pro- cesses ; the approximate number of the processes has been given in the descriptions, but they are difficult to count and are of very limited usefulness as a character. They are most numerous in species with many hooks in the circlets, especially in Cnephia species ; sometimes the processes are simple and subequal in size, but often they are more or less subdivided at the base so that each strong process is associated with one or two very small secondary processes. The apical crown of hooks, the proleg circlet, shows a variable number of radial rows of hooks, and the number of hooks per row is also variable. The proleg hooks are difficult to count and not of much use for identification ; Sommerman (1953) however has found that the shape of the lateral plate is helpful in the case of Alaskan Prosimulium. The pupal respiratory organ, on each side of the prothorax in mature larvae, can be dissected out for examination and is often extremely useful in identifying Ethiopian species, many of which have very characteristic pupal gills easily recog- nizable in the gill-spot of the larvae; larvae belonging to different pupal forms of the same species may in some cases be recognized simply by external examination. The respiratory histoblast is not, however, very helpful in the case of species having pupal gills of the simple filamentous type—in dissecting out the gill-spot the filaments very easily break and in their tightly coiled condition are very difficult to count. The general outline of the gill-spot and the direction assumed by the branches or filaments are more or less constant in each species (Text-figs. 173-194). Abdomen. Apart from the presence or absence of ventral papillae (Text-fig. 5), and the setae of the cuticle, the abdomen shows few very useful taxonomic characters. In a few Ethiopian species there is a characteristic pair of small lateral sclerites on the last segment just before the circlet (Text-fig. 155, A.c.); sometimes these accessory sclerites are represented by two or three very small slightly separated sclerotizations, or as a series of very small pale plaques lying in a dorso-ventral line. Similar sclerites occur in certain Australian species such as S. torresianum Mackerras & Mackerras and S. aureonigrum Mackerras & Mackerras but in none of the known Ethiopian species is there a complete sclerotized band running ventrally round the last abdominal segment and connecting the lateral accessory sclerites as occurs in some A ustrosimulium species, particularly A.mirabile Mackerras & Mackerras and to a lesser extent in A. fulvicorne Mackerras & Mackerras, although traces of ring-like sclerotization occur in S. buckleyi de Meillon. Fics. 6-12. Larval body-shape in: (6) S. bovis ; (7 and 11) species of Division A with ventral papilla present ; (8 and 12) S. medusaeforme ; (9) S. damnosum; (10) S. vorax. Ris. = rectal scales. 1% TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE The presence or absence of rectal scales (peri-anal scales) on the dorsal wall of the rectum just before the anal opening is not very helpful with Ethiopian species, although this character has been used as the first segregate in Dalmat’s (1955) key to Simulium s. str. of Guatemala; these scales are present and very numerous in all Ethiopian species I have examined except S. damnosum and the neavei-group, in which they appear to be either totally wanting or reduced to the minutest vestiges. The function of these scales is presumably to clean the rectal gills which are retractile projections from the ventral floor of the rectum (Headlee, 1906), protrusible through the anal opening ; it seems curious that they should be absent in a species with very numerous secondary lobules in the gills. The scales are well figured in Puri (1925) and Grenier (1949). The form of the rectal gills is also of little value as a taxonomic character in Ethiopian species, except in so far as the gills have three simple lobes in Cnephia but are normally subdivided into numerous accessory thumb-like or finger-like lobules in Simulium. Most Simulium species have numerous secondary lobules (as in Text-fig. 171), but rarely each of the three lobes is simple (Text-fig. 172) or has only one or two small accessory lobules (Text-fig. 170) ; the number of lobules increases in successive instars, but even in the mature larva the number normally varies considerably although some (mainly fast-water) species clearly have more than others. In the most variable species (e.g. S. ruficorne) some mature larvae may have the gills simple, others may have one or two extra lobes, and yet other larvae may show several digitate lobules. The anal sclerite (anal armature of Puri (1925), Hora (1927), and Gibbins in various papers) is always strongly sclerotized and in all Ethiopian species is the usual X shape. Some authors (e.g. Stone & Jamnback (1955)) refer to it as the X-shaped sclerite, which is descriptive in a sense, but as Grenier (1949) says is inexact since the anterior arms lie in a horizontal plane but the posterior arms lie more or less at right-angles to them in a vertical plane. The anal sclerite is very uniform in the Ethiopian species except for those forms living in phoretic association with mayfly nymphs or crabs ; in this group, perhaps as an adaptation to attachment on other Arthropods, the anal sclerite occupies a distinctly dorso-apical position instead of the usual dorsal position and the posterior circlet is more or less shifted downwards and forwards into a ventro-apical instead of a purely apical position ; furthermore the arms of the sclerite are very attenuate. In other species there is sometimes a slight median posterior projection (e.g. Text-fig. 168), but no African species have the small backwardly-directed spur from each anterior arm as in the Austrosimulium species. The shape of the sclerite is apparently useful taxonomically in the Australian species and has been figured by Mackerras & Mackerras (1948-52) in their larval descriptions, but in general it is not of much value with the Ethiopian fauna. The posterior circlet, or posterior crochet ring of Sommerman (1953), normally occupies a distinctly apical position on the abdomen, but in species of the neavei and copleyi-complexes it tends to lie more obliquely than usual in a ventro-apical position. The number of rows of hooklets and the number of hooks per row differs between species. Some species clearly have very numerous hooks and rows, while in TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 1g others there are obviously fewer (cf. Text-figs. 155-157 and 158-160) ; these differ- ences provide useful characters, but the individual variability has to be borne in mind, and it may be noted that the rows and the hooks per row increase with the age of the larva from instar to instar. The number of hooks in a row is usually fairly easy to count, but the number of rows is more difficult ; the rows can most easily be counted by cutting through the circlet ventrally and flattening out either side. It is worth noting that Grenier (1949) has established that the posterior circlet is morphologically a pseudopod comparable to the anterior pseudopod (proleg) ; the term “ posterior sucker’, used for instance by Gibbins in his descriptions, is of course quite inappropriate. NOTE ON THE LARVAL INSTARS Simuliidae are usually said to have six larval instars, and Terterjan (1957) has confirmed this in Wilhelmia paraequina (Puri), principally by measurements of the head capsule during larval growth; Terterjan’s findings probably hold generally for the family. Most larval structures undergo considerable modification during larval life, so that descriptions and keys based on last stage larvae are not of much help as a rule in identifying the younger stages ; furthermore it is usually difficult if not impossible to be certain in which instar a larva may be, though Terterjan’s work, if generally applicable, helps considerably with this point. The first instar is always easily recognizable by the presence of the egg-burster on the dorsum of the head and by the simple shaft-like, apparently single-segmented antenna (the antenna is in fact 2-segmented but the apical segment is minute). The second instar has a 3-segmented antenna, and the normal 4-segmented condition is reached in the third instar. Subsequently the proportions of the antennal segments undergo altera- tion so that the segment length ratios are very different in the fourth to sixth instars. The number of rays in the cephalic fan, the number of hypostomial setae, and the number of hooks in the proleg and posterior circlets also increase greatly as the larva grows ; the rectal gills have a simple trilobed form in the very young larva but increase in complexity in successive instars so that mature larvae of Simulium species (not always in other genera) usually have many secondary digitations. Other characters also become modified with increasing age, including the form of the hypo- stomium and mandibles; in fact very few characters remain similar throughout larval life. It does seem however that the shape of the postgenal cleft remains fairly constant, although its size naturally increases with the growth of the larval head capsule. The form of the capsule itself also undergoes minor modification, particularly in the shape of the cephalic apotome which comes to occupy more of the postero- dorsal margin of the head because the ends of the post-occipital collar converge less closely in successive instars. The pair of small cervical sclerites (Text-fig. 1) becomes more or less differentiated in the fourth instar, but remains closely associated with the ends of the post-occiput until the last stage. In the thorax the pale imaginal discs of the legs, wings, halteres and of the pupal respiratory organ become evident in the fourth stage larva as six small round spots on either side ; the size of these buds increases gradually until pupation, but only the histoblast of the pupal respira- tory organ becomes darkened. The areas of the imaginal buds are not covered by 20 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 17 18 19 20 Fics. 13-20. Head pattern and pigmentation of (13) S. johannae ; (14) S. impukane ; (15) S. memahoni ; (16) S. kenyae; (17) S. cervicornutum ; (18) S. unicornutum ; (19) S. aureosimile ; (20) S. ruficorne, TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE a1 chromatocytes, and larvae showing no traces of the buds are probably younger than the fourth instar. LARVAL CLASSIFICATION AND KEY TO SPECIES-GROUPS OF ETHIOPIAN SIMULIIDAE Freeman & de Meillon (1953) have provided a sound classification of the Ethiopian Simuliidae based on adult and pupal characters. They accept only two genera in the Ethiopian fauna, Simulium Latreille and Cnepiia Enderlein ; the latter genus is represented only by half a dozen species confined to South-West and South Africa, and the vast majority of species belong in Simulium in the broad sense. The Ethiopian Simulium fall into two more or less distinct categories, referred to by Freeman & de Meillon as Divisions A and B, each division with a number of species-groups based on male genital characters or on the structure of the pupal respiratory organ. Some of these groups are clearly equivalent to the genera accepted by workers elsewhere, e.g. Rubtzov (1956) ; the medusaeforme and ruficorne groups for example correspond to the genera Wilhelmia Enderlein and Eusimulium Roubaud respectively. In general the present study of the larvae strongly supports Freeman & de Meillon’s classification, and most of their groups are reasonably distinctive in the larval stage. It is not however easy to find an unexceptional larval character which distinguishes Ethiopian Cuephia from Simulium; the character of body-shape mentioned by Freeman & de Meillon (op. cit., p. 32) does not hold, since S. vorax Pomeroy and many other Division B species have a similar shape. The best character seems to be the hypostomium, which in Ethiopian Cnephia is closely similar to that in the Holarctic Prosimulium Roubaud and quite different from that in the Palaearctic species of Cnephia such as are figured by Rubtzov (1956). In Cnephia the rectal gills are simply trilobed and the cuticle without scales or setae, but in Simulium the gills (although normally with many secondary lobules) are also very occasionally without secondary lobules and the cuticle of many species is also bare. The mandibles may be more dependable ; in Cuephia there are at least traces of three mandibular serra- tions and in C. muspratti Freeman & de Meillon there is a whole series as in Prosimu- lium. In Simulium, on the other hand, there are almost always two serrations (rarely only one), but the larva of Simuliwm gyas de Meillon (described by Grenier & Doucet (1949b) as Simulium sp. M,) from Madagascar shows three mandibular serrations ; the larva of another species from Madagascar, probably belonging in the ruficorne-group and described by Grenier & Doucet (19494) as Simulium sp. Ms, also shows three serrations. The postgenal cleft of the southern African Cnephia is very small, rather as in Prosimulium, without the long cleft which extends to the hypostomium in some of the Palaearctic Cnephia (but by no means all of them). In the material seen of Cnephia larvae from southern Africa the number of processes carried apically on the lateral plates of the proleg is very high, and far more than in any Ethiopian Simulium known to me ; the apical half of the antenna is also very strongly pigmented (except for a very distinct intersegmental ring between second and third segments). With limited material it is difficult to be sure how valuable these differences might be. Freeman & de Meillon (1953) regard several Ethiopian species of Simulium as 22 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE being represented by two or more distinct pupal forms. It is possible that these pupal forms are in reality complexes of very closely allied species, but in the main the characters of the larvae (so far as they are known) belonging to different pupal forms are identical—except of course in the respiratory organ of the pupa as repre- sented in the last stage larva. The larvae provide no evidence that the pupal forms are anything more than this. The only possible exception to this known is S. pauliant Grenier & Doucet, which Freeman & de Meillon regard as a form of S. unicornutum Pomeroy, but the larva of pauliant as described by Grenier & Doucet (1949b) has branched fan-like scales instead of the large obvious spatulate scales on the abdomen of unicornutum ; as the form of cuticular ornamentation is normally very constant in any species it seems possible that pauliani is a distinct, though very closely related, species. Very large flattened scales on the abdomen also occur in S. schoutedent Wanson and S. mcmahoni de Meillon, and this feature combined with other larval characters such as the large postgenal cleft and sometimes the presence of lateral abdominal accessory sclerites, suggests that these two species are closely allied to S. wnicornutum and S. cervicornutum and belong in the cervicornutum-group, although Freeman & de Meillon (1953) have—on the basis of their filamentous pupal respiratory organ— placed them in Group I, the alcocki-group. When the male genitalia are considered another resemblance is evident ; the ventral plate in schoutedenmt, mcmahoni, cervi- cornutum, unicornutum and aureliani Fain, is distinctly indented each side, as though “pinched in ”’ laterally. In the larva of S. alcockt Pom. and in closely related species in the alcocki-group, S.johannae Wanson, S.tentaculum Gibbins, and S. impukane de Meillon, the abdominal cuticle bears small branched rather fan-like setae, and the ventral plate in the male genitalia (although varying in shape) has little or no trace of a lateral hollowing-out or notch. Unfortunately the different types of setae in the larvae combined with the different ventral plates in the male genitalia does not provide a hard and fast difference between the alcocki-group and the cervicornutum-group ; the inevitable intermediates exist. In Simulium kenyae de Meillon there is a very distinctly “‘ pinched in”’ ventral plate but the larval abdominal scales are much-branched, and in S. hissettewm Gibbins the opposite is the case—the ventral plate is almost identical with alcocki but the cuticular scales are simple (larvae of hissetteum have not been seen but Grenier & Rageau (1949) have described the larva, and figured the scales, under the name S. vargast Grenier & Rageau which is synonymized with hissetteum by Freeman & de Meillon (1953)). The scales of hissetteum however are much smaller than those of cervicornutum, but the postgenal cleft is small as in alcockt. The larvae of those species which live in so-called phoretic association with other Arthropods, i.e. the neavei-complex on crabs and the copleyi-complex on mayfly nymphs, do not completely fit in with the characters shown by free-living larvae, and on a purely larval classification extraordinary species like S. bernert Freeman might very reasonably be placed in a separate genus from Simuliwm. On the whole the mode of life of these species and their larval characters (some of which are no doubt adaptive to their unique environment) make them very different from other species of Simuliwm, and it is questionable whether it is legitimate to place them in TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 23 the same group with S. hirsutum Pomeroy, as in Freeman & de Meillon’s (1953) classification, although the male genitalia and pupal respiratory filaments are admittedly similar. Until their status can be more definitely ascertained it seems desirable, certainly useful in practice, to regard these unusual species as a group on their own, the neavei-group, which is in turn divided into two sub-groups, the neavei- complex on crabs and the copleyi-complex on mayflies (although it is not certain that the two complexes are monophyletic) ; it is then easier, as far as larval characters are concerned at any rate, to define Divisions A and B and the hirsutum-group. An outline of the principal characteristics of the species-groups is given below, as they appear at present : (1) S. alcocki-group. Ventral papillae present; abdominal cuticle with branched somewhat fan-shaped scales ; head capsule with negative pattern ; postgenal cleft small and rounded ; hypostomium with usual nine apical teeth. [Note. In material seen of S. impukane de Meillon from Nigeria and Nyasaland the pattern of the head is negative—traces of dark pigmentation around pale head- spots—as in other alcocki-group species. In Grenier & Doucet’s (1949b) figure however the head-spots are clearly dark, which is unusual in Division A species except for the ruficorne-group, and furthermore the size they give—length 7 mm.—is much larger than that in impukane larvae as known from elsewhere. It is possible that Grenier & Doucet’s material from Madagascar is not true impukane. In S. kenyae the postgenal cleft is of medium-size, transverse-oval in shape, and larger than in other species of this group.] (2) S. cervicornutum-group. Ventral papillae present; abdominal cuticle with very large scales, serrate apically ; head capsule with negative pattern ; post- genal cleft large ; hypostomium with usual nine apical teeth ; last abdominal segment usually with lateral accessory sclerites. [Note. I include S. schoutedent and S. mcmahoni in this group, and the larva of S. bequaerti Gibbins, not at present known, may come in here. The larva of S. pauliant Grenier & Doucet has cuticular setae of the alcocki-group type but the postgenal cleft resembles that of unicornutum; its characters are therefore intermediate between those of most species in the alcocki and cervicornutum-groups. | (3) S. ruficorne-group. Ventral papillae present ; cuticle bare ; head capsule with positive pattern ; postgenal cleft small or very small, usually subquadrate ; hypostomium with usual nine apical teeth ; last abdominal segment sometimes with traces of accessory sclerotizations. [Note. This is perhaps the most distinctive group with the unusual combination of dark head-spots and ventral papillae ; the absence of scales or setae is also a difference from other Division A species, and the maxillary palp is unusually long and narrow. The larvae described as Simulium sp. M, and M, from Madagascar by Grenier & Doucet (1949a) evidently belong in this group, and in the figures they give of M, there seems to be no distinction from ruficorne (the remarkable mandibular serrations with the enlarged posterior serration, the absence of antero-lateral head- spots, the postgenal cleft and the hypostomial teeth appear identica)).] 24 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE Fics. 21-27. Head pattern and pigmentation of (21) S. adersi ; (22) S. dentulosum ; (23) S. loutetense ; (24) S. medusaeforme hargreavesi ; (25) S. vorax ; (26) S. colas-belcourt ; (27) S. damnosum. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 25 (4) S. hirsutum-group (excluding neavei-copleyi-complexes). Ventral papillae present, usually small; abdominal cuticle with scattered simple spine-like setae ; head capsule with negative pattern or unpigmented ; postgenal cleft of medium size, subcircular ; hypostomium with usual nine apical teeth. [Note. In the material of S. aderst Pomeroy described by Gibbins (1934) from Nsadzi Island, Lake Victoria, ventral papillae are absent and larvae are much larger than those of adersi as known from elsewhere. It is possible that so-called adersi is a complex of sibling species. There are no larvae available from the type locality, Zanzibar, to ascertain the characters of true adersi.| (5) S. neavei-group. Head capsule rather elongate or strongly arched and contracted behind ; eye-spots very small; hypostomium unusual, with a more or less regular row of 13 apical teeth in meavei-complex but of varied form in copleyi- complex ; head capsule without distinct pigmentation or with faint pigmentation around areas of pale head-spots; postgenal cleft small, subquadrate or absent; abdominal segmentation unusually distinctly marked; ventral papillae absent ; rectal scales absent or represented only by minute vestiges ; arms of anal sclerite long and narrow, anterior arms rather less strongly divergent than usual ; anal sclerite tending to lie in an apical position instead of a strictly dorsal position, and posterior circlet usually rather oblique in a ventro-apical position instead of the usual strictly apical position. [Note. The cuticular ornamentation is variable; in some cases the cuticle is bare, e.g. S. ovazzae Grenier & Mouchet, and perhaps all meavei-complex species, but in S. bernert the whole cuticle is densely covered with pale clubbed hairs. The tendency shown in these species for the posterior circlet to come to lie rather obliquely in a slightly ventro-apical position instead of directly across the apex of the abdomen is presumably an adaptation to life on the mobile host.] (6) S. grisetcolle-group. Ventral papillae absent; cuticle of thorax and abdomen densely covered with setae of two types, simple spine-like setae and branched fan-like scales; head capsule without pattern, pale; postgenal cleft very large, subcircular ; hypostomium with usual row of nine apical teeth ; mandible with one serration only. [Note. This group includes only S. griseicolle Becker and S. gariepensts de Meillon which are the only Ethiopian species in which the adult is without setae on the basal section of the radius. The larva of gariepensis however is not known and therefore may not fully conform with the characters given above. | (7) S. dentulosum-group. Ventral papillae absent ; cuticle bare ; head capsule with positive pattern ; postgenal cleft small; hypostomium with usual nine apical teeth, the teeth rather blunt ; often large larvae up to II mm. usually grey in colour with abdomen of gradually expanding form. [Note. The dark head-spots of this group are usually very distinct, but are sometimes obscured by general dark pigmentation. The hypostomial setae are very numerous in some species and the hindmost setae may lie in two or three irregular rows, Most species live in swift water and consequently the number of rows of hooks 26 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE and the number of hooks in each row of the circlets are often very high. Simulium gyas de Meillon, described as Simulium sp. M, from Madagascar by Grenier & Doucet (19496), apparently has simple setae on the cuticle of the posterior abdominal segments, and a medium-sized cordate postgenal cleft, providing an exception to the characters of the group as given above. Its larval characters are therefore very close to those of S. medusaeforme, and the pupal respiratory organ is also of medusaeform type ; the adult is unknown, and, as Freeman & de Meillon point out, the affinities of S. gyas are uncertain. On larval characters I would place it in the medusaeforme- group. Gibbins (1939) also describes the larva of S. kauntzewm Gibbins, a species closely related to S. dentulosum Roubaud, as having ‘‘ minute spines ”’ on the abdo- men, but the cuticle appears to be quite bare in Gibbins’ slide of kawntzeum (in B.M. collection) and as far as can be seen from the imperfect specimen is very like dentulosum. The larvae of S. ambositrae Grenier & Grjébine (1958) (described under the name S. neiveti Roubaud by Grenier & Doucet (1949a)) and of S. tmerinae Roubaud from Madagascar are unusual as the rectal gills are formed of three simple lobes which are brownish in colour; these species and S. milloti Grenier & Doucet are also unusual in that the second antennal segment shows more or less distinct secondary annulation, which is not known in the larvae of other Ethiopian species. In S. dentulosum and S. debegene de Meillon the outer margin of the mandible is unusually strongly arched.] (8) S. medusaeforme-group. Ventral papillae absent ; abdominal cuticle with at least a few setae, either simple and spine-like or flattened and scale-like, never fan-shaped ; head capsule with positive pattern, sometimes unpigmented ; postgenal cleft medium-sized to very large, shape varied ; hypostomium with usual nine apical teeth, the teeth short and blunt. [Note. In this group the body form and size are very varied ; in the small species (e.g. S. bovis de Meillon and S. albivirgulatum Wanson & Henrard) the body is usually pale, the abdomen of clubbed form (i.e. with the posterior segments set-off abruptly from the others) and the head unpigmented. These species have flattened abdominal scales, but larger species have sparse simple setae, often very few so that the cuticle is apparently bare in some cases. According to Gibbins (1939) the abdomen of S. ¢aylori is without scales or spines, and the larva of S. cavum Gibbins according to Gibbins (1937)—under his earlier name obscurum—is “similar to taylort”’. The B.M. collection has one slide of the larva of each species, made by Gibbins, but these show fragments only and it is impossible to confirm that the abdominal cuticle is bare. I think it probable that these species have a few sparse setae as in colas-belcouri, where the cuticle also is sometimes apparently bare but in which one or two scattered setae may always be found. Most species in this group show a median sclerotized projection from the anal sclerite which extends backwards towards the ‘“‘ seam ”’ in the mid-dorsal line of the posterior circlet. A similar lightly sclerotized rod-like extension occurs in some of the dentulosum-group, but not in Division A species. It should be noted here that the medusaeforme-group is clearly equivalent to the genus Wilhelmia Enderlein and the larval characters agree extremely closely with those of the Palaearctic Wilhelmia as recorded by TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 27 Rubtzov (1956). In Wzilhelmza larvae there is a positive pattern of dark head-spots, the postgenal cleft is mitre-shaped or subcordate in form, the hypostomial teeth are rather broad and blunt and only the median tooth is rather more prominent than the others, the hypostomial setae diverge posteriorly from the lateral hypostomial margin, the mandibular comb-teeth form an evenly decreasing row, the anterior mandibular serration is sometimes elongate (e.g. W. angustifurca Rubtzov), and the combined length of third and fourth antennal segments is distinctly shorter than the second segment. Following Rubtzov’s classification the medusaeforme-group would have to be placed in Wilhelmia, not only on larval characters but on those of the other stages as well.] It is difficult to distinguish Division A from Division B completely reliably on larval characters, but omitting the neavei-group they may be more or less defined as below : Division A. Ventral papillae present ; head capsule usually with negative pattern; hypostomium usually with median and corner teeth considerably more prominent than the others ; hypostomial setae lying subparallel to lateral margin of hypostomium ; first three comb-teeth of mandible of different form from succeeding teeth ; third and fourth antennal segments combined usually as long as or longer than second segment ; number of hooks and rows in circlets usually comparatively few; abdomen of clubbed form, i.e. with posterior segments more or less distinctly set-off from the anterior segments (as in Text- fig. 7). Division B. Ventral papillae absent; head capsule with positive pattern, occasionally unpigmented ; hypostomium normally with apical teeth rather broad and blunt, median and corner teeth not very prominent ; hypostomial setae diverging posteriorly from lateral margin of hypostomium (not noticeably in grisetcolle) ; comb-teeth of mandible usually large and forming an evenly decreasing row; third and fourth antennal segments combined shorter than second segment ; number of hooks and rows in circlets usually very high ; abdomen rarely clubbed, usually more gradually expanding apically and then contracting abruptly to posterior circlet. KEY TO SPECIES-GROUPS OF LARVAE OF ETHIOPIAN SIMULIIDAE I give below a preliminary key to the species-groups, but this is by no means perfect and some intermediate species may be difficult to place; these exceptions have been alluded to in the discussion above. Separation of genera Cnephia and Simulium (no entirely reliable character has been found) : Hypostomium of the Prosimulium type; mandible with at least traces of three serrations or with a series of serrations; rectal gills with three simple lobes ; cuticle bare ; apical half of antenna strongly pigmented with a very distinct inter- segmental unpigmented ring between second and third segments. - Cnephia Hypostomium not of this type ; mandible with two serrations or only one (traces of third serration known in two Madagascan species) ; rectal gills normally with numerous secondary lobules, very rarely simply trilobed ; cuticle frequently with setae ; antennal pigmentation weak with indistinct unpigmented ring . Simulium 28 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE I TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE Species-groups of Simulium Larvae living on crabs or mayfly nymphs ; rectal scales absent ; eye-spots usually very reduced ; posterior circlet usually more ventral in position, and anal 29 sclerite more apical in position than usual _ . ; neavei-group 2 Larvae living normally, not attached to other eae ada rectal scales present (except damnosum) (Text-figs. 11 and 12) ; eye-spots normal, rarely very reduced ; posterior circlet in usual distinctly apical position, and anal sclerite in normal dorsal position : ; P ‘ : : ‘ ‘ ‘ : Larvae attached to crabs ; aia with a more or less even row of 13 apical 3 teeth ‘ . neavei-complex Larvae attached to fae iy eee eae ae he of para ins but not as above copleyi-complex Abdominal cuticle with two distinct types of setae, both simple spines and some fan-shaped scales; thoracic cuticle with setae; mandible with one serration only ; postgenal cleft very large and circular ; head capsule pale and unpigmented griseicolle-group Abdominal cuticle bare or with one type of seta or scale only, but size of setae may vary ; thoracic cuticle bare (except damnosum) ; mandible with two serrations ; postgenal cleft rarely very large and circular; head capsule usually with some pigmentation or pattern : ‘ : : : : : : : Ventral papillae present; hypostomial setae lying parallel to lateral margin of hypostomium ; apical teeth of hypostomium usually pointed and median and corner teeth distinctly prominent ; combined length of third and fourth antennal segments usually longer than second segment or at least as long; head usually with negative pattern ‘ : : : : : ‘ . . Ventral papillae absent; hypostomial setae diverging posteriorly from lateral margin of hypostomium ; apical teeth of hypostomium rather broad and blunt and median and corner teeth usually not strongly prominent ; combined length of third and fourth antennal segments shorter than second segment ; head with posi- tive pattern, rarely unpigmented . ‘ ‘ ; f 3 Head with positive pattern of distinct dark spots : cuticle bare ; postgenal cleft small so that postgenal bridge is as long as or longer than hypostomium ; pupal respiratory histoblast with four filaments : , . - Yuficorne-group Head with negative pattern of pale spots with darker surrounding pigmentation or entirely pale ; abdominal cuticle with setae ; postgenal cleft of varied form ; pupal respiratory histoblast not with four filaments ; : : . : Abdominal cuticle dorsally with large erect scales ; last abdominal segment usually with small lateral accessory sclerites ; postgenal cleft large and postgenal bridge shorter than hypostomium; pupal respiratory histoblast with two or more stout lobes or with eight filaments on a long common cylindrical trunk cervicornutum-group Abdominal cuticle dorsally with branched fan-like scales or simple setae; last abdominal segment without accessory sclerites; postgenal cleft of small to medium size; pupal respiratory histoblast with numerous simple ae coiled filaments branching near the base, not carried on a long stalk Fics. 28-47. Ventral view of head capsule showing postgenal cleft of (28) S. alcocki ; (29) S. johannae ; (30) S. schoutedeni; (31) S. impukane; (32) S. mcmahoni; (33) S. kenyae ; (34) S. cervicornutum ; (35) S. unicornutum ; (36) S. ruficorne ; (37) S. aureo- simile ; (38) S. adersi; (39) S. berneri; (40) S. griseicolle; (41) S. dentulosum; (42) S. loutetense ; (43) S. medusaeforme hargreavesi ; (44) S. vorax; (45) S. colas-belcouri ; (46) S. bovis ; (47) S. damnosum. 30 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE Abdominal cuticle with branched fan-like scales; postgenal cleft small and post- genal bridge a little longer than or about equal in length to hypostomium ; ventral papillae large and distinct . : : alcocki-group Abdominal cuticle with simple spine-like setae : postgenal cleft of medium size, rather regularly circular, and postgenal bridge a little shorter than hypostomium ; ventral papillae small, sometimes indistinct . ‘ ‘ . hirsutum-group Cuticle bare; postgenal cleft normally small, subtriangular, pentagonal or sub- quadrate in shape, and postgenal bridge usually longer than hypostomium ; dark head-spots very distinct . ; . dentulosum-group Cuticle with at least some simple setae or with dense scales ; postgenal cleft of medium or large size, mitre-shaped, cordate or very large and subcircular in shape, and postgenal bridge distinctly shorter than hypostomium; dark head-spots often obscured by general dark infuscation of head capsule . medusaeforme-group KEY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF LARVAE OF WEST AFRICAN BLACK-FLIES The larvae of certain West African species of Simulium are difficult to key out satisfactorily, especially pairs of closely related species such as schoutedeni and memahoni, adersi and hirsutum, and alcocki and johannae. The characters given are the best which I have been able to find with the limited material available, and this should be borne in mind especially in the case of couplets 12, 15, and 20. When the general body cuticle bears no socketed scales or setae the cuticle is described as “bare ’’; it should be noted however that even in these species there are normally some minute hairs located on the swollen areas between the lateral arms of the anal sclerite (e.g. as in ruficorne, Text-fig. 144). I. Hypostomium of unusual form with a very large deeply-sunk median tooth and 5 subequal outwardly-directed teeth on either side (Text-fig. 68) ; postgenal cleft absent (Text-fig. 39) body densely covered with long pale club-shaped setae (Text- fig. 149) ; eye-spots very small; larvae attached to mayfly nymphs S. bernerit Freeman (p. 55) Hypostomium of usual form with an apical row of 9 teeth ; postgenal cleft present sometimes small; setae if present not of this form; eye-spots normal; larvae living normally, not attached to mayfly nymphs . , ; : ; : 2 Cuticle of proleg with setae; rectal scales absent ; anterior abdominal segments usually distinctly produced into paired dorso-lateral conical protuberances (Text-fig. 9) ; cuticle of thorax and abdomen densely covered with flattened scale-like setae (Text-fig. 154), the setae densely clustered on the abdominal tubercles . d 4 e S. damnosum Theobald (p. 69) Cuticle of proleg bare ; rectal scales present (Text-figs. 11 and 12) ; anterior abdomi- nal segments at most only very slightly swollen dorsally ; cuticle with setae confined to the dorsum of the abdomen (except in gviseicolle) . ; 3 Cuticle of thorax and abdomen with abundant simple setae and at least some branched fan-like scales postero-dorsally on the abdomen (Text-fig. 147) ; mandi- ble with one serration only (Text-fig. 110) . ; S. griseicolle Becker (p. 58) Cuticle of thorax bare; cuticle of abdomen bare or with one type of seta or scale only ; mandible with the usual two serrations A 4 Ventral papillae present ; hypostomial setae lying more or r less parallel to lateral margin of hypostomium (as in Text-fig. 59) ; first three comb-teeth of mandible distinctly differentiated from succeeding bristle-like teeth (Text-fig. 112) ; pos- terior circlet with comparatively few rows of hooks (Text-figs. 155-157) ; head cap- sule usually with negative pattern (not ruficorne-group) ; abdominal cuticle sometimes with branched fan-like setae , : , é ; : ‘ 5 ms Io. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 31 Ventral papillae absent ; hypostomial setae more or less distinctly diverging posteri- orly from lateral margin of hypostomium (as in Text-fig. 61) ; first three comb- teeth not distinctly differentiated from succeeding teeth (Text-fig. 113) ; posterior circlet usually with very numerous rows of hooks (Text-figs. 158-160) ; head capsule with positive pattern of dark head-spots (unpigmented in bovis) ; abdomi- nal cuticle never with branched setae . 5 : : : 16 Head capsule with positive pattern of dark head- -spots ; abdominal cuticle bare 6 Head capsule with negative pattern of pale head-spots with surrounding dark pigmentation or entirely unpigmented ; abdominal cuticle with setae or scales . 7 Antero-lateral head-spots present (Text-fig. 19); hypostomial setae 6-7 in each row ; median and corner teeth of hypostomium not strongly prominent (Text-fig. 59) ; mandibular serrations normal, posterior serration small (Text-fig. 98) S. aureosimile Pomeroy (p. 49) Antero-lateral head-spots absent (Text-fig. 20); hypostomial setae 4-5 in each row ; median and corner teeth of hypostomium very strongly prominent (Text- fig. 56) ; posterior serration of mandible enlarged and almost as large as anterior serration (Text-fig. 95) , , , S. ruficorne Macquart (p. 48) Abdominal cuticle dorsally with very Eee act black scales ; abdomen with very dark segmental mottling, sometimes appearing blackish ; last abdominal segment usually with small lateral accessory sclerites (Text-fig. 155) ; ii aes cleft very large and postgenal bridge shorter than hypostomium ; ° 8 Abdominal cuticle with small branched fan-like setae, usually recumbent, or with simple spine-like setae ; abdomen with pale yellowish-brown segmental mottling and usually appearing rather pale; last abdominal segment without accessory sclerites ; postgenal cleft small, of medium size or shaped as in Text-fig. 33, postgenal bridge usually as long as or longer than hypostomium ; II Abdominal scales deeply incised apically into several long thin processes (Text- bay 140 and 141); combined length of third and fourth antennal segments con- siderably longer than second segment (Text- figs. 71 and 73); head pigmentation usually absent or only weakly marked as in Text-fig. 15; pupal respiratory histoblast with eight tightly coiled filaments carried on a ai curved cylindrical stem (Text-figs. 176 and 177) : - . 9 Abdominal scales only slightly serrate eeicalty (Text-figs. 142 hid 14 ae ; combined length of third and fourth antennal segments subequal to or even slightly shorter than second segment (Text-figs. 74 and 76); head pigmentation usually very strongly marked (Text-figs. 17 and 18) ; pupal respiratory histoblast not of this form ; 10 Postgenal cleft aes ihaped (Text- he ae Lae SDdGaunAl sepmient ites eer lateral accessory sclerites ; abdominal scales with most of the processes arising near the apex (Text-fig. 140) : : : S. schoutedeni Wanson (p. 37) Postgenal cleft cordate in shape (Text- fig. 32); last abdominal segment without accessory sclerites ; abdominal scales with the processes more divergent and arising more basally (Text-fig. 141) . : S. mcemahoni de Meillon (p. 43) Postgenal cleft mitre-shaped, pointed apically (Text- fig. 35) ; dark pigmentation on cephalic apotome usually forming an H-shaped mark not extending laterally to the cleavage lines (Text-fig. 18); median and corner teeth of hypostomium more distinctly prominent (Text-fig. 55) ; pupal respiratory histoblast formed of two broad lobes (Text-fig. 180) . ; . _S. unicornutum Pomeroy (p. 45) Postgenal cleft rounded, curved apically (Text- fig. 34); dark pigmentation on cephalic apotome usually forming a lyre-shaped mark which extends in places to reach the cleavage lines (Text-fig. 17) ; median and corner teeth of hypostomium less prominent (Text-fig. 54); pupal respiratory histoblast formed of nine branches with five visible externally (Text-fig. 179) |S. cervicornutum Pomeroy (Pp. 44) ENTOM. I0, I. 3 32 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE Fics. 48-55. Hypostomium of (48) S. alcocki; (49) S. johannae; (50) S. schoutedeni ; (51) S. tmpukane ; (52) S. memahoni ; (53) S. kenyae; (54) S. cervicornutum; (55) S. unicornutum. II. I2. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Abdominal cuticle with simple spine-like setae (Text-figs. 145 and 146) ; ea cleft of medium size and more or less circular (Text-fig. 38) ; Abdominal cuticle with branched fan-like setae or scales (Text-figs. 136-1 39): : post- genal cleft usually small p : Median and corner teeth of hypostomium very prominent (Text-fig. 57); first antennal segment about 6 times as long as broad; maxillary palp about 3-1 times as long as breadth at base; pupal respiratory histoblast more or less regularly oval in outline (Text-fig. 184) with eleven filaments S. adersi Pomeroy (p. Median and corner teeth of hypostomium not strongly prominent (Text-fig. 58) ; first antennal segment about 7:5 times as long as broad ; maxillary palp about 2:8 times as long as breadth at base ; pupal respiratory histoblast more compressed postero-dorsally in outline (Text-fig. 183) with eight filaments S. hirsutum Pomeroy (p. Postgenal cleft transverse oval in shape and broadly open behind (Text-fig. 33) ; abdominal setae irregularly branched with the main branches usually having secondary forks (Text-fig. 139) ; head capsule sometimes very strongly pigmented (Text-fig. 16) ; apical teeth of hypostomium short and blunt, the median and corner teeth hardly at all prominent (Text-fig. 53) ; posterior circlet with about 85 rows of 13-16 hooks . ‘ . S. kenyae de Meillon (p. Postgenal cleft small and postgenal bridge at least as long as hypostomium ; abdominal setae (Text-figs. 136-138) not secondarily branched ; head capsule usually weakly pigmented (as in Text-fig. 13); median and corner teeth of hypostomium distinctly more prominent than intermediate teeth ; sii circlet with about 60-70 rows of usually about 8-12 hooks : Postgenal bridge distinctly longer than hypostomium, postgenal cleft more or less parallel-sided and truncate apically (Text-fig. 31) ; rectal gills simple or with only one or two thumb-like secondary lobules ; maxillary palp long, about 3-2 times as long as breadth at base ; : S. impukane de Meillon (p. Postgenal bridge about equal in length to or r only slightly longer than hypostomium, postgenal cleft more rounded anteriorly and slightly contracted behind (Text-figs. 28 and 29) ; rectal gills with 6-8 secondary finger-like lobules in each lobe ; maxil- lary palp about 2-6-3 times as long as breadth at base : : ° : Second antennal segment almost as long as first ain 69) ; maxillary palp about 3 times as long as breadth at base ; . SS. alcocki Pomeroy (p. Second antennal segment only about two-thirds as “long as first (Text-fig. 70) ; maxillary palp about 2-6 times as long as breadth at base S. johannae Wanson (p. Head capsule entirely pale creamy-yellow, unpigmented; abdominal cuticle dorsally with numerous small flattened scales (Text-fig. 153); postgenal cleft extremely large and rounded, widely open behind (Text-fig. 46) ; mature larva very small, about 4:5 mm. inlength . : S. bovis de Meillon (p. Head capsule with dark head-spots and usually strongly infuscated with brown pigmentation ; abdominal cuticle bare or with scattered simple spine-like setae ; postgenal cleft not enormously enlarged ; mature larva often very large, at least, 5-5 mm. in length . ; : : . ‘ ; : P Abdominal cuticle bare, without setae; groups of head-spots very distinct (Text- figs. 22 and 23) . ‘ : : Abdominal cuticle with at least a few simple setae (Text- figs. I 50-1 52) ; groups of head-spots sometimes indistinct and obscured by general dark pigmentation Length of mature larva 9-10°5 mm.; postgenal cleft very small, sometimes triangular but usually subquadrate (Text-fig. 41), postgenal bridge very long ; hypostomial setae 12-18 in each row ; cephalic fan with 54-70 rays ; outer margin of mandible strongly arched (Text- fg. a ; posterior circlet with about 220 rows of 24-39 hooks ‘ . E a ‘ ; S. dentulosum Roubaud (p. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 33 I2 13 53) 52) 41) 14 40) 15 34) 37) 68) 17 18 19 59) 34 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE —. Length of mature larva about 5:5 mm.; postgenal cleft large and mitre-shaped (Text-fig. 42), postgenal bridge shorter than hypostomium ; hypostomial setae 6-7 in each row; cephalic fan with about 40 rays; outer margin of mandible normal (as in Text-fig. goa) ; actietaee circlet with about 70-80 rows of 13-16 hooks ; . S. loutetense Grenier & Ovazza (p. 62) 19. Head capsule with dark head-spots more or r less distinct at least on cephalic apotome but normally pale and unpigmented antero-laterally below the eye-spots (Text- fig. 24) ; mandible with anterior serration normal, not strongly elongate (Text- fig. 99) ; posterior circlet with about 140 rows of 18-30 hooks (Text-fig. 158) ; hypostomial setae 4—6 (usually 4) in each row; mature larva 5-75—7 (usually © about 6) mm. in length; cephalic fan with with 38-45 rays S. medusaeforme Pomeroy (p. 63) —. Head capsule with head-spots indistinct and head more or less strongly and evenly infuscated except anteriorly on cephalic apotome (Text-figs. 25 and 26) ; man- dible with anterior serration very long and narrow (Text-figs. 102 and 105) ; posterior circlet with about 190—220 rows of 28-49 hooks (Text-fig. 159) ; hyposto- mial setae 7-10 in each row ; cephalic fan with 50-60 rays ; mature larva large, 7°75-9'25 mm. inlength . ‘ 20 20. Head capsule usually more evenly pigmented ‘and less distinctly pale anteriorly on cephalic apotome (Text-fig. 25) ; postgenal cleft cordate in shape (Text-fig. 44), postgenal bridge with a distinct longitudinal very lightly pigmented area some- times almost unsclerotized ; median tooth of hypostomium distinctly prominent and corner teeth very blunt (Text-fig. 64) ; maxillary palp about 2-75 times as long as breadth at base ; pupal respiratory histoblast with narrow branches (Text-fig. 192) . : S. vorax Pomeroy (p. 64) —. Head capsule usually less evenly pigmented ‘and distinctly pale anteriorly on cephalic apotome, the pale areas extending laterally on cephalic apotome towards the hind margin (Text-fig. 26) ; postgenal cleft elongate-cordate in shape (Text-fig. 45), more strongly tapering anteriorly, postgenal bridge with only faint traces of a longitudinal weakly sclerotized or weakly pigmented area; median tooth of hypostomium very blunt, scarcely if at all longer than intermediate teeth, corner teeth more pointed (Text-fig. 65) ; maxillary palp about 3 times as long as breadth at base; pupal respiratory histoblast with broad branches (Text-fig. 193) S. colas-belcouri Grenier & Ovazza (p. 67) LARVAL DESCRIPTIONS Note. Descriptions based on last stage larvae. Simulium alcocki Pomeroy Type form. Length. Mature larva, 5 mm. Head. Head capsule creamy-yellow, usually almost without pattern; pattern when present of negative type, lightly pigmented yellowish-brown as in johannae (Text-fig. 13) but sometimes with slight suffusions round the eye-spots. Postgenal cleft small and rounded (Text-fig. 28), postgenal bridge about equal in length to hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 48) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, median and corner teeth moderately prominent ; usually 4-6 strongly acute lateral serrations with the hindmost serration lying posterior to the first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial setae 4-5 in each row, lying parallel to lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 35 between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta subequal to that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 69) long, very lightly pigmented, first segment about 6~7 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 5: 4:6:6. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present, small (Text-fig. 91), second comb tooth much smaller than first and shorter than third. Maxillary palp about 3 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 115). Cephalic fan with 42-44 rays (Roubaud & Grenier (1943) give 20-25). Thorax. Milky-white with variable dark banding; cuticle bare. Proleg circlet with about 19 rows of 5-6 hooks ; lateral plate very weakly pigmented, with about g processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 7 thin tightly coiled filaments, first division near the base (Text-fig. 173). Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 7; milky or yellowish-white with brown segmental mottling, clear white ventro-apically. Ventral papillae present, large and pointed. Cuticle of dorsum with small scattered, strongly sclerotized, fan- shaped scales (Text-fig. 136). Rectal scales present. Rectal gills with 7-9 finger-like secondary lobules on each lobe. Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized, posterior arm extending to about roth row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 61-70 rows of 8-15 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria, Southern Cameroons, Sierra Leone. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae are found mostly on dead leaves or on trailing grass in slowly-flowing, often heavily shaded streams ; they are rarely very numerous in any one place, and commonly exist among the larvae of johannae, alcockt occidentale, unicornutum and cervicornutum. Widely distributed over Tropical Africa south to Natal. Simulium alcocki form occidentale Freeman & de Meillon Larvae examined are not distinguishable from alcocki type form except on the pupal respiratory histoblast of mature larvae which is 1o-filamented and closely similar to that of johannae (from which no reliable differences have been found). MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Habitat as in the type form; locally distributed in West Africa but probably commoner than the few records suggest. [Simulium alcocki form djallonense Roubaud & Grenier and form coalitum Pomeroy Larvae of these forms are not known and may prove to be indistinguishable from the type form except in the pupal respiratory histoblast ; the respiratory organ in the pupae of both forms is comprised of to filaments. In coalitum the filaments are borne on a long common stalk which will be evident in semi-mature and mature larvae, but in djallonense the branching occurs near the base and the pupal respira- tory histoblast must closely resemble that in alcocki occidentale and johannae. Both forms appear to be very localized: djallonense—Guinea and Nigeria, coahtwm— Nigeria and Ghana.] 36 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE Fics. 56-63. Hypostomium of (56) S. ruficorne ; (57) S. adersi; (58) S. hirsutum ; (59) S. aureosimile; (60) S. griseicolle; (61) S. dentulosum; (62) S. loutetense; (63) S. medusaeforme hargreavesi. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 37 Simulium johannae Wanson Closely similar to alcocki but mature larvae smaller. Length. Mature larva, 4-4-5 mm. Head. Head capsule creamy-yellow without pattern or with a faintly marked negative pattern on the cephalic apotome (Text-fig. 13) ; sides of head with only faint traces of dark pigmentation in material seen. Postgenal cleft small and rounded (Text-fig. 29), as a rule a little more parallel-sided than in alcocki, postgenal bridge about equal in length to, or a little longer than, hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 49) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, median and corner teeth moderately prominent ; 4-6 lateral serrations with the hindmost serration lying posterior to or level with the first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial setae 3-4 in each row, lying parallel to lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta subequal to or a little less than that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 70) long, almost unpigmented, first segment about 7~7-5 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 14 : 8 : 16. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present, very small (Text-fig. 94), second comb tooth much smaller than first and shorter than third. Maxillary palp about 2-6 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 116). Cephalic fan with 34-40 rays (Grenier & Rageau (1949) give “about 20”’ in their description of roubaudt = johannae). Thorax. Yellowish-white with usual darker banding ; cuticle bare. Proleg circlet with about 20 rows of 5-6 hooks ; lateral plate unpigmented, apparently with about 6-9 processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with ro thin tightly coiled filaments, first division near the base (Text-fig. 174). Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 7 ; yellowish-white with well-developed brownish segmental mottling, clear white ventro-apically. Ventral papillae present, large and rather pointed. Cuticle of dorsum with numerous small strongly sclerotized fan-shaped scales (Text-fig. 137) similar to those in alcocki (without scales according to Grenier & Rageau (1949)). Rectal scales present. Rectal gills with 6-8 finger-like secondary lobules on each lobe. Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized, posterior arm extending to about roth or 11th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 60 rows of 8-10 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria, Southern Cameroons, Sierra Leone. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae occur on dead leaves and grasses in small streams, usually well shaded, most commonly in slowly-flowing water but sometimes in swifter streams and often in association with other small-stream species such as alcocki, unicornutum, and schoutedeni. Principally West and Equatorial Africa south to Northern Rhodesia. Simulium schoutedeni Wanson Closely similar to wnicornutum but head capsule almost devoid of pigmentation in material seen. Length. Mature larva, 3-75-4 mm. Head. Head capsule pale creamy-yellow without pigmentation or with only 38 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE faintest traces of negative pattern on the cephalic apotome (only a few larvae seen). Postgenal cleft large, almost twice as long as its basal width and similar to that of unicornutum but less pointed apically (cf. Text-figs. 30 and 35), postgenal bridge a little shorter than hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 50) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, median and corner teeth strongly developed as in the cervicornutum group ; about 5 lateral serrations with the hindmost serration usually lying posterior to the first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial setae 4 in each row, lying parallel to lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta subequal to or a little greater than that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 71) long, unpigmented, first segment about 7 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 5 : 3-6: 6. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present, small (Text-fig. 97), second comb tooth much smaller than first and shorter than third. Maxillary palp 2-5 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 117). . Cephalic fan with about 35 rays. Thorax. Whitish with extensive dark mottling ; cuticle dorsally with numerous very minute colourless hairs. Proleg circlet with about 20 rows of 5-6 hooks ; lateral plate unpigmented, with about (?) 6-8 processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 8 thin tightly coiled filaments carried on a long stalk which does not divide before the postero-ventral curve of the “ gill-spot ” (Text-fig. 176). Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 7, but sometimes with small dorso-lateral swellings on the intermediate abdominal segments; pale grey or yellowish-grey with extensive very dark segmental mottling, pale yellowish ventro-apically. Ventral papillae present, large and pointed. Cuticle dorsally and laterally on posterior segments with numerous erect black scales, the scales deeply incised apically into about 10-12 parallel-sided finger-like processes (Text-fig. 140) ; cuticle of anterior segments dorsally with minute colourless hairs as on the thorax, but without scales. Last abdominal segment just anterior to posterior circlet with a small black sclerite as in unicornutum (Text-fig. 155). Rectal scales present. Rectal gills with secondary lobules (not sufficiently extended in material seen for counting but probably few). Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized, posterior arm extending to about 12th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 65 rows of 8-10 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria (5 larvae only). LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. The larvae collected by me were in very small slowly-flowing streams attached to blades of grass dipping into the water. Wanson (1947) records the species from swift current, but it seems to be most often found in slow streams, sometimes associated with alcockt, johannae and unicornutum. The larvae are extremely similar to those of wnicornutum, with the same dark coloration, presence of the pair of small sclerites on the last abdominal segment, similar large black abdominal scales, and similar postgenal cleft. Mature specimens can very easily be distinguished by the respiratory histoblast (cf. Text-figs. 176 and 180), but younger larvae may be confused. The species is known from Sierra Leone to Belgian Congo, but records are few, perhaps because it seldom occurs in large numbers and is easily overlooked. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 39 Fics. 64-68. Hypostomium of (64) S. vorax ; (65) S. colas-belcouri ; (66) S. bovis ; (67) S. damnosum ; (68) S. berneri, 40 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE Simulium impukane de Meillon Larva closely similar to alcocki ; no reliable means of separation has been found. Length. Mature larva, 4°75-—5 mm. Head. Head capsule pale yellowish-white with variable yellow-brown negative pattern (Text-fig. 14), sometimes almost unpigmented. Postgenal cleft small, subquadrate or very slightly rounded (Text-fig. 31), somewhat similar to aureosimile ; postgenal bridge long, distinctly longer than the hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 51) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, median and corner teeth strongly prominent and more developed than in most alcocki-group species, the middle one of the intermediate teeth small and strongly sunken between the other intermediate teeth ; 6-9 strongly developed lateral serrations with the hindmost serration lying well posterior to the first hypostomial seta; hypostomial setae 4-5 in each row, most often 4, lying subparallel to lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta subequal to that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 72) long, almost unpigmented, first segment about 7 times as long as. broad, segment length ratios 7:6: 10. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present, small (Text-fig. 100), second comb tooth much smaller than first and shorter than third. Maxillary palp long, 3-2 times as long as breadth at base. Cephalic fan with 38-41 rays. Thorax. Yellowish-white with pale brown banding ; cuticle bare. Proleg circlet with about 22 rows of 5-6 hooks ; lateral plate unpigmented, with about 8 processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with ro thin tightly coiled filaments, first divisions near the base ; postero-dorsal edge of the “ gill-spot’’ more strongly compressed towards the centre than in alcocki (Text-fig. 175). Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 7; pale yellowish-white with yellow-brown or brown segmental mottling, whitish ventro-apically. Ventral papillae present, slightly pointed. Cuticle of the posterior abdominal segments dorsally with numerous strongly sclerotized fan-shaped scales (Text-fig. 138) similar to those of alcocki but sometimes rather more parallel-sided and longer. Rectal scales present. Rectal gills unusually simple in material seen, each lobe either without secondary lobules (Text-fig. 172) or with one or two small thumb-like secondary lobules on the lateral lobes (this may not always be the case and further material may show more numerous digitate secondary lobules). Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized (Text- fig. 163), posterior arms extending to about 11th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 64-67 rows of 8-12 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria and Nyasaland. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae occur in small streams attached to dead leaves, grasses and stones, sometimes in swift shallow water, but often in slow muddy water where detritus and algae accumulate. Known from West Africa (Ghana) to South Africa, but records are few ; impukane is very easily confused with forms of alcocki, but in Nigeria at any rate seems to occur frequently on its own unassociated with other species. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 41 Simulium kenyae de Meillon Length. Mature larva, 5 mm. Head. Head capsule pale yellowish-white with variable brown negative pattern sometimes very strongly pigmented (Text-fig. 16), and similar to cervicornutum, the brown pigmentation extending laterally on the cephalic apotome to the cleavage line thereby delimiting the pale head-spots clearly into antero- and postero-median and antero- and postero-lateral groups ; pale spots on sides of head usually clearly marked and the postero-ventral region of the head darkly pigmented. Postgenal cleft of unusual form, large and broader than long, anterior margin rounded but with a very slight trace of a widely obtuse angle (Text-fig. 33) ; postgenal bridge short, little more than half as long as hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 53) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, the median and corner teeth little developed so that the anterior teeth form an almost even row as in medusaeforme-group species with subequal intermediate teeth and broad blunt corner teeth; 3-5 lateral serrations with the hindmost serration about level with or only just posterior to first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial setae 4—5 in each row (3 seen also in one specimen but probably exceptional), lying subparallel to lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta only about two-thirds of that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 75) relatively shorter than in most alcocki-group species and only slightly longer than stem of cephalic fan, with third segment shorter than second, first segment moderately pigmented and 5-5-5 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 6: 6:5. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present, small (Text-fig. 103), second comb tooth longer than third so that the 3 comb teeth form a gradually diminishing series, bristle-like teeth very long and strong and the first tooth of this series at least twice as long as third comb tooth. Maxillary palp about 2-8 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 120). Cephalic fan with about 38-40 rays. Thorax. Yellowish-white with pale brown banding ; cuticle bare. Proleg circlet with about 36 rows of 8-12 hooks ; lateral plate lightly pigmented, with about 18 processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 8 thin tightly coiled filaments arising in pairs with divisions very near the base (Text-fig. 178), shape rather obliquely elongate. Abdomen. Probably shaped as in Text-fig. 7; yellowish-white with brown segmental mottling, milky-white ventro-apically. Ventral papillae present. Cuticle postero-dorsally with numerous small compound scales, sometimes of simple fan type, but usually with the branches further subdivided (Text-fig. 139), the scales black, strongly sclerotized. Rectal scales present. Rectal gills with numerous finger-like secondary lobules, about 10-14 in each lobe. Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized, posterior arm extending to about 13th-15th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 82-85 rows of 13-16 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Southern Cameroons. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. This is a swift-water species, and larvae and pupae occur mostly on trailing grasses in turbulent, rocky-bedded streams; the larva of kenyae has more hooks per row and more rows of hooks in both the posterior 42 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 83 84. 85 86 87 88 89 Fics. 69-89. Antenna of (69) S. alcocki; (70) S. johannae; (71) S. schoutedeni; (72) S. impukane ; (73) S. mamahoni; (74) S. cervicornutum; (75) S. kenyae; (76) S. unicornutum ; (77) S. ruficorne ; (78) S. aureosimile ; (79) S. adersi; (80) S. hirsutum ; (81) S. berneri ; (82) S. griseicolle ; (83) S. loutetense ; (84) S. dentulosum ; (85) S. vorax : (86) S. medusaeforme hargreavesi ; (87) S. colas-belcouri ; (88) S. bovis ; (89) S. damnosum, TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 43 and the proleg circlets and the secondary lobules of the gills are more numerous than in other species of the alcocki-group, adaptations to its preferred habitat in fast-moving water. West and Equatorial Africa from Liberia to Sudan and Uganda, but not known south of Ruanda Urundi. Simulium mcmahoni de Meillon Larva similar to wnicornutum and schoutedeni with erect black scales on dorsum of posterior abdominal segments. Length. Mature larva, 4-4:5 mm. Head. Head capsule pale yellow with variably developed negative pattern (Text-fig. 15), the dark pigmentation often extending towards the cleavage line on the cephalic apotome as in cervicornutum and clearly delimiting the pale postero- median and postero-lateral head-spots; postero-ventral areas of head capsule usually extensively darkened. Postgenal cleft large and shaped as in Text-fig. 32, less parallel-sided than in wnicornutum and less pointed apically ; postgenal bridge a little shorter than hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 52) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, median and corner teeth moderately prominent and intermediate teeth well developed and subequal in size ; 4-6 lateral serrations with the hindmost serration lying about level with the first hypostomial seta; hypostomial setae 3-4 in each row, lying parallel to lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta subequal to that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 73) long, first segment lightly pigmented and about 6-5-7 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 5 : 3-8 : 5-6. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present, small (Text-fig. 106), second comb tooth much smaller than first and slightly shorter than third. Maxillary palp about 2-75 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 119). Cephalic fan with 33-41 rays. Thorax. Pale yellowish-grey with pale brown banding; cuticle dorsally with minute colourless hairs. Proleg circlet with about 20 rows of 6-8 hooks; lateral plate with about 12 processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 8 thin tightly coiled filaments borne on a long stalk (Text-fig. 177), rather similar to schoutedent. Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 7, but some specimens with dorso-lateral swellings on intermediate segments ; yellowish-grey with brown segmental mottling, pale yellowish ventro-apically. Ventral papillae present, small. Cuticle dorsally and dorso-laterally on posterior segments with numerous erect black scales, the scales (Text-fig. 141) deeply incised apically into about 12 finger-like processes, the processes reaching nearer to the base of the scale than in schoutedent ; cuticle of anterior segments dorsally with minute colourless hairs as on the thorax. Last abdominal segment laterally without small black sclerite in material seen. Rectal scales present. Rectal gills with median lobe simple or with one thumb-like secondary lobule, lateral lobes with 2-3 secondary lobules (Text-fig. 170) in material seen, but gills might be more complex in other specimens. Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized, posterior arm extending to about roth-12th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 66 rows of 9-12 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Nyasaland. No West African material has been seen. 44 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Pupae of this species occur mainly in slow-moving water in streams attached principally to trailing grasses, and it may be inferred that this is the usual larval habitat. Widely distributed from Sudan to Transvaal and Bechuanaland, but also extending into West Africa. I have collected mcmahoni at a few localities in Northern Nigeria in the pupal stage, but did not obtain larvae. Simulium cervicornutum Pomeroy Type form. Closely similar to wnicornutum. Length. Mature larva, 4-5 mm. Head. Head capsule with very distinct negative pattern (Text-fig. 17), a lyre- shaped brown pigmented area on the cephalic apotome surrounding the pale head- spots, and reaching the cleavage line (cf. unicornutum) medio-laterally ; sides of the head capsule infuscated behind and above eye-spots, but with usual clear eyebrow stripe ; ground colour creamy-white, pigmentation usually strongly marked but occasionally indistinct. Postgenal cleft large and rounded (Text-fig. 34), lateral margins slightly curved and apical margin evenly rounded without the distinct angle of unicornutum ; postgenal bridge shorter than hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 54) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, median and corner teeth moderately prominent (less so than in unicornutum) and intermediate teeth of equal size forming an even row ; 5-6 lateral serrations, the hindmost serrations usually blunt and lying well posterior to first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial setae 3-4 in each row, lying parallel to lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta distinctly shorter than that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 74) short, only slightly longer than stem of cephalic fan, unpigmented, first segment 4-5-5 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 3 : 3-7 : 3. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present, small (Text-fig. 109), second comb tooth much smaller than first and as long as third. Maxillary palp about 2-75 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 121). Cephalic fan with about 36 rays. Thorax. Milky or greyish-white with dark grey or greyish-brown marking ; cuticle dorsally and dorso-laterally with numerous minute colourless hairs as in mcmahoni and unicornutum. Proleg circlet with about 25 rows of 4—5 hooks ; lateral plate unpigmented, with about 9g processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 9 stout wrinkled branches, of which 5 are visible without dissection (Text-fig. 179) and comprise two straight branches anteriorly and three S-shaped branches posteriorly. Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 7; pale grey or greyish-white with black or brown segmental mottling, milky-white ventro-apically. Ventral papillae present, small and obtuse or slightly rounded apically. Cuticle of posterior segments dorsally and dorso-laterally with numerous large scattered black scales, the scales strongly serrate apically (Text-fig. 142) ; cuticle on dorsum of anterior segments with a few minute pale hairs as on the thorax. Last abdominal segment just anterior to posterior circlet laterally with a small black sclerite as in wnicornutum (Text-fig. 155), the sclerite sometimes divided into two or three parts and occasionally inconspicuous but traces at least always present. Rectal scales present. Rectal gills with 7—10 secondary lobules on each lobe, lobules usually fewer on the median lobe than on TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 45 the lateral lobes. Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized but usually with an unsclerotized break in the median line (Text-fig. 162), posterior arm extending to toth—13th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 60-67 rows of 10-14 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Uganda. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae of this species tolerate very varied condi- tions, and are found in very large rivers as well as in very small streamlets, both in slowly-moving and swift turbulent water. In small slow streams larvae are most commonly found on dead leaves or recently-fallen leaves, often in company with the larvae of alcockt and unicornutum ; in the rapids of large rivers the larvae occur mostly on blades of trailing grass or on sticks and corn-stalks lodged among rocks, and in these situations may be found among larvae of damnosum and bovis. Common and widely distributed from Sierra Leone to Southern Africa in both forested and savannah areas. Simulium unicornutum Pomeroy Type form. Closely similar to cervicornutum, but distinguishable by the form of the postgenal cleft. Length. Mature larva, 4:5-4-75 mm. Head. WHead capsule pale yellowish or creamy-white with negative pattern (Text-fig. 18), the dark pigmentation round the pale antero- and postero-median spots forming an H-shaped or slightly lyre-shaped mark on the cephalic apotome, the infuscation usually less extensive laterally than in cervicornutuwm so that the lateral head-spots are not clearly demarcated ; degree of pigmentation variable but often intensively marked, the ventro-lateral aspects of the head capsule usually strongly infuscated dark brown. Postgenal cleft large and mitre-shaped (Text-fig. 35), distinctly angulate apically and more parallel-sided than in cervicornutum ; postgenal bridge much shorter than hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 55) with usual row of g apical teeth, median and corner teeth strongly prominent, intermediate teeth well developed and subequal in size ; 6~7 lateral serrations with the hindmost serration lying posterior to first hypostomial seta; hypostomial setae 3-4 in each row, lying parallel to lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta slightly less than or subequal to that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 76) short, almost unpigmented, first segment about 6 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 12: 13: 13. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present, small (Text-fig. 92), second comb tooth much smaller than first and shorter than third. Maxillary palp about 3 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 122). Cephalic fan with 37-41 rays. Thorax. Pale grey or yellowish-grey with dark or brownish-grey banding ; cuticle dorsally and dorso-laterally with minute colourless hairs. Proleg circlet with about 21-24 rows of 5-7 hooks; lateral plate very lightly pigmented, with about g processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast formed by two very large strongly wrinkled lobes, the anterior lobe simple and the posterior lobe recurved upon itself (Text-fig. 180). Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 7; pale grey or yellowish-white with boldly 46 TAXONOMIC STUDY eat = : : Oo oy : ; 3 o “i : ‘ : 8 : 4 103 ; : 106 : : 5 © an 5 VU 90 92 95 98 {Ol 104 107 ‘i Te) OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 93 96 99 102 105 108 : att TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 47 marked black, dark brownish-grey or grey segmental mottling, milky-white ventro- apically. Ventral papillae present, slightly rounded apically. Cuticle of posterior segments dorsally and dorso-laterally with numerous large scattered scales, the scales black, strongly sclerotized, and deeply serrate apically (Text-fig. 143) ; cuticle of anterior and posterior segments with numerous minute colourless hairs, those on the posterior segments among the scales. Last abdominal segment just anterior to posterior circlet laterally with a small black sclerite (Text-fig. 155), the sclerotization sometimes developed in two or three slightly separated parts. Rectal scales present. Rectal gills with finger-like secondary lobules, 8-12 in each lateral lobe and 6-10 in median lobe. Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized but usually unsclero- tized in fine median line (Text-fig. 161), posterior arm extending to gth-11th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 63 rows of 9-13 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Nyasaland. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Like cervicornutum this species will tolerate both swift and slowly-flowing rivers and streams, but has a very strong preference for slowly-moving, often heavily-shaded, streams where the larvae are found on dead leaves, pebbles, etc. in company with those of alcockt, cervicornutum, johannae, schoutedeni and other slow-stream species. In small swift rocky streams it sometimes occurs with medusaeforme form hargreavesi, and occasional larvae may be found amongst those of damnosum in larger turbulent rivers. Common and widely distri- buted over more or less the whole Ethiopian Region. Simulium unicornutum form palmeri Pomeroy A larva collected with pupae of this form (from Southern Cameroons) and presum- ably of palmert is indistinguishable from the type form. The pupal respiratory histoblast is not however developed, but it may be assumed that the lobes of the gill-spot show slight constrictions at intervals as in the respiratory organ of the pupa. [Simulium unicornutum form blacklocki Edwards This pupal form is only known from the type locality in Sierra Leone, and the larva is unknown. If it is genuinely a form of wnicornutum the larva will probably show almost identical characteristics to the type form except in the formation of the “‘ gill-spot ’’. The habitat is likely to be slow streams.] Fics. 90-111. (90) Shape of mandible of (a) the majority of species ; (b) S. berneri with base of apical tooth very broad ; (c) S. dentulosum with outer margin strongly arched. (91-111) mandibular serrations of (91) S. alcocki ; (92) S. unicornutum ; (93) S. dentu- losum; (94) S. johannae; (95) S. ruficorne; (96) S. loutetense; (97) S. schoutedeni ; (98) S. aureosimile ; (99) S. medusaeforme hargreavesi ; (100) S. impukane; (101) S. hirsutum ; (103) S. vorax; (102) S. kenyae; (104) S. adersi; (105) S. colas-belcouri ; (106) S. memahoni ; (107) S. berneri; (108) S. bovis; (109) S. cervicornutum ; (110) S. griseicolle ; (111) S. damnosum. ENTOM. 10, I. 4 48 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE Simulium ruficorne Macquart The ruficorne-group is distinguished by having ventral papillae and a positive head pattern. S. ruficorne is distinguished from aureosimile by the absence of antero- lateral head-spots. Length. Mature larva, 6-6-5 mm. Head. Head capsule with boldly marked positive pattern of dark brown spots on creamy-yellow ground colour, the spots themselves surrounded by narrow yellow- brown infuscation (Text-fig. 20). Cephalic apotome with antero- and postero- median, and postero-lateral head-spots, but antero-lateral spots absent or with only the very faintest traces visible ; head capsule laterally with dark spots as in Text-fig. 20, and dark infuscation round the eye-spots ; usual pale eyebrow stripe present. Postgenal cleft very small (Text-fig. 36), slightly broader anteriorly than posteriorly and with apical margin slightly rounded, a little less subquadrate than in aureosimile ; postgenal bridge a little longer than hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 56) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, median and corner teeth very strongly developed, and median one of intermediate teeth very small and much shorter than other intermediate teeth ; 5-8 lateral serrations (usually 6 or 7), serrations strongly developed, with hindmost serration lying well posterior to first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial setae 3—5 in each row, lying parallel to lateral margin of hypostomium, hindmost seta sometimes widely separated from other setae; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta distinctly less than that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 77) long, lightly pigmented, first segment about 6 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 10 : 8-7: 11. Mandible of typical form, serrations (Text-fig. 95) unusual, the posterior serration large and broad at the base, not much smaller than anterior serration, second comb tooth about equal in length to third and much smaller than first. Maxillary palp unusually long, about 3-5-3-6 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 123). Cephalic fan with 35-42 rays (56 rays seen in mature larva from desert oasis, Sinai). Thorax. Milky or creamy-white with pale grey-brown marking; cuticle bare. Proleg circlet with about 23-27 rows of 5-7 hooks ; lateral plate unpigmented, with about 16 processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 4 large wrinkled tubular filaments, curled round so that their apices are directed upwards (Text-fig. 181). Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-figs. 7 and 11 ; pale yellowish-white with traces of pale brown segmental mottling (never seen with very dark banding), milky-white ventro-apically. Ventral papillae present (Text-fig. 156), large and usually strongly pointed conical in shape. Cuticle apparently completely bare, without scales or spines, but with minute colourless hairs dorsally on the posterior segments particularly around the anal sclerite (Text-fig. 144). Rectal scales present. Rectal gills variable, often simpler than in most species, each lobe sometimes without secondary lobules ; small thumb-like secondary lobules sometimes present, 2-4 on each lobe; some specimens with 6~7 finger-like secondary lobules on each lobe. Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized, anterior arms sometimes rather short and broad, posterior arm extending to roth or 11th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 63 rows of 9-13 hooks. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 49 MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria, Uganda, Egypt. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae live on trailing grasses, leaves, pebbles, or rocky beds in very slowly-moving water, usually in small streams, occasionally in larger rivers. Immature stages may often be found in situations where almost no flow exists, and even at times in stagnant water (for example in the marshy fadamas of the drier parts of Northern Nigeria) ; this habitat often contains much algal growth, and larvae are often covered with organic matter. Larvae usually occur in masses of the one species, and are rarely associated with other species since these cannot tolerate the conditions favoured by ruficorne. Common throughout Africa, including Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and islands of the Malagasy sub-region, extending into the desert areas on the fringes of the Sahara. Simulium aureosimile Pomeroy Similar to ruficorne but readily distinguished by the presence of well-marked antero-lateral head-spots. Length. Mature Larva, 5-75-6:5 mm. Head. Creamy-yellow with very distinct positive pattern of brown head-spots, with areas of yellow-brown infuscation around the spots (Text-fig. 19) ; cephalic apotome with all groups of head-spots well developed including antero-lateral spots (cf. ruficorne) ; sides of head capsule with dark spots and infuscation round eye-spots as in Text-fig. 19, eyebrow stripe present but narrow and not very distinct ; pigmen- tation less variable than in most species and head-spots always distinct. Postgenal cleft small and subquadrate (Text-fig. 37), more truncate and less rounded apically than in ruficorne ; postgenal bridge long, about 1-5 times as long as hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 59) with usual row of g apical teeth, median and corner teeth short and blunt (cf. rujficorne), corner teeth very broad basally, intermediate teeth subequal in size or middle one very slightly smaller than other intermediate teeth ; 6-9 lateral serrations (usually 7-8), the serrations small and blunt, not strongly developed as in rujficorne, with hindmost serration lying posterior to first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial setae 5—7 in each row, the hindmost seta well separated from the other setae as in some specimens of ruficorne, setae lying parallel to lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta distinctly less than that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 78) very long, very lightly pigmented, first segment about 7:5 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 7-6: 9:66. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present, very small (Text-fig. 98), second comb tooth as long as or very slightly longer than third, much smaller than first. Maxillary palp unusually long, about 3-8 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 124). Cephalic fan with 51-60 rays (cf. ruficorne), usually 53-56. Thorax. Greyish-white with only very faint darker marking ; cuticle bare. Pro- leg circlet with about 30 rows of 6-10 hooks ; lateral plate lightly pigmented, with about 13-16 processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 4 long wrinkled tubular filaments, longer and more coiled than in ruficorne, with the apices directed caudad (Text-fig. 182). Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 7 ; pale grey or greyish-white, with only faintly 50 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 2 13 114 5 116 17 1s 19 120 121 122 125 126 127 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 51 indicated darker segmental mottling so that the whole body appears pale grey, milky-white ventro-apically ; ventral nerve-cord grey, very distinct. Ventral papillae present, large and rather pointed. Cuticle apparently completely bare, without scales or spines, but with a few minute colourless hairs postero-dorsally particularly near the anal sclerite (as in ruficorne, Text-fig. 144). Last abdominal segment laterally just anterior to posterior circlet often (but not in all specimens) with very small dark sclerotizations, three or four in number lying one above the other (as in some specimens of damnosum), the sclerotizations not combined into such a definitive sclerite as in unicornutum. Rectal scales present. Rectal gills with numerous finger-like secondary lobules, 8—1o in median lobe and 10-12 in each lateral lobe. Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized, posterior arm extending to 12th-14th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 72 rows of 10-13 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria (personally collected at Kaduna and Zaria). The above description is based on this material. Freeman & de Meillon (1953) have synonymized brachium Gibbins and simplex Gibbins with aureosimile Pom.: I have examined Gibbins’ larvae (spirit material of brachium and 7 slides of simplex) and they show certain differences from the Nigerian material. The size is larger, length of mature larvae 7-8 mm., colour apparently darker grey (possibly discoloured), the cephalic fans have only 31-40 rays in mature larvae, and the anal gills are less complex, with 4-6 short secondary lobules per lobe ; the gills in one specimen have however 10 lobules, but the gills are of course frequently very variable. Other characters, including the head markings, hypostomium, elongate maxillary palp, respiratory histoblast, etc. are identical with those of the Nigerian aureosimile. The differences mentioned probably lie within the natural variability of aureosimile and I think Gibbins’ Uganda material and the Nigerian material may safely be regarded as conspecific. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae are found principally in swiftly-flowing, broken water, in small rivers and streams particularly where the water flows over boulders ; larvae often occur in very large masses attached to grasses and stones. At Zaria, Northern Nigeria, larvae were found on the boulders laid down in a river as a vehicle-ford ; in these artificially turbulent conditions aureosimile immature stages occurred in company with those of medusaeforme and damnosum. Known from many parts of Tropical Africa from Guinea to Nyasaland, but in South Africa its place is taken by the closely related nigritarsis Coquillet. Fics. 112-135. (112-114) Apex of mandible of (112) species of Division A (comb teeth small and second comb tooth usually shorter than first and third comb teeth) ; (113) most species of Division B (comb teeth large in an even row), drawn from S. vorax ; (114) S. berneri (comb teeth and serrations very reduced). (115-135) Maxillary palp of (115) S. alcocki ; (116) S. johannae ; (117) S. schoutedeni ; (118) S. impukane ; (119) S. mcmahoni ; (120) S. kenyae; (121) S. cervicornutum ; (122) S. unicornutum ; (123) S. ruficorne ; (124) S. aureosimile ; (125) S. hirsutum ; (126) S. adersi ; (127) S. berneri ; (128) S. griseicolle ; (129) S. dentulosum; (130) S. loutetense ; (131) S. medusaeforme hargreavesi ; (132) S. vorax ; (133) S. colas-belcouri ; (134) S. bovis ; (135) S. damnosum, M,s,= mandibular serrations ; C.¢,= comb teeth, 52 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE Simulium hirsutum Pomeroy Type form. Closely similar to adersi, and difficult to distinguish reliably ; in the limited material seen the hypostomial teeth are weaker, the maxillary palp shorter and the antenna longer than in adersi, and the head capsule is devoid of even faint pigmentation. These differences may not be constant. Length. Mature larva, 5-5:5 mm. Head. Head capsule pale yellow or creamy-yellow, without pigmentation in material seen but a weak negative pattern similar to that in adersi probably occurs in some specimens. Postgenal cleft large and rounded, similar to adersi (Text-fig. 38), very slightly angulate apically ; postgenal bridge a little shorter than hypo- stomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 58) with usual row of 9g apical teeth, median and corner teeth little developed, less prominent than in adersi, intermediate teeth subequal in size forming a more or less even row ; 5-6 small lateral serrations, with hindmost serration lying on level with or a little anterior to first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial setae 4 in each row, lying parallel to lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta subequal to or a little less than that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 80) long, very lightly pigmented, first segment about 7:5 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 12°3: 11:11. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present, small (Text-fig. IoI), second comb tooth much smaller than first and subequal in size to third. Maxillary palp short, about 2-8 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 125). Cephalic fan with about 30-34 rays. Thorax. Pale yellowish-white with only faint traces of darker marking ; cuticle bare. Proleg circlet with (?) about 30 rows of 6-10 hooks; lateral plate almost unpigmented, with about 15 processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 8 long thin tightly coiled filaments arising in three pairs, two filaments dividing again more apically ; shape of “ gill-spot ”’ (Text-fig. 183) less regularly oval than in aderst. Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 7; pale yellowish-white with little trace of darker segmental mottling, milky-white ventro-apically (Gibbins (1936) gives general colour pale grey). Ventral papillae present. Cuticle of posterior segments dorsally with small scattered simple setae (Text-fig. 145). Rectal scales present. Rec- tal gills seen only in single specimen in which the median lobe is simple and each lateral lobe bears one small thumb-like secondary lobule (the specimen figured by Gibbins (1936)), but gills are probably somewhat variable as in most species. Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized but not in the median line, posterior arm extending to about 12th or 13th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 76-80 rows of 8-15 hooks (Gibbins gives about 104 rows but there are fewer than this in his slide material in B.M. collection). MATERIAL EXAMINED. Only two larvae in poor condition together with some fragments from Uganda have been available for study, and no West African material has been seen. These larvae were Gibbins’ material, one in spirit and the other with the fragments on slides ; remounts have been made where necessary, but it should be noted that the above description has been drawn up from limited and imperfect material, and that slight discrepancies may appear when larvae from West Africa are known, TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE ‘53 LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Immature stages are found on trailing grasses and stones, principally in broken swiftly-flowing water in streams. Gibbins (1936) records the larvae living under cascades in association with cervicornutum. In Nigeria I have found the pupae amongst those of kenyae in turbulent rocky streams. Widely distributed in the Ethiopian Region from Sierra Leone to Natal. Simulium adersi Pomeroy Length. Mature larva, 4-5-5 mm. (5-5-6 mm. in larvae from Nsadzi Island, Lake Victoria ; Gibbins’ material described in Gibbins (1934)). Head. Head capsule creamy-yellow, pale yellow or fulvous with negative pattern, the cephalic apotome with a yellow-brown H-shaped or lyre-shaped pigmented area (Text-fig. 21), pale postero-median head-spots usually distinct but other head- spots not clearly defined ; lateral areas of the head unpigmented, or with the usual 3-shaped pigmented area behind the eye-spots (Text-fig. 21). Postgenal cleft large and subcircular or very slightly cordate (Text-fig. 38), not perfectly rounded apically but with trace of widely obtuse angle; postgenal bridge distinctly shorter than hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 57) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, median and corner teeth strongly prominent, intermediate teeth well developed subequal in size or with median one slightly smaller than the others ; 5-8 lateral serrations (usually 7), the serrations often strong and the strongly sclerotized anterior serration sometimes very strongly developed and directed slightly outwards, hindmost serration lying posterior to or level with first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial setae 3-5 (usually 4) in each row, lying parallel to lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta slightly less than that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 79) of moderate length (only slightly longer than stem of cephalic fan), very lightly pigmented, first segment about 6 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 8:10: 10-3. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present, small (Text-fig. 104), second comb tooth much smaller than first, about equal in size to third, first comb tooth very enlarged in some specimens seen. Maxillary palp long, about 3-1 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 126). Cephalic fan with 38-47 rays, usually about 44 (Gibbins (1934) gives 28-32, but examination of his Nsadzi, Lake Victoria, material shows that mature larvae have 38-41 rays). Thorax. Greyish or pale yellowish-white with pale greyish-brown marking ; cuticle bare. Proleg circlet with about 25 rows of 4-7 hooks ; lateral plate unpig- mented, with about 15 processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 11 long thin tightly coiled filaments, outline of the organ sub-oval (Text-fig. 184). Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 7; greyish or yellowish-white with darker brownish segmental mottling, sometimes faint, milky-white ventro-apically. Ventral papillae present, small (Text-fig. 157) and sometimes difficult to see (papillae are absent in Gibbins’ material from Nsadzi Island). Cuticle of posterior segments dorsally with very numerous small simple setae, the setae slightly broadened at the centre, black and strongly sclerotized basally but clear apically (Text-fig. 146). Rectal scales present. Rectal gills with several finger-like secondary lobules in each lobe, but only seen fully extruded in one specimen in which the median lobe 54 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 137 138 139 140 a ‘i 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 ISO 1S! 152 {53 154 Fics. 136-154. Setae or scales of abdominal cuticle of (136) S. alcocki ; (137) S. johannae; (138) S. impukane ; (139) S. kRenyae; (140) S. schoutedeni ; (141) S. mcmahoni; (142) S. cervicornutum ; (143) S. unicornutum ; (144) S. ruficorne, few setae of kind shown present only around anal sclerite, as also in aureosimile ; (145) S. hirsutum; (146) S. adersi; (147) S. griseicolle; (148) S. griseicolle, scales on area of anal sclerite; (149) S. berneri, short broad seta illustrated on right is the form seen on dorsum of thorax ; (150) S. medusaeforme ; (151) S. vorax; (152) S. colas-belcouri, (153) S. bovis; (154) S. damnosum, narrow pointed scale is the form seen on proleg. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 55 has 7 lobules and each lateral lobe 8 lobules. Anal sclerite of usual form (Text-fig. 164), strongly sclerotized, anterior arms sometimes a little shorter and posterior arms a little broader than usual, posterior arm extending to about r1th—13th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 69-75 rows of 9-15 hooks (Gibbins (1934) gives about 120 rows of 19-25 hooks in his description of the larva from Nsadzi Island). MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria, Sudan and Nyasaland; the description above is based on the Nigerian material. I have also examined Gibbins’ slides and spirit material of aderst collected by him from the rocky shore of Nsadzi Island, Lake Victoria (see his 1934 paper, p. 61) and the larvae from this locality differ in several important respects from those of other areas. The larvae from Nsadzi are very large, the head capsule is very heavily pigmented, the hypostomial teeth are rather blunt, ventral papillae are absent, and the posterior circlet has a very large number of rows of hooks: the form of the postgenal cleft, the r1-filamented pupal respiratory histoblast, the simple abdominal setae, and other characters however are the same as those of adersi larvae from elsewhere. The larvae from Nsadzi are undoubtedly correctly associated with the pupae and adults from the same area (material in B.M. collection), and the structure of the pupa and male genitalia appears to be identical with adersi from other parts of Africa ; however the absence of ventral papillae and large size give a very different impression from adersi larvae as known from elsewhere, and it is possible that a pair of sibling species exists. The high number of hooklet rows in the posterior circlet is perhaps a local adaptation to the unusual environment on Nsadzi Island where the larvae are subjected to wave action on an exposed rocky headland. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae tolerate very widely differing conditions and occur in large rivers as well as very small streams, both in slow water and in swift rapids, attached to grasses, leaves, sticks, corn-stalks, rocks and pebbles ; in large rivers, especially in semi-arid areas such as the far north of Nigeria, adersi often occurs in large numbers unassociated with other species or occasionally in company with damnosum ; in smaller streams it is also frequently found without other species but may occur with medusaeforme. At Man o’ War Bay near Victoria in the Cameroons immature stages have been found on herbage attached to the piles of a wharf in brackish water where a small stream discharges into the sea. Widely distributed over most of the Ethiopian Region. Simulium berneri Freeman A remarkable species easily distinguished from all other known Ethiopian species by the form of the hypostomium (Text-fig. 68). Length. Approximately 6 mm. Head. Head capsule unusually long with traces of transverse wrinkling on the dorsum, eye-spots very small; without definite pattern, rather evenly pigmented yellow-brown with slightly more intense pigmentation medially on cephalic apotome. Postgenal cleft absent (Text-fig. 39), the ventral surface of the head capsule com- pletely sclerotized or with only faint traces of a postgenal cleft, the postgenal bridge 56 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE therefore very long and reaching the hind margin of the head. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 68) of extraordinary form, very heavily sclerotized apically with a large deeply sunk median tooth and 5 subequal blunt outwardly-curving teeth on either side ; lateral margins of median tooth slightly serrate ; lateral margins of hyposto- mium behind apical teeth smooth, non-serrate ; hypostomial setae very long and fine, 4-5 in each row, lying subparallel to lateral margin of hypostomium. Antenna (Text-fig. 81) short, lightly pigmented, first segment about 5 times as long as broad, segment length ratios approximately 5 : 6°4: 6 (specimens seen are not completely matured and proportions in fully mature larvae may be slightly different). Mandible of unusual form (Text-fig. 90b) with the basal area of the large apical tooth very broad and the comb teeth very reduced (Text-fig. 114) ; serrations also very reduced, a small anterior serration present but posterior serration absent or possibly represented by a slight irregularity in the edge of the mandible (Text-fig. 107). Maxillary palp about 2-8 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 127). Cephalic fan with 50 and 52 rays in almost mature specimen seen, rays narrower than in most species. Thorax. Pale grey or greyish-yellow, without darker marking ; cuticle including that of proleg closely covered with pale elongate slightly clubbed hairs (Text-fig. 149), those on the dorsum shorter and more strongly spatulate than the other hairs. Proleg circlet with numerous hooks (invaginated and not possible to count in material seen). Pupal respiratory histoblast not seen, presumably with 38 very thin sinuous filaments, probably tightly coiled and arising near the base. Abdomen. With the segmentation unusually clearly marked and the terminal segments distinctly demarcated from anterior segments; pale grey or greyish- yellow, evenly coloured without darker segmental mottling. Ventral papillae absent. Entire cuticle densely covered with almost colourless long thin slightly clubbed hairs, sinuous and apparently very flexible, the alveoli very small but clearly present so that the hairs are modified macrotrichia. Rectal scales not seen, apparently absent. Rectal gills with several secondary lobules, one specimen seen with 8 finger-like secondary lobules in the median lobe, and 6 and 7 lobules on the lateral lobes. Anal sclerite unusual, arms very long and narrow only strongly sclerotized along the centre of each arm (Text-fig. 166), anterior arms rather strongly directed forwards, and in lateral view curved and slightly hook-like, posterior arm extending to about 26th—-28th row of hooks; position of anal sclerite distinctly postero-dorsal, not dorsal, so that it lies terminally on the abdomen with the posterior circlet occupying a ventro-apical position instead of the usual strictly apical position. Posterior circlet with about 96 rows of 14-21 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Paratype larvae from Ghana. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. This is a striking and remarkable species in which the larvae and pupae live attached to mayfly nymphs of the genus Elassoneurta ; several of the larval characters closely resemble those of S. copleyi Gibbins and S. lumbwanus de Meillon in which the larvae are also found on mayfly nymphs. The head-capsule is elongate with traces of transverse wrinkling on the dorsum, the eye-spots are very reduced, the body segmentation is very distinct, and the posterior circlet occupies an oblique position ventro-posteriorly with the unusual anal sclerite in a terminal position, Some of these characteristics are no doubt TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 57 wt - RW te - a a, SQ wih ’ . . “2's es << Zz ig ; ZA eee S Zo; aes : Zi ae < f tj, 90" 4 Nee ‘ aad ZZ roa ae WS iy bE Wess . . 1 Ned xt = ~ aS: SS thheey Seah; 158 159 160 Fics. 155-160. Lateral view of terminal abdominal structures: 155-157, Division A species with ventral papillae and few rows of circlet hooks (155) S. unicornutum ; (156) S. ruficorne ; (157) S. adersi, ventral papilla small. 158-160, Division B species without ventral papillae and with very numerous rows of circlet hooks (158) S. medusae- forme ; (159) S. vorax ; (160) S. damnosum. A.c.= accessory sclerite; V.p.= ventral papilla. 58 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE adaptations to the specialized environment provided by the association with the mayfly nymphs, and are also found in the East African species (neavei-complex) which occur on crabs, At present S. berneri is known only from Ghana and Cameroons Republic, but it almost certainly exists in Nigeria also, and possibly elsewhere in West Africa. Simulium griseicolle Becker Type form. Length. Mature larva, 4—4:25 mm. Head. Head capsule pale, milky-white to creamy-yellow, without pigmentation. Postgenal cleft very large and subcircular (Text-fig. 40), similar in shape to damnosum; postgenal bridge short, distinctly shorter than hypostomium ; in some specimens the edges of the postgenal cleft are difficult to distinguish from the white membranous area filling the cleft, so that in spirit material the cleft may appear at first sight as though it is very reduced or absent and careful examination may be required. Hypo- stomium (Text-fig. 60) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, median and corner teeth strongly developed and rather prominent, intermediate teeth well developed and subequal in size; anterior part of hypostomium back to second lateral serration rather strongly set off from rest of hypostomium ; 5-6 lateral serrations, hindmost serration weak, and anterior two serrations strongly developed and set off more clearly from the others than usual; hindmost serration lying just posterior to or level with first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial setae 3-4 (usually 3) in each row, setae fine, lying subparallel to or slightly diverging posteriorly from lateral margin of hypostomium; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta subequal to or a little less than that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 82) short, unpigmented, first segment about 5-5-6 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 5 : 5-6: 5. Mandible of typical form, only a single serration (Text-fig. 110), the posterior serration absent or represented only by a slight irregularity, second comb tooth almost as large as first and about equal in length to third. Maxil- lary palp about 3 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 128). Cephalic fan with 26-34 rays. Thorax. Milky or yellowish-white with very pale yellowish-brown darker banding ; cuticle dorsally and dorso-laterally closely covered with abundant setae, mostly simple, but with an admixture of a few compound fan-shaped setae (Text-fig. 147) ; cuticle ventrally and on proleg bare. Proleg normal (as pointed out by Freeman & de Meillon (1953), Gibbins (1935) was mistaken in stating that the proleg is peculiar with the circlet borne on a protuberance), circlet with approximately 17-20 rows of 3-6 hooks ; lateral plate unpigmented, with about 12 processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 3 flattened strongly wrinkled lobes, the median lobe lying inside the others with only the apex visible on external examination of the “ gill-spot ” (Text- fig. 185). Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 7; milky or yellowish-white with darker yellowish-grey or very pale brownish segmental mottling, white ventro-apically. Ventral papillae absent. Cuticle closely covered, principally on the dorsum, with short simple setae and compound fan-shaped setae (Text-fig. 147), the fan-like TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 59 scales sometimes very numerous on posterior segments, but sometimes restricted to last segment ; anterior segments usually without or with only a few fan setae but with abundant simple setae; fan setae present on cuticle of apical surface enclosed by posterior circlet. Rectal scales present, but weakly sclerotized and difficult to see. Rectal gills with several finger-like secondary lobules, 4-8 in median lobe and 5-8 in each lateral lobe. Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized, anterior arms short and broad basally and median area rather broad, posterior arm extending to about roth row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 66 rows of 9-14 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria and Sudan. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae are found, often in large numbers, on sticks, dead grasses, sedge, corn-stalks, fish-traps and even on hard mud in smooth or only slightly broken but swift water. S. griseicolle favours very large rivers, such as the Nile and Niger, but breeding occurs also in smaller rivers, and in Northern Nigeria I have collected larvae in company with those of bovis and adersi in these smaller rivers and in company with damnosum in the Niger. The typical form ranges from Egypt and Sudan westwards to Northern Nigeria and south to the Congo and Uganda. Simulium griseicolle form tridens Freeman & de Meillon Larvae of this form are almost identical with the type form, but the fan-like scales are fewer in the material seen and restricted to the last abdominal segment ; some very large fan-like well sclerotized scales near anal sclerite (Text-fig. 148) ; in the pupal respiratory histoblast the innermost (median) of the 3 lobes is not externally visible (Text-fig. 186). MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae occur in similar situations to those of the type form. Form éridens appears to be mainly West African (Nigeria and Ghana) but is known also from Nyasaland. Simulium dentulosum Roubaud Type form. Length. Mature larva, g-10-5 mm. Head. Head capsule evenly suffused yellowish-brown with only small clear pale areas around eye-spots, narrow eye-brow stripes, and antero-laterally on cephalic apotome, but with a very distinct positive pattern in addition to general pigmenta- tion (Text-fig. 22); pattern of cephalic apotome comprises very distinct brown antero-median and antero-lateral head-spots, less distinct postero-lateral and postero- median spots, the latter groups surrounded by dark suffusions on median and postero-lateral areas of cephalic apotome ; sides of head capsule with less distinct spots, but row of three small spots below and behind eye-spots and two large dark areas against the post-occiput usually distinguishable from general pigmentation. Lateral arms of cleavage line strongly convergent anteriorly so that cephalic apotome is a little more triangular in form than usual. Postgenal cleft very small, in some specimens almost absent, broader than long and truncate anteriorly (Text-fig. 41), or sometimes subtriangular and pointed apically (as figured by Grenier & Ovazza 60 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE (1956)) ; postgenal bridge very long, almost twice as long as hypostomium. Hypo- stomium (Text-fig. 61) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, median tooth slightly promi- nent, corner teeth broad and blunt, middle one of intermediate teeth slightly smaller than other intermediate teeth ; 8-11 lateral serrations, the first 2 or 3 strongly sclerotized and lying behind corner teeth in usual way, other serrations small and blunt, formed only by slight incisions into antero-lateral margin of hypostomium, hindmost serration lying about level with or a little posterior to first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial setae very numerous, but variable, 12-18 in each row, hindmost setae usually lying irregularly ; setal rows diverging posteriorly from lateral margins of hypostomium, lateral areas of hypostomium outside the setae unusually broad ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta about two-thirds of that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 84) long, first and third segments strongly pigmented dark brown, apex of second segment lightly pigmented, first segment about 6-6-5 times as long as broad but distinctly tapering apically, second segment long, segment length ratios 7-6: 10:5. Mandible unusually broad with the outer margin strongly arched (Text-fig. 90c), posterior serration present, small, anterior serration broad basally as in most species (Text-fig. 93), not elongate as in vorax, comb teeth forming a fairly even row, the second comb tooth only slightly smaller than first. Maxillary palp long, about 3-3-3-4 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 129). Cephalic fan with 54-70 rays. Thorax. Fairly evenly dark grey or grey-black in not fully mature larvae, but mature larvae milky-white dorsally and laterally behind pupal respiratory histoblast ; cuticle bare. Proleg circlet with about 40-50 rows of 8-13 hooks; lateral plate pigmented yellow-brown, with about 24-26 processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast (Text-fig. 187) with 14 tubular filaments, the filaments with black pointed tips mostly directed caudad. Abdomen. Shaped as in vorax (Text-fig. 10), the segments gradually increasing in size to widest point and then contracting rather sharply to the posterior circlet ; first 2 segments generally dark grey or blackish, other segments dark grey or grey- black above but milky-white ventrally and ventro-laterally ; ventral nerve-cord distinct, dark grey. Ventral papillae absent. Cuticle apparently bare, without scales or setae, but with minute pale hairs (? microtrichia) dorsally, particularly on terminal segments and near anal sclerite. Faint traces of lateral sclerotization present just anterior to posterior circlet. Rectal scales present, very numerous. Rectal gills with 7-11 finger-like secondary lobules in each lobe, usually about 8 and median lobe usually with same number as lateral lobes ; some mature specimens with only 5-6 lobules in each lobe, in which case one lobule is much larger than the others. Anal sclerite (Text-fig. 167) of usual form, strongly sclerotized, anterior arms with broad flange-like sclerotized areas posteriorly especially near the base, posterior arm extending to about 37th-4oth row of hooks, and a small median sclerotized extension present posteriorly. Posterior circlet with about 220 rows of 24-39 hooks, most rows with 26-33 hooks (Gibbins (1934) gives 50-60 hooks per row but I have not seen this many even in Gibbins’ own material). MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Nyasaland, Uganda and Ruanda Urundi. No West African material has been seen, and S. dentulosum is at present only known from TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 61 170 171 172 Fics. 161-172. (161-169) Anal sclerite of (161) S. unicornutum ; (162) S. cervicornutum ; (163) S. impukane ; (164) S. aderst; (165) S. ruficorne ; (166) S. bernert ; (167) S. dentulosum; (168) S. vorax ; (169) S. damnosum. (170-172) Rectal gills of (170) larva with only a few thumb-like secondary lobules drawn from S. memahoni ; (171) larva with numerous long finger-like secondary lobules, drawn from S. damnosum ; (172) larva with simple trifid gill without secondary lobules, drawn from S. impukane. two localities in West Africa (Bangan, Southern Cameroons, type locality of S. gilvipes Pomeroy, and Upper Volta). Gibbins’ Uganda material has been examined and it may be mentioned here that his figure (Gibbins, 1934) of dentulosum mandible is incorrect: as already pointed out by Freeman & de Meillon (1953) Gibbins’ drawings seem to have been made from whole mounts of larvae and consequently a distorted impression is given of some structures. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae live on grasses, sticks, stones, and rocks on the beds of streams, in very swiftly-flowing turbulent water, often in mountain 62 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE torrents and cascades. S. dentulosum occurs from Upper Volta and the Cameroons to Abyssinia, Uganda and Kenya, and southwards as far as Cape Province, South Africa. Simulium loutetense Grenier & Ovazza Only three larvae have been seen, all slide material, and it is not possible to give coloration but dark segmental mottling is evident and the head capsule is lightly pigmented, rather as in medusaeforme. Length. Mature larva, 5:5 mm. Head. Head capsule probably light creamy-yellow in ground colour; with positive head pattern comprising distinct antero-median, postero-median and antero-lateral spots, without postero-lateral spots although cephalic apotome is moderately strongly pigmented in postero-lateral corners and behind postero- median head-spots (Text-fig. 23) ; sides of head capsule with dark spots behind and below eye-spots and with pigmented suffusions posteriorly against post-occiput, postero-ventrally, and antero-dorsally above and in front of eye-brow stripe. Post- genal cleft large and mitre-shaped (Text-fig. 42), somewhat similar to that of medu- saeforme ; postgenal bridge short, a little shorter than hypostomium, Hypostomium (Text-fig. 62) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, median tooth moderately strongly developed, corner teeth blunt and broad basally, intermediate teeth subequal in size ; 4~7 small blunt lateral serrations, the serrations sometimes little more than rounded irregularities in margin of hypostomium, with hindmost serration lying a little anterior to first hypostomial seta; hypostomial setae 6-7 in each row, slightly diverging posteriorly from lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta about two-thirds of that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 83) long, first and third segments lightly pigmented, first segment about 5 times as long as broad, segment length ratios II : 15°5: II. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present, small (Text-fig. 96), the 3 comb teeth forming an evenly decreasing row. Maxillary palp long, about 3-2 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 130). Cephalic fan with about 40 rays. Thorax. Cuticle dorsally with minute colourless hairs. Proleg circlet with about 45 rows of 7-12 hooks ; lateral plate strongly pigmented, with about 22 processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 6 thin tightly coiled filaments arising in pairs (Text-fig. 188). Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 6; coloration probably similar to dentulosum. Ventral papillae absent. Cuticle dorsally with minute pale hairs, long and prominent around anal sclerite, but without scales or spines. Rectal scales present. Rectal gills not seen extruded, probably with several secondary lobules to each lobe. Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized, posterior arm extending to 17th or 18th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with 70-80 rows of 13-16 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Three larvae only seen (slide material) from Southern Cameroons and Sierra Leone. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Immature stages occur on grasses and stones in swiftly-flowing turbulent water, mainly in streams; pupae have been collected in company with those of colas-belcouri. S. loutetense appears to be rare with a TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 63 scattered distribution and is known from the Congo Republics, Sudan, North- ern Rhodesia, Cameroons, Ghana and Sierra Leone; it is not known to me from East Africa. Simulium medusaeforme form hargreavesi Gibbins Length. Mature larva, 5:75-7 mm., usually about 6 mm. Head. Head capsule creamy-white or pale yellow in ground colour with very variable yellow-brown or brown pigmentation and postive head pattern (Text-fig. 24) ; antero-median, antero-lateral, postero-median, and postero-lateral head-spots all present, but spots surrounded with dark infuscation so that the spots themselves are sometimes indistinct, postero-lateral spots sometimes almost absent ; median and postero-median areas of cephalic apotome sometimes very strongly pigmented dark brown so that head-spots are almost invisible in the general infuscation ; antero-lateral spots usually lying close to infuscated area between median groups of spots so that together they present a }-like mark ; sides of head with row of three dark spots below and behind eye-spots and with usual dark pigmented areas posteri- orly and postero-ventrally, eye-brow stripe distinct, strongly pigmented above and in front of eye-brow stripe. Postgenal cleft large, shaped as in Text-fig. 43 ; postgenal bridge short, distinctly shorter than hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 63) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, the teeth broad and blunt, intermediate teeth subequal and median tooth slightly prominent ; corner teeth very broad and hardly projecting beyond intermediate teeth ; 4-6 (usually 5) lateral serrations, strongly acuminate, with hindmost serration lying a little anterior to first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial setae 4-6 (usually 4) in each row, strongly diverging posteriorly from lateral edge of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta two-thirds or a little less than two-thirds of that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 86) short, very little longer than stem of cephalic fan, very lightly pigmented, first segment about 4:5 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 5: 6-8:4. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present and moderately large (Text-fig. 99), comb teeth forming an even row of gradually decreas- ing size. Maxillary palp short, about 2-7 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 131). Cephalic fan with 38-45 rays. Thorax. Milky-white with dark grey marking ; cuticle bare. Proleg circlet with about 35 rows of 9-12 hooks ; lateral plate very lightly pigmented, with about 14 processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 6 stout wrinkled tubular filaments, the middle two arising from a common base, and numerous thin secondary filaments (Text-fig. 190). Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 8 ; anterior segments dark grey, other segments dark grey dorsally and milky-white ventrally ; some specimens with abdomen rather evenly coloured pale grey, others brownish-grey or sometimes almost black ; ventral nerve-cord dark grey, distinct and contrasting sharply with white ventral surface. Ventral papillae absent. Cuticle dorsally on posterior segments with numerous simple setae (Text-fig. 150), the setae well sclerotized and often strongly curved. Rectal scales present, very numerous. Rectal gills with 5-8 finger-like ENTOM. Io, I. 5 64 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE secondary lobules in median lobe and 5-9 lobules in each lateral lobe, usually 6-8 in lateral lobes ; in specimens with only 5 lobules one is usually larger than the others. Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized, similar to vorax (Text-fig. 168) with slightly sclerotized median posterior projection, posterior arm extending to about 26th-30th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 140 rows of 18-30 hooks. (Gibbins (1934) in his description of elgonense Gibbins—synonym of hargreavesi —gives 40-45 hooks per row but I have not seen nearly as many as this in Gibbins’ slide material, or more than 30 hooks per row in any of the material examined.) MATERIAL EXAMINED, From Northern Nigeria, Sudan, S. Rhodesia and Uganda (including Gibbins’ slides of hargreavesi and elgonense). LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae are found in both large rivers and small streams, often in enormous numbers, attached to trailing grasses, dead leaves, sticks, stones and the solid rock surfaces forming the beds of watercourses particularly where there are cascades and turbulent foamy water; although swift broken water seems to be preferred the larvae are also found in slow streams. Frequently larvae and pupae of hargreavesi occur in almost pure masses of the one form in such numbers as to blacken the surfaces of rock to which they are attached. In small placid streams larvae may be found with those of wnicornutum, and in swift rocky streams in com- pany with vorax and colas-belcourt. In the rapids of larger rivers they may occur with damnosum and even aureosimile (as in the Galma River, Zaria, Northern Nigeria). Widely distributed from Sierra Leone to Natal. Simulium medusaeforme Pomeroy, Type form Larvae of the type form appear to be almost identical with form hargreavesi except in the structure of the pupal respiratory histoblast, which has only 5 stout branches with the middle one not forked as in hargreavesi (Text-fig. 191). MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Uganda (Gibbins’ slide material of ugandae Gibbins, synonym of medusaeforme type form). LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. As in form hargreavesi. Simulium vorax Pomeroy Type form. Larvae closely similar to those of colas-belcourt. Length. Mature larva, 7-75-9 mm. Head. Head capsule strongly and rather evenly pigmented yellowish-brown to dark brown, usually pale only around eye-spots, on eye-brow stripes, and anteriorly on cephalic apotome (Text-fig. 25) ; degree of pigmentation somewhat variable ; pattern of positive type but dark head-spots only very faintly distinguishable from surrounding pigmentation, although a series of small transversely elongate antero- median spots is usually evident (according to Gibbins (1939) the front without pigmented areas) ; lateral head-spots usually distinct from surrounding infuscation, occasionally head capsule below eye-spots only lightly pigmented and spots then only slightly darkened. Postgenal cleft subcordate in shape, of medium size (Text-fig. 44) ; postgenal bridge with a lightly pigmented longitudinal median area contrasting with dark pigmentation on either side (Text-fig. 44), a little shorter thanhypostomium. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 65 Hypostomium (Text-fig. 64) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, median tooth slightly prominent and other teeth broad and blunt, corner teeth very broad and only as long as or even a little shorter than intermediate teeth which are equal in size ; 4-6 lateral serrations, the serrations very weak, with hindmost serration lying a little anterior to first hypostomial seta; hypostomial setae 7-10 in each row, strongly diverging posteriorly from lateral margin of hypostomium; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta only half of that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 85) short, only slightly longer than stem of cephalic fan, distinctly pigmented, first segment short only about 3-75-4 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 3-7 : 6: 3-5. Mandible of typical form, small posterior serration present and anterior serration narrow and very elongate (Text-fig. 102), comb teeth very large and second comb tooth about equal in size to or even slightly longer than first and third comb teeth, the teeth only slightly shorter than large apical tooth (Text-fig. 113). Maxillary palp about 2-75 times as long as breadth at base. Cephalic fan with 50-60 rays, usually about 54-56 (Gibbins (1939) gives 40-50, but his material of lepbidum de Meillon shows at least 50 rays). Thorax. General colour grey except for milky-white histoblasts and general white area behind pupal respiratory histoblast in mature larvae; cuticle bare. Proleg circlet with about 45-50 rows of 9-15 hooks, most rows with about 12 hooks ; lateral plate strongly pigmented yellowish-brown, with about 14 processes, the processes strong and not subdivided into smaller secondary processes in specimens seen. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 5 stout wrinkled primary branches (Text-fig. 192) and several thin secondary filaments not visible externally. Abdomen. Gradually expanding posteriorly in lateral view to the widest, rather bulbous, point and then abruptly contracting to posterior circlet (Text-fig. ro) ; general colour pale to dark grey, milky-white ventro-apically, ventral nerve-cord grey. Ventral papillae absent. Cuticle dorsally on posterior segments with numerous scattered simple setae (Text-fig. 151). Some specimens with a row of small flattened scale-like accessory sclerotizations laterally on last abdominal segment in front of posterior circlet, the sclerotizations sometimes pale but in other larvae distinctly darkened. Rectal scales present, very numerous. Rectal gills with very variable number of secondary lobules, 13—18 very long narrow lobules in each lobe in Nigerian material seen, but only 6-7 lobules per lobe in Uganda material (Grenier, Hamon & Rickenbach (1955) give a total of 40-50 lobules in specimens from Upper Volta). Anal sclerite of usual form, arms very strongly sclerotized, with a median posterior prolongation and usually a triangular unsclerotized hollow between the base of this projection and the body of the sclerite (Text-fig. 168), posterior arm extending to about 40th—45th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 220 rows of 28-38 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria and Uganda (Gibbins’ slide material described as lepidum de Meillon by Gibbins (1939)). LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae of vorax occur in very swift, turbulent foamy water in rocky streams and small rivers, often in tumbling mountain streams with waterfalls or cascades ; larvae in such situations are usually abundant, attached to rock-surfaces under the water, stones, dead leaves, branches and other detritus lodged in the rapids. The immature stages are often mixed with those of medusae- ENTOM. I0, I. 5§ 66 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE Cop ANA OFTEN PRS }}? Rs ot > ever TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 67 forme hargreavest and colas-belcourt which also favour places with dashing broken water. Distributed from Upper Volta eastwards to Tanganyika and south to South Africa. Simulium colas-belcouri Grenier & Ovazza Very similar to vorax and difficult to distinguish reliably except in fully mature larvae with the pupal respiratory histoblast darkened ; the postgenal cleft appears to be consistently more pointed apically and less rounded, the median lightly pig- mented area on the postgenal bridge is less evident, and the dark head-spots of the cephalic apotome are in most cases more distinct but the pigmentation of the head capsule is variable and not consistently different from vorax. The corner teeth of hypostomium are more pointed and the median tooth shorter than in voraxin specimens seen but this may not be a constant difference. Length. Mature larva, 8-9:25 mm. (on average slightly larger than vorax). Head. Head capsule heavily pigmented yellowish-brown to dark brown, pale around eye-spots, on eye-brow stripes and anteriorly and laterally on cephalic apotome (Text-fig. 26) ; positive pattern of usual groups of dark head-spots, the antero-median spots distinct but other head-spots indistinctly marked off from general pigmentation of posterior half of cephalic apotome; lateral head-spots sometimes distinct but occasionally not evident and in some specimens the head capsule is extensively pale below the eye-spots. Postgenal cleft pentagonal in shape (Text-fig. 45) and sharply angulate anteriorly, less heart-shaped than in vorax ; postgenal bridge more or less evenly pigmented (without the distinct pale median longitudinal area which is present in vorax), shorter than hypostomium. Hypostom- mium (Text-fig. 65) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, the teeth forming a straight rather even row with the corner teeth broad and blunt, the intermediate teeth equal in size, and median tooth small and only slightly more prominent than other teeth ; 2-4 very small blunt lateral serrations, the two strongly sclerotized serrations normally lying just posterior to corner tooth sometimes absent so that the ridge between corner tooth and first hypostomial seta is smooth, hindmost serration lying anterior to first hypostomial seta; hypostomial setae 7-8 in each row, strongly diverging posteriorly from lateral margin of hypostomium; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta only about three-fifths of that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 87) short, only slightly longer than stem of cephalic fan, lightly pigmented, first segment about 4 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 7: 12:3: 7. Mandible of typical form, very small posterior serration present and anterior serration narrow and very elongate (Text-fig. 105) as in vorax, comb teeth very large and forming an even row as in vorax (Text-fig. Fics. 173-188. Pupal respiratory histoblast (“ gill-spot”’) of mature larva of (173) S. alcocki type form; (174) S. johannae; (175) S. impukane; (176) S. schoutedeni ; (177) S. memahoni ; (178) S. kenyae; (179) S. cervicornutum type form ; (180) S. uni- cornutum type form ; (181) S. ruficorne ; (182) S. aureosimile ; (183) S. hirsutum type form ; (184) S. adersi; (185) S. griseicolle type form ; (186) S. griseicolle form tridens ; (187) S. dentulosum type form ; (188) S. loutetense, 68 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 113) (in the mandible figured by Grenier & Ovazza (1951) the apex of the elongate anterior serration is evidently broken off, and the serration appears truncate ; I have seen specimens like this myself but it is clear that the anterior serration is naturally long and narrow as in most mandibles examined and as in vorax). Maxillary palp narrow, about 3-3-1 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 133). Cephalic fan with about 57 rays (Grenier & Ovazza (1951) give 45-50). Thorax. Generally grey with milky-white histoblasts; cuticle bare. Proleg circlet with about 52 rows of 8-13 hooks ; lateral plate strongly pigmented yellowish- brown, with about 12-14 processes, the processes strong and not subdivided into weaker secondary processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 5 stout wrinkled branches (broader than in vorax) externally visible (Text-fig. 193) and 11 smaller wrinkled tubular filaments behind (total of 16 digitate filaments in respiratory organ). Abdomen. Shaped as in vorax (Text-fig. 10) ; general colour grey with traces of darker segmental mottling, milky-white ventrally and ventro-apically, ventral nerve-cord grey. Ventral papillae absent. Cuticle dorsally on posterior segments with a few scattered simple setae (Text-fig. 152). No trace of lateral sclerotizations on last abdominal segment in material seen. Rectal scales present, very numerous. Rectal gills probably very variable, each lobe with 7-8 secondary lobules in material described by Grenier & Ovazza (1951), but in Nigerian material seen with gills partially extruded there is a principal lobule and 4 or 5 smaller lobules only to each lobe. Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized, with a posterior median sclerotized prolongation as in vorax (Text-fig. 168), posterior arm extending to about 39th or 40th row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 190-200 rows of about 30-49 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria and French Congo. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. The habitat of colas-belcouri is the same as that of vorax, in swift foamy cascades, and the two species sometimes occur together. Larvae and pupae have been found in masses covering the lips of small waterfalls and in places where the water runs steeply down smooth rock inclines. In addition to vorax the larvae may be found in company with medusaeforme hargreavesi and loutetense. S. colas-belcount is apparently rare, and is known to me only from French Congo, Sudan, and Northern and Eastern Nigeria. Simulium bovis de Meillon Length. Mature larva, 4:5 mm. Head. Head capsule clear pale yellowish-white or creamy-white without pattern or pigmentation. Postgenal cleft very large and bulbous (Text-fig. 46), with a trace of a widely obtuse angle apically ; postgenal bridge very short, much shorter than hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 66) very broad with usual row of 9 apical teeth, the teeth blunt and broad basally and forming an almost even straight row, corner teeth only about as long as intermediate teeth, and median tooth only very slightly more prominent than other teeth; flattened lobe-like area behind each apical tooth unusually distinct ; 3-5 very small, blunt, indistinct lateral serrations, with hindmost serration lying a little anterior to first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 69 setae 4 in each row (occasionally very small fifth seta present), diverging posteriorly from lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and first hypostomial seta about half of that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 88) short, only slightly longer than stem of cephalic fan, very lightly pigmented, first segment about 4—4:5 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 6 : 6-8 : 5:7. Maxillary palp short, about 2-7 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 134). Cephalic fan with 34-45 rays. Thorax. Generally milky-white, very pale; cuticle bare. Proleg circlet with about 35-40 rows of 8-10 hooks ; lateral plate very lightly pigmented, with about II-12 processes, the processes strong and not subdivided. Pupal respiratory histo- blast as in Text-fig. 189, with 3 primary branches (2 arising from a common base) and numerous thin secondary filaments. Abdomen. Shaped as in Text-fig. 6; general colour very pale, milky-white, without trace of darker segmental mottling in material seen. Ventral papillae absent. Cuticle dorsally on median and posterior segments with numerous flattened spatulate scales (Text-fig. 153), the scales strongly tapering basally. Rectal scales present. Rectal gills with variable number of long secondary lobules, 8-12 in each lateral lobe and 5-10 in the median lobe in material seen (Freeman & de Meillon (1953) state that each lobe is without secondary lobules but this is the case, as usual, only in small immature larvae). Anal sclerite of usual form, strongly sclerotized, without the median posterior sclerotization seen in other species of the medusaeforme- group, posterior arm extending to 16th—2oth row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 110-125 rows of 19-28 hooks. MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria and Transvaal. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae of bovis are found mainly on trailing grasses in swift-flowing broken water, often in rapids, of large rivers. Immature stages only rarely occur in small watercourses, although in large rivers they are found in circumstances where the flow may be very reduced in the dry season. Larvae sometimes occur in company with those of damnosum, cervicornutum, or grisetcolle. Widely distributed over the Ethiopian Region from Ghana east to Eritrea and south to Cape Province. Simulium damnosum Theobald Larva distinguishable from other Ethiopian species by the dense covering of dark flattened spatulate scales and the conical dorso-lateral tubercles on the abdomi- nal segments (Text-fig. 9). Length. Mature larva, 5-6-5 mm. Head. Head capsule with variable pigmentation, usually strongly pigmented yellow-brown to dark brown, sometimes very dark brown or even blackish-brown ; pale areas around eye-spots and on eye-brow stripes, and usually also anteriorly on cephalic apotome ; some specimens with head capsule pale and only pigmented on medium part of cephalic apotome and laterally above level of eye-spots ; in addition to general pigmentation head capsule shows indistinct positive pattern comprising antero-lateral and postero-median groups of head-spots (Text-fig. 27), the head-spots darker than surrounding pigmentation, and traces of darker pigmen- 7o TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 192 193 194 Fics. 189-194. Pupal respiratory histoblast (‘‘ gill-spot’”’) of mature larva of (189) S. bovis ; (190) S. medusaeforme form hargreavesi ; (191) S. medusaeforme type form ; (192) S. vorax type form ; (193) S. colas-belcouri ; (194) S. damnosum. tation in area of postero-lateral spots ; antero-median spots absent or very indistinct ; sides of head capsule with indistinct spots (Text-fig. 27). Postgenal cleft very large, rounded cordate (Text-fig. 47), occupying almost the whole ventral aspect of head ; postgenal bridge very short, less than half as long as hypostomium. Hypostomium (Text-fig. 67) with usual row of 9 apical teeth, the teeth broad and blunt and forming a slightly concave row, so that the corner teeth are the most prominent, and median tooth usually slightly shorter than corner teeth; middle tooth of intermediate teeth a little larger than inner intermediate tooth, so that the smallest apical teeth are those immediately on either side of median tooth ; 3-4 small lateral serrations, only one (instead of the usual two) strongly sclerotized serration on the ridge running back from corner tooth, with hindmost serration lying slightly anterior to first hypostomial seta ; hypostomial setae 4-6 (usually 5) in each row, diverging posteriorly from lateral margin of hypostomium ; distance between apex of corner tooth and TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 71 first hypostomial seta only a little over half of that between corner teeth. Antenna (Text-fig. 89) short and just about equal in length to stem of cephalic fan, pigmented yellowish-brown, pigmentation strong on first segment, first segment about 3-5-4 times as long as broad, segment length ratios 4-4:7:4-6. Mandible of typical form, posterior serration present, small (Text-fig. 111), anterior serration slightly elongate but not produced as in vorax, comb teeth very large and strong and first 3 comb teeth equal in size forming an even row (figured by Grenier & Ovazza (1951)). Maxillary palp rather short and stout, about 2-5 times as long as breadth at base (Text-fig. 135). Cephalic fan with very variable number of rays, 37-46 in West African material seen, but only 19-24 in some material from Uganda (as recorded by Gibbins (1933)). Freeman & de Meillon (1953) give “ about 20” and suggest that the number is fewer than in most species, but this is not the case in larvae from most areas. Grenier & Ovazza (1951) give about 40 for material from French Congo, and it appears that this is about the usual number. Thorax. Pale yellowish, grey or sometimes greenish-grey, histoblasts usual milky-white except for dark respiratory organ of mature larva; cuticle densely covered dorsally and laterally with dark setae, the setae flattened and elongate, slightly scale-like (Text-fig. 154) ; cuticle of proleg laterally and ventrally with numerous setae, these setae generally narrower and more spine-like than general body setae. Proleg circlet with about 30-35 rows of 7-11 hooks ; lateral plate only very lightly pigmented, with about 9-10 processes, the processes strong and without secondary processes. Pupal respiratory histoblast with 5 large wrinkled branches externally visible (Text-fig. 194), and 6 other branches arising in pairs behind these (the figure of the “ gill-spot ” given by Gibbins (1933) is not accurate since it shows 4 filaments lying between the basal arms). Abdomen. Shaped usually as in Text-fig. 9, with remarkable conical dorso-lateral paired tubercles on first 5 segments (and traces of a pair of similar tubercles on metathoracic segment making a series of 6 pairs), the tubercles often very strongly developed as sharp pointed cones but sometimes reduced and in some larvae more or less absent ; tubercles apparently absent in first stage larva, but present in second instar and subsequent stages. General colour pale yellowish, yellow-grey, pale grey or greenish-grey with traces of darker segmental mottling, but colour blackish to naked eye because of the dense covering of dark setae, especially on dorsal tubercles. Ventral papillae absent. Cuticle densely covered with flattened scale-like setae (Text-fig. 154), the setae variable in size and slightly variable in form, dark and strongly sclerotized; distribution of scales fairly even but few ventrally on intermediate abdominal segments and strongly concentrated dorsally on tubercles, the concentration of setae giving the tubercles a darkened appearance; setae abundant ventrally on terminal segments so that ventro-apical region of abdomen does not appear much paler than rest of abdomen as in most species. Rectal scales absent. Rectal gills with numerous but a variable number of long narrow secondary lobules in each lobe, from 9-15 lobules seen in the median lobe and 10-17 in lateral lobe ; total number of lobules in whole gill varying from about 29-49; median lobe often with fewer lobules than in each lateral lobe, but some specimens with the same number of lobules in each lobe, or median lobe occasionally with more lobules 72 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE than the other lobes (gills first described by Roubaud (1907)). Anal sclerite (Text-fig. 169) of usual form, strongly sclerotized, anterior arms rather short, with a short posterior median lightly sclerotized prolongation, posterior arm reaching to about 26th—zgth row of hooks. Posterior circlet with about 130-155 rows of 18-27 hooks, most rows with about 21-24 hooks (Gibbins (1933) gives up to 30 hooks but I have not seen more than 27 per row in the mature larvae I have examined). MATERIAL EXAMINED. From Northern Nigeria, Southern Cameroons, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda, Tanganyika, and Nyasaland. There appears to be little geographical variation in the larvae, although in some larvae seen from Tanganyika, Uganda and Nyasaland there are a number of much larger scales scattered among the usual small scales, whereas in West African and Sudanese larvae the scales are of more uniform small size. In some larvae from Tanganyika a small number of enor- mously enlarged scales are present postero-dorsally on the abdomen. LARVAL HABITAT AND RANGE. Larvae are found on trailing grasses, sticks, palm-fronds, corn-stalks, fish-traps, and other objects dipping into or lodged in swiftly-flowing broken water, mainly in the rapids of larger rivers; larvae also occur occasionally on stones, the solid rock-bed of rivers, or even on hard mud, sometimes in placidly-flowing unbroken water. The most favoured stiuation, however, is normally on grass-stems and leaf-blades (principally on living grasses) which trail in foaming turbulent water or in places where the water flows very rapidly down rock-inclines but may not be broken. There is usually little or no breeding actually in waterfalls, but characteristic breeding places are in the rapids above and below falls. In small streams there is usually little or no breeding of damnosum, although occasional larvae and pupae may be found in suitable parts of the smaller tributaries during the wet-season in the savannah areas and throughout the year in forested areas. Larvae are frequently found in very large masses (appear- ing black because of the dense covering of setae) and may be in company with other fast-water species, including vorax, medusaeforme hargreavesi and bovis; in very large rivers they sometimes occur with adersi and griseicolle, and in slow water of smaller rivers with unicornutum. I have also collected damnosum occasionally with cervicornutum and aureosimile. Common and widely distributed throughout the Ethiopian Region, even into the very dry territories such as Sudan, Eritrea and South-West Africa. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am most grateful to Dr, Paul Freeman and Dr. Alan Stone for their helpful advice, to Dr. D. J. Lewis for collecting larval material, and to Mr. D. Macfarlane for the use of a phase-contrast microscope. I would also like to thank Mrs. M. E. Crosskey for making many larval collections in Nigeria. REFERENCES ANTHON, H. (1943). Zum Kopfbau der primitivsten bisher bekannten Dipterenlarve: Olbio- gastey sp. (Rhyphidae). Ein Beitrag zur Phylogenie der nematoceren Dipteren. Ent. Medd. 23 : 303-320. AusTEN, E. E, (1909). Illustrations of African blood-sucking flies, other than mosquitoes and tsetse-flies. London, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE 73 CHISWELL, J. R. (1955). On the last instar larva of Tipula livida van der Wulp (Diptera, Tipulidae) with notes on the fronto-clypeal region of larval Tipulinae and caterpillars. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A), 30 : 127-136. Coox, E. F. (1944a). The morphology of the larval heads of certain Culicidae (Diptera). Microentomology, 9 : 38-68. (1944b). On the morphology of the larval head of a species of Chivonomus (Diptera : Chironomidae). Ibid. 9 : 69-77. 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GIBBINS, E.G. (1933). Studies on Ethiopian Simuliidae. Simulium damnosum, Theo. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 81 : 37-51. —— (1934). Further studies on Ethiopian Simuliidae. Ibid. 82 : 51-97. (1935). Simulium grisetcolle Becker, from the Sudan. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 29 : 177-184. (1936). Uganda Simuliidae. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 85 : 217-242. (1937). Simuliidae of the Buganda, Eastern and Western Provinces of Uganda. Bull. ent. Res. 28: 289-309. (1939). Simuliidae in Ruwenzori Expedition 1934-35, 1: 11-27. London, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). Gouin, F. J. (1959). Morphology of the larval head of some Chironomidae (Diptera, Nemato- cera). Smithson. misc. Coll. 137 : 175-201. GRENIER, P. (1949). Contribution 4 l’étude biologique des Simuliides de France. Physiol. Comp. Oec. 1 : 165-330. (1953). Simuliidae de France et d’Afrique du Nord. Encycl. Ent. 29 : 1-170. —— & Doucet, J. (1949a). Simulies de Madagascar. Mém. de l’Inst. Sci. Madagascar (A), 3 : 301-323. (1949b). Simulies de Madagascar (II). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 42 : 587-597. —— & GrjéBINE, A. (1958). Remarques morphologiques et biologiques concernant les “ mouka-fouhi”’ (Simulium neiveti Roubaud, S. imevinae Roubaud) de Madagascar et S. ambositvae nom. nov. Ibid. 51 : 981-991. —— & Moucuet, J. (1959). Note complémentaire sur la morphologie et la biologie de S. ovazzae Grenier & Mouchet, 1959 (Diptera, Simuliidae), espéce associée au crabe Pota- monautes chaperi M.-Edw., dans l’Ouest Africain. Ibid., 52 : 373-385. —— & Ovazza, M. (1951). Simulies du Moyen-Congo. Ibid. 44 : 222-234. (1956). Contribution & l’étude des Diptéres vulnérants de l’empire d’Ethiopie. II. Simuliidae. Simulies et Onchocercose. Ibid. 49 : 182-196. —— & Raaeau, J. (1949). Simulies du Cameroun. Ibid., 42 : 513-529. Hanon, J. & RIcKENBAcH, A. (1955). Simuliidae d’Afrique occidentale francaise (Haute Volta, Dahomey, Soudan Frangais, Senégal, Cote d’Ivoire). Ibid. 48 : 885-891. Harrison Cuurcu, R. J. (1957). West Africa. London, Longmans Green & Co., 547 pp. HEADLEE, T. J. (1906). Blood gills of Simulium pictipes. Amer. Nat. 40 : 875-885. HENNIG, W. (1950). Die larvenformen der Dipteren. Pt. 2. Berlin, 458 pp. ——— 74 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF LARVAE OF W. AFRICAN SIMULIIDAE Hinton, H. E. (1958). The pupa of the fly Simulium feeds and spins its own cocoon. Ent. mon. Mag. 94 : 14-16. (1959). The function of chromatocytes in the Simuliidae, with notes on their behaviour at the pupal-adult moult. Quart. J. micr. Sci. 100 : 65-71. Hora, SUNDER Lat. (1927). The mechanism of the so-called ‘‘ posterior sucker ” of a Simulium larva. Nature, Lond. 119 : 599-600. Imus, A.D. (1957). A General Textbook of Entomology. 9th Edn. London, Methuen & Co. Ltd. JOHANNSEN, O. A. (1903). Simuliidae in, Aquatic Insects in New York State. Bull. N.Y. St. Mus. 68 : 336-388. (1934). Simuliidae 7m, Aquatic Diptera. Part I. Nemocera exclusive of Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 164 : 56-64. Kine, H. H. (1909). Report on Economic Entomology. Third. Rept. Wellcome Res. Lab. Khartoum, pp. 201-248. Lawson, J. W. H. (1951). The anatomy and morphology of the early stages of Culicoides nubeculosus Meigen (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae = Heleidae). Tyvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 102 : 511-570. Lewis, D. J. (1960). The Simulium neavei complex (Diptera, Simuliidae) at Amani in Tan- ganyika. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., (B), 29: 7-10. MacKERRAS, M. J. & Macxerras, I. M. (1948). Simuliidae (Diptera) from Queensland. Aust. J. Sci. Res. (B), 1 : 231-270. MackeErras, I. M. & Mackerras, M. J. (1949). Revisional notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 73 : 372-405. MAcKERRAS, M. J. & MackErRRAS, I. M. (1950). Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Ibid. 75 : 167-187. MackKERRAS, I. M. & MacKERRAS, M. J. (1952). Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). III. Ibid. 77 : 104-113. McManon, J. P. (1957). Notes on the Simulium neavei group of Simuliidae with particular reference to S. nyasalandicum and S. woodi. Bull. ent. Res. 48 : 607-617. Puri,I.M. (1925). On the life-history and structure of the early stages of Simuliidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Parts I and II. Parasitology, 17 : 295-369. RovuBaup, E. (1907). Branchies rectales chez les larves de Simulium damnosum Theob. Adaptation d’une larve de Simulie a la vie dans les ruisseaux de |’ Afrique équatorial. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 144 : 716-717. — & GRENIER, P. (1943). Simulies de l’Ouest Africain (Afrique équatoriale et occidentale frangaises). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 36 : 281-311. Rustzov, I. A. (1951). Contribution to the biology and ecology of midges (Simuliidae) of Central Asia. Parasitol. Sborn. zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Leningrad, 13 : 328-342. [In Russian.] . (1956). Simuliidae im, Fauna of U.S.S.R., Diptera 6, No. 6. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Moscow (N.s.), 64: 1-860. [In Russian.] SMART, J. (1944). The British Simuliidae with keys to the species in the adult, pupal and larval stages. Freshw. Biol. Ass. Brit. Empire Sci. Publ. No. 9. SnoperAss, R. E. (1947). The insect cranium and the “ epicranial suture”. Smithson. misc. Coll. 107, No. 7, 52 pp. (1959). The anatomical life of the mosquito. Ibid. 139, No. 8, 87 pp. SOMMERMAN, K. M. (1953). Identification of Alaskan black fly larvae (Diptera, Simuliidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 55 : 258-273. Stone, A. & JamMNBACK,H.A. (1955). The black flies of New York State (Diptera : Simuliidae). Bull. N.Y. St. Mus. 349, 144 pp. TERTERJAN, A. E. (1957). The determination of the number of instars in the larvae of black- flies (Diptera, Simuliidae). Ent. Obozr., Moscow, 36 : 860-868. [In Russian.] Tonnorr, A. L. (1925). Australasian Simuliidae. Bull. ent. Res. 15 : 213-255. VarGas, L., Patacios, A. M. & Najera, A. D. (1946). Simulidos de Mexico. Rev. Inst. Salubr. y enf. trop. 7 : 100-192. Wanson, M. (1947). Simulies congolais élévees dans la région de Bonningville et descrip- tion d’espéces nouvelles. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 40 : 195-218. NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS G. H. E. HOPKINS BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 2 LONDON : 1960 =. Sia mit eg Pee ei iF he bay » Jy Re » —% ye P. “f- iia Rese ee, NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS BY G. H. E. HOPKINS Pp. 75-95 ; Plates 1-2 ; 13 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HIST ORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 2 LONDON: 1960 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, 1s issued tn five series, corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 10, No.2 of the Entomology series. © Trustees of the British Museum, 1960 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued November, 1960 Price Ten Shillings NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS By G. H. E. HOPKINS THE first part of this paper is based on a large and important collection of Canadian material submitted to me for examination by Professor G. J. Spencer of the University of British Columbia ; this collection contains three new species and adds details to our knowledge of a number of others. Mr. G. P. Holland, in charge of Insect Systematics and Biological Control, Canadian Department of Agriculture, added a few specimens of a species, from the American Bison, which has been recorded previously on only one occasion (from the European Bison) and about the specific distinctness of which doubts had been expressed which are completely dispelled by the presence in the present material of the hitherto unknown male. In the second part of the paper I have taken the opportunity to deal with two species (one of them new) sent to me by Col. K. C. Emerson of the United States Army and one received from Dr. F. Zumpt of the South African Institute for Medical Research. I am grateful to the senders for presenting the types of the new forms (except Trichodectes emersoni) and a share of the other material to the British Museum (Natural History) and to the Trustees of the Museum for all the drawings and photographs illustrating this paper. In the counts of specimens given below nymphs are nearly always ignored, because without special collecting-methods the proportion of nymphs in a collection bears little relation to the proportion in the natural population from which the collec- tion was made. All scientific names of North American hosts are given in the form used by Miller and Kellogg (1955, List of N. American recent mammals). CANADIAN MATERIAL Trichodectes (Trichodectes) canis (De Geer, 1778) Ritinus canis, De Geer, 1778, Mém. Hist. Ins., 7: 81, pl. 4, fig. 16. From puppy, Kamloops, B.C., 7.vii.1935, G. J. Spencer: 1 4, 2 9. From puppy, Vancouver, B.C., —.xi.1945, G. J. Spencer: 24, 29. From Canis lupus columbianus Goldman (British Columbia Wolf), Deadman’s Creek, Kamloops district, B.C., 22.i.1944, Spencer-Keyes: 7 3, 24 9. From Canis latrans incolatus Hall (Northwestern Coyote), Quick, B.C., —.iii. 1938, 12. xi. 1940 and 14.1.1945, H. Wearne: 70 3, 59 9. From Canis latrans incolatus, Birch Island, near Vavenby, B.C., 16.x.1941, T. K. Moilliet : 14 g, 20 9. From Canis latrans incolatus, Springhouse, Williams Lake, B.C., April-May 1950, G. J. Spencer: many thousands of specimens. Professor Spencer notes that these were from four coyotes, but mostly from two individuals. From Canis latrans lestes Merriam (Mountain Coyote), Mission, B.C., 4.ix.1940, I. McT. Cowan: 5 4, 11 Q. ENTOM. IO, 2. 6§ 78 NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS The type host of this species is Canis familiaris Linn., and it occurs on this host in nearly all parts of the world, though it is apparently absent from some of the hotter areas, where it is replaced by an unrelated species, Heterodoxus spiniger (Enderlein). It has also been recorded from other Canidae and there are several previous records from various subspecies of Canis lupus and C. latrans. The sexes are usually found in rough equality (excluding the enormous batch, the total from coyotes in the present collection is 89 ¢ go 9), so it is possible that the marked discrepancy in numbers between males and females in the sample from a wolf indicates some physiological differences, but it is more probably due merely to chance. Trichodectes (Trichodectes) pinguis euarctidos Hopkins, 1954 Trichodectes pinguis euarctidos. Hopkins, 1954, Entomologist 87 : 142, figs. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8-11. From Euarctos americanus cinnamomus (Audubon & Bachman) (Rocky Mountain Black Bear), Gray Creek, Kootenays, B.C., 3.vi.1936, T. K. Moilliet: 16 g, 14 9. From Euarctos americanus cinnamomus, Vavenby, B.C. 4.vi.1937, McM.: 1 9. The batch from Gray Creek recorded above is from the same individual bear as the type series, and Professor Spencer informs me that there are at the University of British Columbia a further 15 males and 1o1 females (in alcohol) from this individual. This makes it necessary to modify my statement (1954, p. 145) that the sexes are in almost numerical equality in this subspecies, for the additional material combined with the original batch gives a total of 116 males and 206 females. Even assuming, as is very probable, that some of the specimens in alcohol which have been recorded as females are actually large nymphs, it would appear that females are considerably commoner than males. The American Black Bear is the only known host of this subspecies, which is known from British Columbia, Ontario and Idaho. Trichodectes (Trichodectes) octomaculatus Paine, 1912 Trichodectes octomaculatus. Paine, 1912, Ent. News 23 : 438, pl. 20, fig. 1. From Procyon lotor vancouverensis Nelson & Goldman (Vancouver Island Raccoon), Courtenay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, 24.i.1948, G. J. Spencer: 1 3. The type host of this species is Procyon lotor psora Gray, and it has been recorded from a number of subspecies of P. lotor. Records from the Crab-eating Raccoon, Procyon cancrivorus (G. Cuvier), however, refer to a different though closely related species, T. fallax Werneck. Trichodectes (Stachiella) ermineae (Hopkins, 1941) Stachiella ermineae. Hopkins, 1941, Aun. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 7: 38. From Mustela erminea rvichardsoni (Bonaparte) (Hudsonian Ermine), Meldrum Creek, Chilcotin, B.C., 19.v.1950, W. Cottle: 8 g, 12 9. From Mustela erminea anguinae Hall, (Vancouver Island Ermine), Croteau Lake, For- bidden Plateau, Vancouver Is., B.C., 30. viii.1943, G. C. Carl: 1 3, 8 9. From Mustela vison energumenos (Bangs) (British Columbia Mink), Port Moody, British Columbia, 4.ii.1951, G. J. Spencer: 9 dy, 6 Q. NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS 79 This species was described from material collected from the British and German subspecies of the Stoat or Ermine, Mustela erminea stabilis Barrett-Hamilton and M. erminea aestiva Kerr. It does not seem to have been recorded hitherto from North American subspecies of this host under its correct name, but Tvichodectes “‘ retusus Nitzsch ” of Osborn 1896 (Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. (n.s.) no. 5, p. 237) and of Morse 1903 (Amer. Nat. 37: 623, figs.) is probably this species. Osborn’s specimens, figured by Morse, were from Ames, Iowa, and the host must have been M. erminea bangst Hall. Osborn also recorded “ vetusus’’ from Mink (Mustela vison Schreber), and Werneck (1948, Os Maldfagos de Mamiferos, part I, p. 158) determined as ermineae specimens obtained from this latter host at Seattle (Washington) and Kirkfield (Ontario). Trichodectes (Stachiella) kingi McGregor, 1917 Trichodectes kingi. McGregor, 1917, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 10: 167, pl. 17, fig. 1. From Mustela rixosa rixosa (Bangs) (Least Weasel), Ootsa Lake, British Columbia, I.1i1.1940: 3 gy 5 &. The original record of this species was from “ weasel, Putorius sp. from Florence, Montana; a weasel from this locality could be Mustela rixosa, M. erminea or M. frenata. Werneck (1948, Os Maléfagos de Mamiferos, part 1, p. 160, figs. 239-243) redescribed the species, after examining the syntypes, and recorded it from various undetermined weasels, from Mustela erminea ssp., and from “ Alaska Weasel ”’, which is M. rixosa eskimo (Stone). I accept Werneck’s determination of the specimens stated to be from M. ervminea without hesitation, but have some reservations about the determination of the host, especially now that Trichodectes (Stachiella) ermineae (Hopkins) is known to occur on Nearctic forms of M. erminea as well as on Palaearctic ones. The main differences between these two species of Trichodectes is that the head is as long as broad in kingi but broader than long in ermineae. It is unfortunate that the present specimens of king: are not in good condition, for the few previously known males of the species are, like these, not well enough preserved to allow a description of the genitalia to be made. Trichodectes (Neotrichodectes) minutus Paine, 1912 Trichodectes minutus. Paine, 1912, Ent. News 23 : 439, pl. 20, fig. 4. From Mustela frenata oribasus (Bangs) (Bangs’ Long-tailed Weasel), Dry Farm, Nicola Range, B.C., 28. viii. 1932, G. J. Spencer: 6 g, 4 9. The original record of this species was from Mustela frenata noveboracensis (Emmons) (New York Long-tailed Weasel). Werneck (1948, Os Maldfagos de Mamiferos, part 1, Pp. 145, 146) saw 4 lots from M. frenata sspp., 1 from M. nigripes (Audubon & Bachman) (Black-footed Weasel) and 1 from M. stolzmanni Taczanowski (Peruvian Weasel). The host-distribution of the Trichodectidae found on Mustelidae in North America is peculiar and very interesting, but our knowledge of it is much limited by paucity of records, misdetermination of the parasites (and perhaps also of the hosts in some 80 NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS instances) and the fact that so many of the records are from such insufficiently- determined hosts as “ weasel’’, “‘ Putorius’’ or ‘‘ Mustela’’. It is because all the hosts have definite determinations that the few batches in the present collection make a significant contribution towards our knowledge of this subject. Ignoring records from hosts other than Mustelidae, Tyvichodectes s. sty. is found in North America on the badger, subgenus Stachiella (barely separable from Trichodectes s. str.) on Mustela, and subgenus Neotrichodectes on skunks and Mustela. Hitherto we have had practically no indication whether both Stachiella and Neotrichodectes are to be found on the same species of Mustela, but the present records, taken together with those published by Werneck, are sufficient to indicate the probability that this is not the case. It seems likely that Trichodectes (Stachiella) ermineae is confined to Mustela erminea and M., vison, T. (S.) kingi to M. rixosa, and T. (Neotrichodectes) minutus to M. frenata and perhaps M. nigripes, but many more records from properly determined hosts will be required before we can be sure whether these suggestions are correct. Trichodectes (Neotrichodectes) osborni (Kéler, 1944) Trichodectes mephitidis. Osborn, 1896 (not Packard, 1873), Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. (n.s.) no. 5, Pp. 242, fig. 150. Neotrichodectes osborni. Kéler, 1944, Stettin. ent. Zig 105 : 182 (nomen novum for above). From Spilogale gracilis latifrons Merriam (Spotted Skunk), University campus, Vancouver, B.C., 16.x.1936, G. P. Holland: 1 g, 7 9. Same host, locality and collector, 22.x.1936: 73,7 2%: The type host of T. osbornt is Spilogale interrupta (Rafinesque), from Tama County, Iowa. Werneck (1948, Os Maldfagos de Mamiferos, part I, p. 140) records it from S. gracilis gracilis Merriam and S. ambarvalis Bangs. It probably occurs on all members of the genus Spilogale. Felicola (Felicola) subrostratus (Burmeister, 1838) Trichodectes subrostvatus. Burmeister, 1838, Handb. Ent. 2: 438. From House-cat, Vancouver, B.C., 12. xii. 1940 and 22.xi.1942, G. J. Spencer: 5 g, 28 9. From Cat, Pillsbury, Okanagan Landing, B.C., 4.xi.1941, G. J. Spencer: 1 g, 3 9. The domestic cat, Felis catus Linn., is the type host of this species and the only one on which it is likely to occur in Canada, though in tropical Africa it is found in great numbers on two not closely related members of the Viverridae. Males are normally scarcer than females but the excess of females in the present collection is greater than usual. It is possible that some males (which are much smaller than females) were passed over as nymphs. Felicola (Felicola) spenceri sp. nov. Text-fig. 2; Pl. 1, fig. 1 From Lynx canadensis canadensis Kerr (Canadian Lynx), Lac La Hache, British Columbia, 1.xi.1954, G. J. Spencer: the ¢ holotype, 9 allotype and 12 3, 11 2 paratypes. NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS 81 From Lynx canadensis canadensis, Quesnel or Lac La Hache, 1.xi.1954, G. J. Spencer: 14 3, 10 2 paratypes. From Lynx canadensis canadensis, Williams Lake, British Columbia, 15.xii.1949, H. Jobin: 1 ¢g, 2 2 paratypes. Very like F. (F.) felis (Werneck), of which it might be considered a subspecies, but the differences in the male genitalia seem to justify specific rank. Male (P1. 1, fig. 1). Genitalia as in Text-fig. 2, the basal plate (or basal apodeme) diverging somewhat towards the proximal end (sides subparallel in felis, Text-fig. 1) and with a large and well sclerotized median rod at the distal end (the rod absent in ~ Pen . mew ee Ke Kw <---> eer www mn, woe mem rwewew wk _ —— = aaon-” Pi «<< | Rade ¢ —— = 23 Fics. 1,2. Genitalia of males of Felicola spp.: 1. F. felis (Werneck), from type host and locality. 2. F. spenceri sp. nov., holotype. 82 NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS a paratype of felis and in Werneck’s figure of the holotype, very small in a specimen from Felis jaguarundi Fischer). Spicules of copulatory sac much larger than in felis. Endomeres narrower than in felis, their sides less divergent and the basal junction between the endomeres of the two sides narrower. Female. I cannot distinguish spenceri from felis in this sex. Werneck (1948, M aldéfagos de mamtferos, part I, p. 224) had not seen Mallophaga from Lynx canadensis ; he gives many records of Felicola felis from various subspecies of Lynx rufus (Schreber) (Bobcat) but though I have not seen specimens from this host I think it improbable that they are spencert, for it is unlikely that so careful a worker as Werneck would not have noticed the differences. The type host of felis is an ocelot, Felis pardalis brasiliensis (Oken) ; I suspect that the form from Felis jaguarundi may be subspecifically distinct, but refrain from naming it because I have seen only one male. I am much indebted to Dr. Werneck for the loan of para- types of F. felis. Damalinia (Bovicola) equi (Denny, 1842) Trichodectes equi. Denny, 1842, Mon. Anopl. Brit.: 61, 191. Trichodectes pilosus. Giebel, 1874, Insecta epizoa: 59. Trichodectes parumpilosus. Piaget, 1880, Les Pédiculines: 397, pl. 32, fig. 5. From horse, Vancouver, B.C., —.ii. 1926, G. J. Spencer: 4 9. This is a well-known and cosmopolitan parasite of the horse, Equus caballus Linn. The male is excessively rare, though in a very closely related species, occurring on a zebra, males are almost as common as females. The authorship of the name is commonly ascribed to Linnaeus, but the first description of the species is that of Denny. Damalinia (Bovicola) bovis (Linn., 1758) Pediculus bovis. Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10: 611. Trichodectes scalavis. Nitzsch, 1818, Germar’s Mag. Ent. 3 : 296. From domestic cattle, Langley Prairie, B.C., 24.iii.1938, J. G. Jervis: 20 9. From calf, Barnhart Vale, B.C., 16.ii.1944, G. J. Spencer: 4 9. A cosmopolitan parasite of domestic cattle. Males are extremely uncommon and Mathysse (1944, J. econ. Ent. 37 : 436-442) has shown that the species is partheno- genetic. Damalinia (Bovicola) sedecimdecembrii (Eichler, 1946) Text-fig. 3; Plate 1, fig 2, 3 Bovicola sedecimdecembrii. Eichler, 1946, Berlin. Munch. tierGrtzl. Wschr. 1946: 44, fig. From Bison bison (Linn.) (American Bison), near Hay Camp, Wood Buffalo Park, 22.ii. 1955, W. A. Fuller, sent in by G. P. Holland: 3 g, 1 9 and 3 nymphs. Maile (Pl. 1, fig. 2). Antenna greatly modified (almost unmodified in bovis), the first segment only a little more than 1} times as long as broad and about as long as NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS 83 the second and third segments together. Tip of abdomen terminating in a pair of deeply coloured sharp thorn-like projections separated by a deep U-shaped bay. Genitalia (Text-fig. 3) of the same type as in bovis but differing greatly in details, the basal apodeme with straighter and more divergent sides, the parameral ring much larger and almost heart-shaped in dorsal view, the endomeres straight, stouter, with blunter free apices, and without a basal flange. Fic. 3. Genitalia of male Damalinia sedecimdecembrii (Eichler), from Bison bison, Wood Buffalo Park, Canada, 84 NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS Female (P1. 1, fig. 3). The most obvious differences from bovis are the shorter head with more truncate anterior margin and narrower sclerotized marginal band, much less strongly coloured abdominal pleurites, and somewhat larger size (length of fully expanded specimen about 2 mm. as against about 1-6 mm. in my largest specimen of bovis). Two of the other differences from bovis noted by Eichler (stouter antennae and stouter and relatively short legs) are also confirmed by the present specimen, while the shape of the prothorax (stated by Eichler to be broader and straighter-sided than in bovis) cannot be made out as the specimen is slightly crushed, but it should be noted that Eichler’s figure (1955, Urania 17 : 35, fig. 5) was obviously drawn from a not fully expanded specimen. No member of the Mallophaga has hitherto been recorded from the American Bison, and the determination of these specimens must be considered somewhat doubtful while the male of sedecimdecembru remains unknown from European specimens, but the correspondence between the Canadian female and Eichler’s description and figure is so exact as to make it imperative to regard them, at least provisionally, as the same. Eichler’s specimens were collected in 1918 from Bison bonasus (Linn.) (the European Bison or Wisent) in the Bialowieza forest, Poland, and the date is important because it means that the host was one of the original wild stock which became extinct in 1921 and was subsequently re-established from captive stock. It is not possible to give a subspecific name for the Canadian host because the herds in the Wood Buffalo Park are of mixed descent, an original stock of Bison bison athabascae Rhoads having subsequently received a considerable admixture of the blood of B. b. bison (Linn.). The fact that no Mallophaga have been found previously on the American Bison, although Cameron, for instance (1923, Vet. J.79 : 331-336) records having examined 250 of them for parasites, is not necessarily an indication that they are rare, but merely of the difficulty of obtaining Mallophaga from so large and shaggy a host without using a much more elaborate technique than searching. Eichler suggested in his original description that sedecimdecembrii might be parthenogenetic, but if my determination of these specimens is correct this suggestion is improbable. Eichler must have been relying on the analogy of D. bovis, since the absence of males from so small a batch as he had is altogether insufficient evidence to support his suggestion, but closely related species may differ entirely in this respect. Damalinia (Bovicola) ovis (Schrank, 1781) Text-fig. 4; Pl. 1, fig. 5 Pediculus ovis. Schrank, 1781, Enum. Ins. Austr. indig., p. 502, pl. 1, figs. 8, 9. Pediculus sphaerocephalus. Olfers, 1816, De Veget.... , p. 85. From Ovis canadensis californianus Douglas (Northwestern Bighorn Sheep), Churn Creek, British Columbia, 1.vi.1951, L. Sugden & G. Mitchell : 2 9. A well-known cosmopolitan parasite of the domestic sheep, Ovis aries Linn., but not hitherto recorded from the Bighorn. As regards records from other sheep, specimens from Ovis musimon Pallas (the Mouflon) were correctly determined but 85 NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS (* a a * oo? ae5eS, 4. D. ovis (Schrank), neotype. 5. D. oreamnidis sp. nov., holotype. Genitalia of males of Damalinia spp.: Fics. 4, 5. 86 NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS the record requires confirmation because the lice were obtained from captive hosts, while a record from Ammotragus lervia (Pallas) (the Barbary Sheep, Arui or Aoudad) refers to misdetermined specimens of a quite different species. This is, therefore, the first undoubted record from a wild sheep. The rounded setose basal lobe of the gonapophyses forms a smooth curve in both these specimens, whereas in most females from the type host it forms a hump. But some specimens from the type host approach these very closely and more material, including males would be required before one could consider that specimens from the Bighorn are distinct. Damalinia (Bovicola) oreamnidis sp. nov. Text-fig. 5; Pl. 1, fig. 6 From Oveamnos americanus missoulae (Allen) (Montana Mountain Goat), Bryant, Banff National Park, Alberta, 14.vi.1942, I. McT. Cowan: the ¢ holotype and 1 ¢ paratype, 4 nymphs. The species is close to D. ovis and the specimens are not in very good condition, so I have not been able to detect any differences except in the relatively shorter head and in the male genitalia. These latter, however (Text-fig. 5), differ so consider- ably as to leave no doubt that the difference is specific. In both the species the genitalia are much specialized and the homology of the distal sclerites very doubtful. The basal plate (or basal apodeme) is much narrower proximally in ovis (Text-fig. 4) than in oveamnidis, in which it is nearly twice as wide in this portion as in the distal half. The claw-like structures which are probably the endomeres and which project further distally than any of the other sclerites are shorter and more swollen basally in oreamnidis and the plate-like structures which I identify with great doubt as the telomeres are much more regularly shaped in this species than in ovis. This appears to be the first record of any Mallophaga from Oveamnos americanus. Damalinia (Bovicola) longicornis (Nitzsch, 1818) Text-fig. 6 Trichodectes longicornis. Nitzsch, 1818, Germar’s Mag. Ent. 3 : 296. Trichodectes similis. Denny, 1842, Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniae: 61, 195, pl. 17, fig. 6 Bovicola americanum. Jellison, 1935, J. Parasit. 21: 410, fig. (new synonymy). From Cervus canadensis nelsoni Bailey (Rocky Mountain Wapiti), Jasper Park, Alberta, 20.xii.1944, I. McT. Cowan: 1 9. From Cervus canadensis nelsoni, Banff, Alberta, —.ii.1946, I.McT. Cowan : 3 9. The original specimens of longicornis and similis were from the Red Deer, Cervus elaphus Linn., in Europe, while Jellison’s material was from the Wapiti, Cervus canadensis canadensis Erxleben, from Wyoming. Werneck (1950, Os Maldfagos de Mamiferos, part 2, p. 79) noted his inability to distinguish specimens obtained from these two hosts but refrained from considering the names to be synonymous because NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS 87 males are not known in either instance. It is, however, fully in accord with probabi- lity that the same lice should occur on Cervus elaphus and C. canadensis, since the latter is little (if any) more than a giant subspecies of the former. Damalinia (Bovicola) concavifrons sp. nov. Text-fig. 7, 8 ” Bovicola ‘‘ longicornis (Nitzsch) ’’. Werneck, 1950, Os Maldfagos de Mamiferos, part 2: 75 (part ; specimens shown in figs. 58 and 59). Banff, Alberta, from Cervus canadensis nelsoni Bailey (Rocky Mountain Wapiti), 3.vi. 1943, 1. McT. Cowan: the 9 holotype and 40 9 paratypes. D. concavifrons apparently differs from D. longicornis only in the characters of the preantennal portion of the head, which has relatively thick walls, strongly sloping sides and a short and concave anterior margin in concavifrons (Text-fig. 7), whereas in Fics. 6-8. Heads (setae omitted) of Damalinia spp.: 6. D. longicornis (Nitzsch). 7. D. concavifrons sp. nov., holotype. 8. D. concavifrons sp. nov., paratype. longicornis (Text-fig. 6) the walls are thinner, the sides are much less sloping and the anterior margin much longer and wholly convex. D. concavifrons occurs on Cervus elaphus as well as on C. canadensis, and the specimens figured by Werneck are from the latter host. He considered the difference to be due to polymorphism, and this possibility cannot be wholly excluded. But in other species of Damalinia, in which both sexes are known, the shape of the anterior portion of the head is a very constant character and any marked difference in its shape is invariably accompanied by obviously specific differences in the genitalia of the male. In these circumstances it seems safer to regard longicornis and concavt- frons as distinct species. There is some variation in the depth of the concavity of the anterior margin of the head in concavifrons (Text-figs. 7, 8) but the shortness of the margin seems constant. | A point of considerable interest is that there appears to be no record, either in Europe or North America, of occurrence of both species on the same individual host. Nitzsch’s original series of longicornis comprised 12 specimens when it was examined by von Kéler (1938, Nova Acta Leopoldina (n.f.) 5 : 456) all of which were round- headed, as were all the 3 females in a batch from Germany examined by Werneck (1950, p. 76), but a batch of 14 females from C. elaphus in Amsterdam Zoo. comprised 88 NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS only specimens of concavifrons. Jellison’s type-series of americana comprised 150 females from four or more animals, and as he does not mention any variation in the shape of the head it must be assumed that all were round-headed. Of the three Wapiti from which there are Mallophaga in the Spencer collection, two were infested only with longicornis and the third only with concavifrons. These facts are almost perfectly paralleled in the case of the two species of Trichodectidae found on members of the genus Odocoileus in North America, which is an additional reason for regarding longicornis and concavifrons as distinct species. It seems certain that both longicornis and concavifrons must be parthenogenetic, though it is probable that males occur very rarely, as in other parthenogenetic species of the genus (D. bovis and D. equt). Damalinia (Tricholipeurus) lipeuroides (Mégnin, 1884) Trichodectes lipeuroides. Mégnin, 1884, Naturaliste no. 62 : 494, figs. Eutrichophilus mexicanus. Mjéberg, 1910 (not Rudow, 1866), Ark. Zool. 6, part 13 : 79, figs. 49, 50, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2. Eutrichophilus mazama. Stobbe, 1913, Dtsch. ent. Z. 1913 : 562 (nomen novum for mexicanus Mjéberg). Tricholipeurus virginianus. Peters, 1930, Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 32 : 76, figs. 1-3. From Odocoileus hemionus hemionus (Rafinesque) (Rocky Mountain Mule-Deer), Quick, British Columbia, 16.i1.1944, H. Wearne: 27 4, 15 9. From Odocoileus hemionus hemionus, Quick, —.xi.1945: 4 3. From Odocoileus hemionus hemionus, Quick, 23.11.1948: 55 3, 10 9. From Canis latrans incolatus Hall (N. W. Coyote), Quick, 12.x.1940, H. Wearne: 5 dg, 8 9. From Odocoileus hemionus hemionus, Vavenby, B.C., 1934, on piece of hide received from T. K. Moilliet: 1 9. From Odocoileus hemionus hemionus, Vavenby, spring 1937, T. K. Moilliet: 1 2. From Odocoileus hemionus hemionus, near Revelstoke, B.C., 22.v.1932, G. J. Spencer 2 9. From Odocoileus hemionus hemionus, Banff, Alberta, 28.iv.1943: 2 9. From a sick Odocoileus hemionus columbianus (Richardson) (Columbian Black-tailed Deer or Coast Deer), Hardy Is., B.C., 3.iv.1943, G. J. Spencer: 9 4, 9 Q. From Odocoileus hemionus columbianus, Comox, Vancouver Is., B.C., 9.xi.1930, G. J. Spencer: 1 ¢. From Odocoileus hemionus columbianus, Mt. Lehman, near Abbotsford, B.C., 22.v.1910, S. Hadwen: 8 g,1 9. From Odocoileus hemionus columbianus, Barnet, near Vancouver, B.C., 5.iv.1943, G. J. Spencer: 7 g, 10 9. From Odocoileus hemionus columbianus, Cowichan Lake, British Columbia, 18.xii.1947 : 93,12. From Odocoileus hemionus columbianus, Victoria, B.C., 10.xi.1938, I. McT. Cowan: 10 gf, 2 9. From Odocoileus hemionus columbianus, Vancouver, B.C., 19.xi.1933, G. J. Spencer: Ir 9. From Odocoileus hemionus columbianus, Howe Sound, B.C., 7.xii.1929, G. J. Spencer : toe oe From Odocoileus hemionus columbianus, Salt Spring Is., B.C., 2.ii. 1941, I. McT. Cowan ; 10 9. NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS 89 The type host of this species, and that of the material on which the names given by Mjéberg and by Stobbe were based, is Odocotleus virginianus mexicanus (Gmelin) (Mexican White-tailed Deer), while Peter’s material was from O. v. virginianus (Zimmerman) and O. v. texanus (Mearns), and there are records from a number of other subspecies of O. virginianus. The species has, however, been recorded many times from various subspecies of Odocoileus hemionus and there is no doubt that it is a normal parasite of both species of deer. The coyote had presumably picked up its infestation by feeding on a dead deer, and it is most unlikely that the infesta- tion would have persisted, but the record fits in well with the instance recorded by Paine (1912, Ent. News 23 : 438) of the occurrence of 4 specimens of Damalinia (Damalinia) forficula (Piaget), another deer-parasite, on Cuon alpinus (Pallas) (Dhole, or Red Dog), each record tending to confirm the other. The considerable preponderance of males in the Spencer collection (136 g, 84 9) is probably misleading and perhaps due to unintentional selection, since Crauford- Benson (1941, Parasitology 33 : 346-350) and Hopkins (1949, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 119 : 407) have both demonstrated the very great variability in sex-proportions in collections made from different portions of the host’s body. Peters’ material included 75 6 and 69 9 and that of Werneck 22 3, 29 2 (97 ¢ 98 9, for the two sets of records together). Damalinia (Tricholipeurus) parallela (Osborn, 1896) Trichodectes “‘ tibialis Piaget.’’ Osborn, 1896 (not Piaget, 1880), Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. (n.s.) no. 5 : 240, figs. 1474, b. Trichodectes parallelus. Osborn, 1896, op. cit.: 240, fig. 148. Trichodectes odocoilei. McGregor, 1917, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 10 : 173, pl. 17, fig. 7. From Odocoileus hemionus hemionus (Rafinesque) (Rocky Mountain Mule-Deer), near Revelstoke, B.C., 22.v.1932, G. J. Spencer: 5 9. From Odocotleus hemionus hemionus, Quesnel, B.C., 18.v.1932, G. J. Spencer: 13 ¢, I 9. From Odocoileus hemionus hemionus, Quesnel, 19.v.1932, G. J. Spencer: 19 g, 7 9.* From Odocoileus hemionus hemionus, Vavenby, B. C., spring 1937, T. K. Moilliet: 3 ¢. From Odocotleus hemionus columbianus (Richardson) (Columbian Black-tailed Deer or Coast Deer), Duncan, B.C., 10.v.1942, G. J. Spencer: 2 g, 14 9. The question of the correct name of this species is one of considerable difficulty. Osborn (1896, p. 240, fig. 147) misdetermined as Trichodectes tibialis Piaget ‘‘ some specimens from the black-tailed deer (Baker collection)” which undoubtedly belong to the species later described by McGregor as T. odocoilet. Osborn also described as T. parallelus “ three specimens (females) from deer, collection Cornell University, kindly loaned by Prof. J. H. Comstock ... Species of deer is not given, but probably Virginia deer (Cariacus virginianus) is meant’; Osborn’s figure depicts a female or nymph. Peters, 1939 (in Spencer, Proc. ent. Soc. B. C. no. 35 : 18) placed odocoilei as a synonym of parallelus, but this synonymy was rejected by Werneck (1950, Os Maldfagos de Mamiferos, part 2: 184) on the grounds that the syntypes were nymphs, which are not determinable in this group; the reason for Peters’ * Many specimens must have been removed from this tube, for the label refers to 42 3B, 46 &. ge NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS belief is evidently (Peters, im litt., I11.xi.1937, and see Werneck, 1950, p. 184) that he not unnaturally regarded as syntypes the specimens on a slide received from Professor Osborn and marked “ Type ”’, but which contained ‘‘ a number of specimens, among which were several males ’’, and which therefore cannot possibly belong to the original type-series ; it is very possible that they were some of the specimens which Osborn had misdetermined as tibialis. Even though these specimens must be ignored in considering the identity of Trichodectes parallelus, I still accepted the synonymy suggested by Peters (though with grave misgivings because of the inadequacy of Osborn’s figure and Werneck’s belief, which I shared, that the syntypes were nymphs) because Osborn’s figure is much more like odocotlei than lipeuroides. But Col. Emerson kindly tells me that he has examined Osborn’s syntypes of Trichodectes parallelus, that they are females with developed gonapophyses (though probably teneral) and that he has no doubt that they are the species subsequently described as odocoilet. The type host of D. parallela (Osborn) was merely “ deer’”’, but Col. Emerson tells me that the slide bears the information, omitted by Osborn, that the specimens were collected at Ithaca, N.Y., on 12th Aug. ’86, by L. Pearson, and that the host must, therefore, have been Odocotleus virginianus ssp. The type host of D. odocotlei is Odocoileus virginianus macrourus (Rafinesque) (Plains or Western White-tailed Deer) and there are many records from various subspecies of O. virginianus and O. hemionus. Occurrence of both this species and lipeuroides on the same host- individual is apparently rare, while a heavy infestation with one of them seems to preclude a heavy infestation with the other. In the present collection there are two apparent instances of a double infestation of one host-individual: the batch of specimens collected from O. h. hemionus at Vavenby in spring 1937 contains 3 male parallela and 1 female lipeuroides, while there are 5 females of parallela and 2 of lipeuroides in the batch obtained from the same subspecies of host near Revelstoke on 22.v.1932. The parallel with the occurrence of D. (Bovicola) longicornis and D. (B.) concavifrons on members of the genus Cervus is obvious. Males and females of this species apparently occur in roughly equal numbers. Werneck (1950 : 180) examined I0 g, 13 9 and the present collection contains 374, 27 2 (60 3, 66 9 if the second tube from Quesnel is credited with the numbers it is stated to have contained originally). The great excess of males in the first tube from Quesnel is, therefore, presumably accidental and probably results from unintentional selection. Damalinia (Tricholipeurus) sp. From captive male Odocoileus hemionus columbianus (Richardson) (Columbian Black- tailed Deer), Vancouver, British Columbia, died 8.1i.1954: many Q. These specimens are certainly not any of the known species from North American deer, the concavity of the frons being far more marked than in any of these ; in this respect they are not unlike D. (Tricholipeurus) dorcelaphi (Werneck), but differ markedly in the shape of the gonapophyses. It is very possible that they belong to a new species, but in view of the fact that the host was a captive I think it would be wrong to describe them, especially in the absence of males. The infestation was NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS gI certainly established, for the batch contained many eggs and nymphs, but it may well have been acquired from a fellow-captive belonging to some other species. The parasite is not present in any of the collections from wild hosts. Eutrichophilus setosus (Giebel, 1861) Trichodectes setosus. Giebel, 1861, Z. ges. Natwiss. 18 : 86. From Erethizon dorsatum nigrescens Allen (eastern Canada Porcupine), Jasper National Park, Alberta, 12.vi.1930, I. McT. Cowan, G. J. Spencer: 1 9. From Erethizon dorsatum nigrescens, Jasper Park, 11.vi.1944, J. Hatter: 5 dg, 8 9. From Erethizon dorsatum nigrescens, Quesnel, B.C., 14.v.1932, J. McT. Gowan, G. J. Spencer: 15 g, 27 @. From Erethizon dorsatum nigrescens, Kamloops, B.C., 21.vii.1934, G. J. Spencer: 33 4, TED. From Evethizon dorsatum nigrescens, Williams Lake, B.C., 27.iii.1934, G. J. Spencer: 14 g, 32 @. Erethizon dorsatum (Linn.) is the type host of this species and probably the only one on which it occurs in nature. Geomydoecus sp. A single nymph from Thomomys -talpoides ssp., Carlyle Lake, Sask., 26.vii.1942, G. P. Holland. There is some probability that this specimen is G. thomomyus (McGregor), which is known from Thomomys talpoides fuscus and T. talpoides douglasi in the U.S.A., but nymphs are not determinable in the genus Geomydoecus. MATERIAL FROM OTHER AREAS Felicola (Felicola) rohani Werneck, 1956 Felicola rohani. Werneck, 1956, Rev. brasil Biol. 16 : 25, figs. 1-5. From Herpestes auropunctatus siamensis (Kloss), Khorat City, Thailand, 12.ii.1953, R. E. Elbel: 14 4, 13 9. From Herpestes auropunctatus siamensis, Boekphrai, Banpang, Rat Buri, Thailand, 10.v. 1952, Banpang Plague Lab.: 1 g, 1 9. From Herpestes auropunctatus siamensis, Banpang, Rat Buri, Thailand, 29.iv.1952, R.E. Elbel: 2 2. From Herpestes auropunctatus siamensis, Chaiyaphum, Phukhieo, Non Khun, Thailand, II.xil.1952, R. E. Elbel: 5 4, 3 9. The host-record is a new one, since Werneck’s material was obtained in Mauritius from the introduced Herpestes edwardsi edwardsi (Geoffroy), but I can find no signifi- cant difference between the present specimens and those described by Werneck and depicted in his excellent figures. There is, however, one interesting difference between these specimens and the type lot : Werneck’s fig. 4, apparently drawn from an unmounted specimen, shows the tips of the endomeres inclining outwards, while in his fig. 5 the apical portion of the endomeres is twisted and the tips point inwards ; he regards the latter condition as an abnormality, though noting that it is frequent (there were 4 males in the type series). But in the present series the endomeres are 92 NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS twisted in such a way that their tips incline inwards in 20 of the 21 specimens, while in the remaining male they are badly damaged and I cannot tell their true shape. It seems, therefore, that the twisted condition of the endomeres is the normal one. Felicola (Protelicola) intermedius hyaenae ssp. nov. Text-fig. 10; Pl. 2, figs. 3, 4 From Hyaena brunnea Thunberg (Brown Hyaena), Palapye, Bechuanaland, 26.v.1957, G. Theiler: the ¢ holotype. From Hyaena brunnea: Kukong, southern Bechuanaland, about half-way between Kanye and Tsane (between 24° and 25° S. and about 23° E.), 29.xi.1957, received from Dr. F. Zumpt: the 2 allotype, 1 ¢ paratype and 1 nymph. Very like F. 1. intermedius (Bedford, 1932) (Parasitology 24 : 355, figs. Ic, 2) but averaging larger, the preantennal portion of the head with more convex margins Fics. 9, 10. Genitalia of male Felicola intermedius sspp.: 9. F. 1. intermedius (Bedford), male from type-series. 10 F. 7. hyaenae ssp. nov., holotype. (contrast Pl. 2, figs. 1 and 3, 2 and 4) and with slight differences in the male genitalia (Text-fig. 10, contrast Text-fig. 9). A very striking difference in the male genitalia is the much greater divergence of the sides of the basal apodeme in the nominate subspecies (Text-fig. 9) but as I have seen only one male of this form there is some possibility that the difference is due to the accidents of mounting. NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS . 93 I am much indebted to Dr. Zumpt for the opportunity to see this material and to Mr. R. du Toit, Veterinary Research Laboratories, Onderstepoort for the loan of that portion of the type-series of F’. intermedius Bedford (one male, two females and a nymph) which is in the Onderstepoort collection. I have also examined two South African females, from the same host-species, in my own collection. This is the first record of any member of the Phthiraptera from a hyaena and is of special interest because it has been suggested (Hopkins, 1949, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 119 : 506) that hyaenas might be louse-free ; the apparent anomaly of absence of lice on a major taxon of the Fissipeda (or land-Carnivora) is now shown to be illusory. The host of Felicola 1. intermedius is Proteles cristatus, the sole member of the other extant subfamily of the Hyaenidae. Trichodectes (Trichodectes) emersoni sp. nov. Text-figs. 11-13; Pl. 1, fig. 4; Pl. 2, figs. 5, 6 From Helictis orientalis everetti Thomas, Kamborangah, Mt. Kinabalu, North Borneo, 7.vi.1952, Anglo-Amer. Med. Res. Unit: the ¢ holotype, 9? allotype and 3 9 paratypes. From Helictis orientalis everetti, Tenompak, Mt. Kinabalu, North Borneo, 8.vii.1951, Anglo-Amer. Med. Res. Unit: 3 g, 6 2 paratypes, 1 nymph. From Helictis orientalis everetti, Tenompak, Mt. Kinabalu, North Borneo, 20. viii. 1953, Anglo-Amer. Med. Res. Unit: 12 3, 25 2 paratypes, 3 nymphs. The taxonomy of the Trichodectidae at the generic and subgeneric level constitutes one of the more difficult problems in the systematics of the Mallophaga, and the present species adds to the difficulty. Within the mass of species found on Fissipeda there are various groups, of which Felicola Ewing 1929 is (as exemplified by its type species and the nearest relatives of the latter) one of the most distinct from the more characteristic species of Tvichodectes Nitzsch, 1818. Unfortunately, however, there are so many species which show deviations from the characteristics of the more typical members of both groups that, in his comprehensive and excellent revision of the Trichodectidae, Werneck (1948, Os Maldfagos de Mamiferos, part 1) has been forced to utilize the generic name Suricatoecus Bedford, 1932 (incapable of exact definition) for a miscellany of species which link Tvichodectes s.str. with Felicola s.str. and which cannot be confidently referred to either group, even after allowing generously for deviations like the presence of six pairs of abdominal spiracles in F. caffer (Bedford) (a species which is very closely related to others in which the number of pairs of abdominal spiracles is either three or none). Trichodectes emersoni fits fairly well into Trichodectes s.str., but the reduced chaetotaxy, presence of sclerotized tergal plates, and the moderately salient tip of the abdomen in the male are suggestive of Felicola and it might very well have been included in Swuricatoecus. The sclerotic bands of the abdomen are particularly reminiscent of S. decipiens (Hopkins), from which emersoni differs greatly in other respects. Head slightly wider than long in both sexes (index 0-76 in holotype, 0-80 in allotype) its anterior margin with a wide but not very deep osculum, sides of pre-antennal portion of head almost straight. Antenna very large in male, the first segment subequal in length to the other two together, much smaller in the female and segment 94 NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS I shorter than III. Bristles of dorsum of head very few and small apart from a row of six, along the hind margin, which includes a few slightly larger ones. ; Abdomen oval, broadest at fourth (apparent third) segment, slightly longer than wide (index 1-14 in holotype, 1-07 in allotype), with 6 pairs of spiracles. Bristles few and very small, placed as shown in Text-figs. rr and 12. Weakly sclerotized Fics. 11,12. Tvichodectes emersont sp. nov.: 11. Holotype. 12. Allotype. plates present on the dorsum of the penultimate segment in both sexes (this plate widely interrupted in the middle), on the venter of segments 5-7 in the male and on the dorsum of segments 7—9 and venter of segment 7 in the female. Male with last segment of abdomen forming an almost semicircular rounded prominence. Male genitalia as in Text-fig. 13, the basal apodeme tapering cephalad and probably ending in a point, parameres not forming a ring but giving the impression that they are probably joined in the middle line by an unsclerotized portion, endomeres with very sharp tips, spicules of copulatory sac coarse, those near the middle line (when the sac is retracted) about twice as large as the rest. Length of holotype 1-08 mm., of allotype 1:26 mm. Holotype male and allotype female in the United States National Museum. NOTES ON SOME MALLOPHAGA FROM MAMMALS 95 T. emersont (which I have named in honour of Col. K. C. Emerson, from whom I received the material) is the first species of Mallophaga to be recorded reliably from Helictis, though Neumann (1913, Arch. Parasit., Paris 15 : 618) purported to recog- "San Fic. 13. Genitalia of male holotype of Trichodectes emersoni sp. nov. nize as Trichodectes (Neotrichodectes) mephitidis Osborn “‘ un jeune individu recueilli sur Helictis Emeretti au Muséum d Histoire naturelle de Paris ”’, which may perhaps have been a nymph of emersont. In spite of important differences, T. emersoni is perhaps nearest related to T. melis (O. Fabricius) and T. vosseleri Stobbe, which also parasitize members of the Melinae. ENTOM, I0, 2. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. I 2. 3 4 . PLATE 1 Felicola (Felicola) spenceri sp. nov., male holotype. Damalinia (Bovicola) sedecimdecembrii (Eichler), male from Bison bison. Damalinia (Bovicola) sedecimdecembrii (Eichler), female from Bison bison. Trichodectes (Tvichodectes) emersoni sp. nov., male genitalia to show spicules of copulatory sac. Fic. 5. Fic. 6. Damalinia (Bovicola) oreamnidis sp. nov., male holotype. Damalinia (Bovicola) ovis (Schrank), male neotype. Pic Av Br. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to,2. FIG. BIG: Fic. Fic. FIG. Fic. PT Re PLATE 2 Felicola (Protelicola) intermedius intermedius (Bedford), male from type series. Felicola (Protelicola) intermedius intermedius (Bedford), female from type series. Felicola (Protelicola) intermedius hyaenae ssp. nov., male holotype. Felicola (Protelicola) intermedius hyaenae ssp. nov., female allotype. Trichodectes (Trichodectes) emersoni sp. nov., male holotype. Trichodectes (Trichodectes) emersoni sp. nov., female allotype. "‘t ZLiViId ‘t ‘or ‘mojuTy (CH'N) “W'd “Ng A REVISION OF TWO SPECIES COMPLEXES IN THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE) 1. COTACHENA HISTRICALIS WALKER 2. SYNGAMIA FLORIDALIS ZELLER PAUL E. S. WHALLEY BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY | Vol. 10 No. 3 LONDON: 17.61 REVISION OF TWO SPECIES COMPLEXES IN THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE) 1. COTACHENA HISTRICALIS WALKER 2. SYNGAMIA FLORIDALIS ZELLER BY PAUL E. S. WHALLEY Pp. 96-111 ; Plates 3-4; 6 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 3 LONDON: 1961 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 10, No. 3 of the Entomological series. © Trustees of the British Museum, 1961 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued January, 1961 Price Seven Shillings and Sixpence 1. (HE HISTRICALIS COMPLEX OF THE GENUS COTACHENA MOORE (LEP., PYRALIDAE) BY By PAUL E. S. WHALLEY INTRODUCTION THE genus Cotachena was erected by Moore (1885) for the species Botys histricalis Walk. The genus was subsequently placed (e.g. Hampson, 1896) in the Endotrichiinae, but recently Inoue (1955) has placed it correctly in the Pyraustinae. The actual relationships with other genera in the Pyraustinae still remains to be worked out. Walker (1859) described Botys histricalis from Ceylon. He also mentions two other specimens ‘‘ ? female ’’ from China and Shanghai. Butler (1887) described a new species in the genus, Cotachena trinotata, from Alu “in the Solomon Islands. Snellen (1890) records histricalis from Sikkim but transfers it to the genus Steno- physes Led. The type of this genus is sevinalis Walk. and it is generically distinct from histricalis. Ragonot (1891) uses Cotachena histricalis Walk. as the species and was the first to place it in the Endotriichinae but he comments on its similarity to some Pyraustinae. Warren (1892) describes Archernis pubescens from N. India and China. In 1896 he described Cotachena peractilis from Dili and Tenimber. Hampson (1896a) gives an account of C. histricalis Walker and puts the Chinese and N. Indian specimens as “‘ race pubescens Warren’’. Later in the same year (18960) he gave the following synonymy of the Cotachena complex and retained it in the Endotrichiinae. 1. Cotachena histricalis Walk. List Lep. Ins. B.M., XVIII, p. 655, 1859 Synonym Archernis pubescens Warr. A.M.N.H. (6) IX, p. 300, 1892. 2. Cotachena trinotata Butl. A.M.N.H. (5) XX, p. 122 Synonym C. peractilis Warr. A.M.N.H. (6) XVII, p. 465, 1896. Subsequently Rothschild (1916) described a subspecies orientalis of histricalis Walk. The types of all these species are in the British Museum (Natural History). I have compared them and examined long series of each species. As a result the synonymy is as follows :— Cotachena histricalis Walk. C. peractilis Warr. syn. nov. C. trinotata Butl. syn. nov. C. histricalis orientalis Rothsch. syn. nov. ENTOM. I0, 3 8 100 REVISION OF TWO SPECIES COMPLEXES IN PYRAUSTINAE Cotachena pubescens Warren Cotachena alysoni sp. nov. Cotachena histricalis Walker (Pl. 3, 1-4; Text-figs. 1a, 1b, page 102) Botys histricalis Walk. List Lep., p. 655, 1859. C. tvinotata Butler. A.M.N.H. (5) XX, p. 122, 1887. C. peratilis Warren. A.M.N.H. (6) XVII, p. 465, 1896. C. histricalis orientalis Rothsch. Rep. B.O.U. Ex.p. 2, no. 15, p. 117, 1916. Archernis pubescens Warren, Hampson not Warren. Tvans. ent. Soc., p. 498, 1896. C. histricalis pubescens Warren, Inoue not Warren. Check List Jap. Lep, pt. 2, p. 159, 1955. Stenophyses histricalis Walker, Snellen (?) not Walker. Trans. ent. Soc., p. 600, 1890. Type ¢ “ Ceylon ’”’ in B.M. This is a very widespread and variable species but it is difficult to separate any definite trend in any region. The Pacific Island species tend to be larger with a more prominent coremata than the Ceylon specimens, but some of the Pacific specimens are identical with those from Ceylon. Australian specimens tend to be rather greyer than the Ceylon-Pacific specimens but the differences are slight. On some Pacific Islands (e.g. Ysabel) a dark yellow form occurs. This is ‘‘ C. trinotata Butler ’’. It occurs in a number of islands and is merely an aberration. While some of the Pacific Island specimens are smaller than the “ typical ’’ Pacific form, the genitalia and wing pattern are all identical and further naming of subspecies is not thought necessary. Genitalia: ¢ Text-fig. 1a; 92 Text-fig. 1b, page Io2. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Ceylon, India, Burma, Malaya, Philippines, Hainan, Talaut, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sarawak, Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea, Vulcan I., Australia, Solomon I., Bismarck Archipelago, Louisade Archipelago. Cotachena pubescens Warren (Pl. 3,5; Text-figs. 2a, 2b, page 103) Archernis pubescens Warr. A.M.N.H. (6) IX, p. 300, 1892. C. histricalis Walk. auctt. C. histricalis pubescens Warr. auctt. Lectotype ¢ “‘ Dharmsala N. India ”’ in B.M. Walker (1859) first noticed that the Chinese and N. Indian specimens were smaller and darker than histricalis Walk. Warren described these specimens as a new species but it has subsequently either been regarded as a synonym (Hampson, 1896) or a subspecies (Inoue, 1955). The genitalia of the male are quite distinct from those of the male histricalis. There is a considerable amount of variation in the intensity of the coloration, the Formosan and Japanese specimens being paler than the Indian ones. Specimens which are probably this species from Borneo and Malaya are darker than the Indian race with less yellow on the fore wings. Genitalia: ¢ Text-fig. 2a; 92 Text-fig. 2b, page 103. REVISION OF TWO SPECIES COMPLEXES IN PYRAUSTINAE tor GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Malaya, China, Korea, Japan, Hainan, Formosa, Borneo, Oinainisa (S.W. Timor). Cotachena alysoni sp. nov. (Pl. 3,6; Text-fig. 3a, page 104) C. histricalis Walk. partim auctt. C. histricalis pubescens Warr. partim auctt. ? Stenophyses histricalis Walk., Snellen. Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond., p. 600, 1890. Type ¢ ‘‘ Chang Yang, A. E. Pratt Coll. May 1888 ”’ in B.M. Pyral. genit. slide No. 4129. g. Wing ro mm. (Centre of thorax to apex of wing). Head light sandy brown. Thorax yellowish brown. Fore wing: Fringe yellow ochre with brown line through centre. Terminal line black with minute yellow spots at apex of each vein. Terminal area yellow ochre, narrowing posteriorly, becoming brown. Three hyaline areas (see plate) edged with black on outer and inner edges. From the middle patch a small hyaline line extends to the hind margin of the fore wing. Rest of fore wing sepia. Sub-basal line continuous with black inner edge of inner hyaline patch. Costal margin sepia along basal two thirds. Yellow opposite outer hyaline patch. Apical part of costal margin black. Hind wing: General colour yellow ochre. Four small sepia marks indicate ante- and post-medial lines. Underside, similar, paler. 2. Unknown. Genitalia: ¢, Text-fig. 3a, page 104. MATERIAL EXAMINED : CHINA, I g, Chang Yang (type) ; 3 3, Ding Manon (Bailey), IgiI (paratypes) ; 1 ¢ ,Chang Yang (Pratt) (paratype) ; 3 ¢, Chungking (Barry), Ig12 (paratypes) : SIAM, 2 3, Musklik, 1,000 ft. (Fruhstorfer) : INDO CHINA, I 4, Laos, Muang Awm, 900 m., 1932: MALAY PENINSULA, I g, Perak (Pendlebury), 1925; I 3, Mt. Tahan (Waterstradt): Inp1A, 4 g, 1 9, Sikkim (Moller), 1886 (paratypes) ; 1 g, Sikkim (Pilcher, 1895, (paratype); 1 g, Sikkim (B.M.), 1895 (paratype) ; 3 3, Darjeeling (paratypes); 2 g, Khasis Hills (paratypes); 1 d, Shillong (paratype) ; 1 g, Naga Hills, 5,000-7,000 ft., Doherty, 1889 (paratype) ; 2 3, Mishmi Hills, Lolit River (Steele), 1935 (paratypes): JAPAN, I g¢, Takao San (Inoue), 1950 (paratype), (in Coll. H. Inoue). This species is very close to the other species of Cotachena but is primarily separated in the male by the blunt uncus. REFERENCES Butter, A.G. 1887. Ann. mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 20: 122. Hampson, G. F. 1896a. Moths of India, 4: 142. —— 1896b. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. : 497. INOUE, H. 1955. Check List Lep. Japan, Pt. 2: 159. ROTHSCHILD, N.C. 1916. Rept. B.O.U. Exp. 2, no. 15: 117. SNELLEN, P.C.T. 1890. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. : 600. WALKER, F. 1859. List Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. Pt. 19 : 655. WarrEN, W. 1892. Ann. mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 9 : 300, —— 1896. Ibid. (6) 17: 465. 102 REVISION OF TWO SPECIES COMPLEXES IN PYRAUSTINAE Fic. 1a. Cotachena histricalis Walk., 3 genitalia, type. Fic. 1b. C. histricalis Walk., 2 Bursa copulatrix and duct. REVISION OF TWO SPECIES COMPLEXES IN PYRAUSTINAE 103 2b Fic. 2a. Cotachena pubescens Warr., 3 genitalia, Lectotype. Fic, 2b, C. pubescens Warr. 2 Bursa copulatrix and duct, 104 REVISION OF TWO SPECIES COMPLEXES IN PYRAUSTINAE Fic. 3a. Cotachena alysoni sp. nov., ¢ genitalia, type. PLATE 3 Fic. 1. Cotachena histricalis Walk., type 3, Ceylon. Fic. 2. C. histricalis Walk., 3, Solomon Islands. Fic. 3. C. histricalis Walk., 2, Solomon Islands. Fic. 4. C. histricalis Walk., 9, Solomon Islands (C. trinotata Butl.). Fic. 5. C. pubescens Warr., g, Khasis, N. India. Fic. 6. C. alysoni sp. nov., type g, Chang Yang, China. (All x 2.) Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 3. PLEASE E 3. 2. A REVISION OF THE SYNGAMIA FLORIDALIS ZELL. COMPLEX WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES By PAUL E. S. WHALLEY INTRODUCTION Syngamia floridalis Zell. is an omnibus name used for specimens from Africa to Australia. Although seven different species had been described in this complex they were all synonymized by Hampson (1898). He gave the synonymy :— Syngamia floridalis Zell. synonym Glyphodes calidalis Guen. » Syngamia octavialis Walk. x S. merionealis Walk. » S. tphalis Walk. , S. secutalis Walk. » Hyalea fulvidalis Wallengr. » Botys witalis Feld. Recently I have been examining specimens of ‘‘ floridalis ’’ from a collection made by Mr. J. D. Bradley on the Solomon Islands in 1953. These specimens clearly did not agree with the Zeller type. In order to identify these specimens I have examined all the available material of this complex. The type of G. calidalis Guen. has been lost. I have, however, examined a specimen from the Ragonot collection, kindly lent by Mr. P. Viette, Paris, which had been compared with Guenée type by Ragonot. I have selected this specimen as the neotype (see later). I have not seen the type of H. fulvidalis Wallengr. but have examined a long series from the type locality (Tahiti). All the other types were examined together with the type of Syngamia aurantiaca Hamps. As a result of this examination it was found that in fact there are three distinct species. It also became apparent that the ‘‘ floridalis’’ complex was not congeneric with Syngamia florellalis Cr. the type of Syngamia Guen. Two genera were used by Lederer (1863), Aethaléessa and Chnaura (Wien. ent., p. 435, 1863). The former (type floridalis Zell.) has page preference over the latter (type octavialis Walk.) The species should thus be referred to the former genus, 106 © REVISION OF TWO SPECIES COMPLEXES IN PYRAUSTINAE Aethaloessa floridalis Zell. (comb. nov.). Type of genus Syngamia floridalis Zell., Lep. Caffr. 60, 1852: S. merionealis Walk., List Lep. 17 : 334, 1859: Aethaléessa floridalis Walk., Lederer, Wien. ent. mon. 435, 1863. Type ¢ “ Natal’’ in B.M. PI. 4, fig. 1. This species is restricted to Africa and Madagascar. Specimens from Madagascar tend to be smaller than those from the mainland, however the mainland specimens themselves also vary considerably in size. Further material may show some sub- speciation over Africa. The shape of the cornutus in the ¢ genitalia is characteristic. Genitalia: ¢ Text-fig. 1a. 9 Text-fig. 1b, pages, 109 and 111. DistRIBUTION: Africa; S. Africa, Fernando Po, Angola, Kenya, Uganda, Cameroons, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana, Belgian Congo. Madagascar; Diego Suarez. Aethaloessa calidalis calidalis Guen. (comb. nov.) Glyphodes calidalis Guen., Delt. et Pyr. 294, 1854: Chnaura octavialis Walk., Lederer, Wien. ent. mon. 435, 1863: Syngamia floridalis Zell., Hampson nec Zeller, Proc. ent. Soc. 644, 1898 : S. floridalis auctt. Type lost. Neotype selected from Ragonot collection labelled: ‘‘ Indes orient. calidalis Gn (Glyph.) =Chnaura octavialis Walk., vue le type au M.N.”’ in Paris museum. PI. 4, fig. 2. This species is found in India and Ceylon. The main cornutus in the aedeagus is shorter and blunter than in specimens from the Australasian—Pacific region and there are some differences in the female genitalia (see Text-figs. 1b and 2b page III). Genitalia: ¢§ Text-fig. 2a. 9 Text-fig. 2b. Pages 109 and III. DISTRIBUTION : Indian Subcontinent ; North and South. Ceylon, Seychelles. Aethaloessa calidalis tiphalis Walk. (comb. nov.) Syngamia tiphalis Walk., List Lep. 17 : 335, 1859: S. secutalis Walk., List Lep. 34: 1291, 1865: Hyalea fulvidalis Wallengr., Wien. ent. mon. 174, 1860: Chnaura octivialis Walk., Led., Wien. ent. mon. 435, 1863: Botys witalis Feld., Reis. Nov. pl. 135, f. 8, 1864-67 : Syngamia aurantiaca Hmpsn., Ann. mag. Nat. Hist. 9: 254, 1912, syn. nov.: S. floridalis Zell., Hamps. nec Zell., Proc. ent. Soc. 644, 1898: S. floridalis auctt. Type ¢ “ Celebes’’ in B.M. PI. 4, fig. 3. This subspecies ranges from Malaya to Australia with very little variation in the male genitalia. Slight variation occurs in wing pattern and colour intensity, but this cannot be related to any geographic area. Genitalia: ¢§ Text-fig. 3a. 2 Text-fig. 36. Pages 110 and III. DISTRIBUTION : Malaya, Burma, Formosa, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, New Guinea, Solomon I., New Ireland, New Britain, Bali, Ceram, Sudest I., Rook I., REVISION OF TWO SPECIES COMPLEXES IN PYRAUSTINAE 107 Tambora, Philippines, Samoa, Tahiti, Tenimber, Warri, Australia (Queensland and New South Wales). In some of the Pacific Islands, this subspecies flies alongside the next species. Aethaloessa rufula sp. nov. Syngamia floridalis Zell., Hampson nec Zell., Proc. ent. Soc. 644, 1898: S. floridalis auctt. Type g. “ Arawa, N. Bougainville (Solom. I.), Dec. 1907’ in B.M. Pyral. Genitalia Slide No. 6002. Pl. 4, fig. 4. 6. Wingspan 12-15 mm. Head, crown yellow, antennae long, filiform. Thorax brown. Abdomen orange-yellow, last two or three segments brown. Fore wings: General colour orange-red with brown edges. Costal margin, apex and terminal margin brown, apical brown part broad. From half-way along costa brown projections extend backwards towards similar brown projections from hind margin. These two may meet in some specimens giving a round orange-red area separated by a brown band from basal and sub-basal part. Small brown projection from costa one third from base, rarely reaching hind margin. Basal area brown. Hind wings: Terminal and subterminal area brown, broad anteriorly, narrowing posteriorly. Small brown median spot on anterior margin of hind wing. Rest of wing orange-red. Small indistinct brown spot on hind margin. FEMALE. Similar. Genitalia: ¢ Text-fig. 4a. 2 Text-fig. 4b. Pages 110 and III. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Solomon I., 6 specimens Renell I. (J. D. Bradley) 1953 ; 9 specimens Arawa, Bougainville, May 19 04(Meek) ; 6 specimens Guadalcanal v.or (Meek) ; 8 specimens Nissen I. Aug. 24 (Eichhorn) ; 2 specimens Vella Lavella (Meek), 1908 ; 5 specimens Rendova (Meek). St. Aignans, 7 specimens Oct. 1897. Buru, 3 specimens. Kayeli, 2 specimens ’97 (Doherty). Little Kei, 5 specimens (H. Kuhn). Teoor, 2 specimens (H. Kuhn). Sudest I., 5 specimens Feb. 1916 (Eichhorn bros.). St. Matthias, 9 specimens June 1923 (A. F. Eichhorn). New Han- nover, 12 specimens March-April 1923 (Meek). Amboyna, 11 specimens (Doherty), 1892. Rossell I., 1 specimen March 1898 (Meek). Tobriand I., 3 specimens. Kiriwini, 2 specimens iii.95 (Meek). Banks I., 1 specimen. Dampier I., 6 specimens Feb. 1914 (Meek). Squally I., 2 specimens (A. F. Eichhorn). Admiralty I., 5 specimens Sept.— Oct. 1913 (Meek). Gt. Kei, 2 specimens 4.v.98 (H. Kuhn). Fergusson I., 10 specimens x.94 (Meek). Fenni I., 8 specimens May 1924 (A. F. Eichhorn). Witu, 9 specimens June 1925 (Eichhorn). New Hebrides, 5 specimens (Cheesman) 1929. Woodlark I., I specimen (Meek) iv.g7. New Guinea: 2 specimens Milne Bay i.g9; 4 specimens Kumusi R., June, 1907 ; 6 specimens Upper Aroa R., March 1903 (Meek) ; 2 speci- mens Kapaur, 1896 (Doherty) ; 6 specimens Upper Setakwa R. Snow Mts. 2-3000 ft. 1919 (Meek). Celebes ; 1 specimen reg. basse entre Maros et Tjamba (Doherty) 1896. This species is easily distinguished externally from calidalis Guen. and its sub- species by the lack of the black scales on the dorsal side of the first abdominal segment. Some variation in pattern of the wings of this species may occur. The small brown dots on the anterior and posterior margin of the hind wing may form part of 108 REVISION OF TWO SPECIES COMPLEXES IN PYRAUSTINAE a broken brown line which is continued on to the fore wing. This species is closely related to A. calidalis Guen. KEY TO THE MALES OF THE SPECIES OF Aethaléessa 1. First abdominal segment black or brown dorsally : ; ; ; ‘ . 2 First abdominal segment not black . : , : ; : . rufula 2. Main cornutus in aedeagus bent at both ends (Text-fig. Ia) . ‘ : . floridalis Main cornutus straight : - : , , ° ; 3 3. Main cornutus short and broad (Text-fig. 2a) : ; : ; . calidalis calidalis Main cornutus elongate (Text-fig. 3a) ; 5 , ‘ 7 . calidalis tiphalis REFERENCES GUENEE, M. A. 1854. Hist. Nat. des Insectes. Tome Huitiéme. Deltoides et Pyralites. Hampson, G. F. 1898. A revision of the moths of the subfamily Pyraustinae. Proc. ent. Soc. Lond. pt. 1. 1643. LEDERER, J. 1863. Beitr. zur Kenntniss der Pyraliden. Wien, 1863. REVISION OF TWO SPECIES COMPLEXES IN PYRAUSTINAE tog Fic. 1a. Aethaléessa floridalis Zell., 3 genitalia. Fic. 2a. A. calidalis calidalis Guén., ¢ genitalia. 110 REVISION OF TWO SPECIES COMPLEXES IN PYRAUSTINAE Fic. 3a. Aethaldessa calidalis tiphalis Walk., $ genitalia. Fic. 4a. A. rufula sp. nov., ¢ genitalia. REVISION OF TWO SPECIES COMPLEXES IN PYRAUSTINAE 111 3b 4b Fic. 1b. Aethaléessa floridalis Zell., Q bursa copulatrix and duct. Fic. 2b. A. calidalis calidalis Guen., § bursa copulatrix and duct. Fic. 3b. A. calidalis tiphalis Walk., 2 bursa copulatrix and duct. Fic. 4b. A. vufula sp. nov., 2 bursa copulatrix and duct, Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Pe Pe Aethaléessa floridalis Zell. A. calidalis calidalis Guen. A. calidalis tiphalis Walk. A. rufula sp. nov. PLATE 4 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 3. PEATE 4, MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS ADDITIONAL RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS BY THE RENNELL ISLAND EXPEDITION 1953—54 _ J. D. BRADLEY Moe ss BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 4 LONDON : 1961 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS ADDITIONAL RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS BY THE RENNELL ISLAND EXPEDITION 1953—54 BN, J.D. BRADLEY A } r \ ) Pp. 111-168 ; Plates 5-19 ; 2 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol-t0 No. 4 LONDON : 1961 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, 1s issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 10, No. 4 of the Entomological series. © Trustees of the British Museum, 1961 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued January, 1961 Price Thirty Shillings MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS ADDITIONAL RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS BY THE RENNELL ISLAND EXPEDITION 1953—54 By J. D. BRADLEY AN account (Bradley, 1955) of the expedition to Rennell and Bellona Islands appears in the series The Natural History of Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands, published jointly by the Copenhagen Museum and the British Museum (Natural History). A report on the Microlepidoptera collected on those islands also appears in that series (Bradley, 1957). The Microlepidoptera studied in the present paper are mostly from other islands of the Solomons group which my wife and I visited. A few from the New Hebrides, where we called on the voyage from Australia to the Solomons, have been included, and also some material in the British Museum collections which proved to be errone- ously identified and to belong to a new species described below. Microlepidoptera collected on Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands, ports of call on the voyage to the Solomons, have been studied in a previous paper (Bradley, 1956) and are referred to here only where revision has become necessary. The main purpose of the expedition to the Solomons was to obtain a representative collection of natural history specimens from the islands of Rennell and Bellona. But circumstances provided time and opportunity for visits to some of the other islands in the group, where we collected Lepidoptera and other insects. It is the Microlepidoptera amongst this material, excluding the Pyraloidea, which are now studied. It was nearly four weeks after arriving at Honiara, the Protectorate capital on the island of Guadalcanal, before there was a definite prospect of a boat to take us across the last two hundred miles of ocean to our objective—Rennell Island. In this interval we were fortunate in being invited by Dr. F. R. Hollins, the then S.M.O. and a keen lepidopterist, to accompany him on a visit to Ontong Java, an atoll in the extreme north of the group. This trip included visits to the islands of Tulagi and Ysabel. After our return from Rennell and Bellona to Guadalcanal nearly two months elapsed before the cargo ship on which we were to leave for Australia finally ENTOM. 10, 4. ‘ 9 114 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS called, having been delayed by changes in its itinerary in the islands. During this period we spent ten days at Tapenanje, a small native village about five miles west of Honiara and about the same distance inland, in the foothills above the Poha River. We then returned to Kukum, two miles east of Honiara, and after Christmas spent ten days at Ilu, seventeen miles east of Honiara on the plains of the north coast of Guadalcanal. The remaining interval before our departure for Australia was spent in Honiara. Our stay in the Solomons was thus extended beyond the three to four months originally planned to nearly five months—September, 1953 to January, 1954. The prolonged stay somewhat naturally strained our very limited resources, and we would like to take this opportunity to express our appreciation once again for the assistance and advice which we received from many sources, most of which are mentioned in the Rennell account, and which helped greatly towards the success of the expedition. A map of the South-West Pacific is figured on p. 115, and shows the geographical position of the Solomons group and the islands visited by the expedition. Data on the collecting localities are given below. COLLECTING LOCALITIES GUADALCANAL ISLAND Honiara. The Protectorate capital situated on the north-eastern coast. The coastal strip here is a few hundred yards wide and is backed by terraced limestone ridges. The township is scattered and is mainly on the coastal strip with (in 1954) a few new houses on the crests of the ridges. Where it has not been cleared or kept back the dense lowland forest comes down to the belt of strand vegetation along the seashore. Much of the ridges is free of forest and is covered instead with tall kunai grass. Dates of collecting. 5-14.1.1954. Kukum (Honiara). Material labelled with the dates given below was collected at the Agricultural Station at Kukum, about two miles along the coast east of Honiara township. Immediately inland from the estate are low hills some of which are topped with kunai grass, and with forest and thick undergrowth in the valleys. A mercury-vapour lamp was run from a small domestic generator for several nights here, from dusk until midnight, and proved highly effective. This was the only locality at which electricity was available to operate m.v. light. At other times a paraffin pressure lantern was used, as described in the Rennell account. Dates of collecting. 5-21 .ix.1953 ; 3-II.X.1953 ; 2-9.Xll.1953 ; 23-28.xil. 1953. Tapenanje. A small native village, five or six miles west of Honiara and about the same distance inland, sited on top of one of the foothills which in this area go up to about 1,000 ft. a.s.l. The surrounding valleys are deeply eroded and filled with dense luxuriant vegetation typical of tropical forests of this region. The village is reached after a four-hour march along a track following roughly the course of the River Poha, commencing near its mouth a few miles outside 115 ISLANDS MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON "SpUPIS] UOWIO[OS ey} Jo uOTzISod peorydesZ003 oy} Sutmoys ‘oyloeg }SAA\-Y}NOS OY], ‘AVN 023 * 4. WINOG3 IVD . S| ALIVAOT mai on . 2 e * WNALINY, £; 30% ‘: s .% ce $ © 3143 . SI0IugIH is MaN #*& me ao NLwids3 *e ny eae 7s ‘| T13NN3Y ; + “= | 1 VNOTI3¢ ae: = v% — : aes ovis a mS. SGNVISI T38VSA JTUANIVSN VAV[ SNOLNO :: Sp 2091 Aas wuozs M3aN od 3 NOWO10$ eee ‘5 fer: OOVTadIHDUY eS, JAVISINOT ee “oe ah hs Noe NIVLIYS AAIN t % g OSVTadIHDYV e ° GONV13ul MIN . ee eC ace NYODIYdVDI 10 JAIldOUL VITVYLSNY ONVISN3INO VININS MIN YOUVWSIE 116 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Honiara. On the upward journey at the beginning of December the river was waded perhaps a dozen times and was shallow, but on the return journey ten days later the rainy season had commenced and the river had swollen and in some places was very much deeper. Dates of collecting. 10—23.xii. 1953. Ilu. Formerly the site of an experimental farm, now largely abandoned. Situated about seventeen miles south-east of Honiara and a mile or two inland on the low-lying alluvial plain which between here and Kukum extends for several miles inland. Much of the formerly cultivated farmland has been reclaimed by natural vegetation. The light-trap was sited on open grassland at the fringe of forest. Dates of collecting. 28.xii.1953-5.i.1954. ONTONG JAVA ATOLL Avaha and Leuaniua. Ontong Java is a low coral atoll about one hundred and fifty miles due north of Ysabel in the main group. It is formed of numerous small islands, none of them more than 20 ft. above sea level, arranged in a continuous chain and enclosing a lagoon about thirty-five miles long by fifteen miles wide. The atoll is encircled by an almost unbroken fringing reef which in many places is exposed at low tide. The two islands visited—Avaha and Leuaniua— are among the largest and are about a quarter of a mile across and two and three miles long respectively. Coconut palms are plentiful and there is a little strand vegetation and low undergrowth including ferns. On Leuaniua there is an extensive swampy area thickly covered with grasses and with some trees and shrubs where taro is cultivated in shallow depressions containing a black fibrous mud, heavily infested with mosquitoes. Dates of collecting. 29-30.1x.1953. YSABEL ISLAND Tatamba. A landing place near Tanabuli situated near the south-east tip of the island. One night only was spent here on the return voyage from Ontong Java. We arrived in the late afternoon and the light-trap was taken ashore and operated throughout the night on a track fringing dense forest. Date of collecting. 2.x.1953. TULAGI ISLAND Tulagi. A small island forming part of the Nggela (Florida) group between twenty and thirty miles east of Guadalcanal. Once the Protectorate capital but evacu- ated during World War II, when it suffered considerable damage, and now mostly reclaimed by jungle. At the time of our visit only two European families were living there and a few Chinese and Solomon Islanders. It has a fine natural harbour and as the R.C.S. Betwa developed engine trouble on the way to Ontong Java we had to call there for repairs. Dates of collecting. 22-25 .ix.1953. MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 117 MATERIAL STUDIED The present study has been greatly handicapped by the fragmentary state of existing knowledge of the lepidopterous fauna of the Solomon Islands. The least known group is the Microlepidoptera, which have received little attention in the past. They are richly represented in species belonging to genera common to the luxuriant tropical rain forests of the South-West Pacific. But until systematic collecting is carried out, to include the mountainous regions of the larger islands where the more interesting endemic forms may be expected to occur, the full composi- tion and affinities of the fauna must remain in many respects unknown. The present material is representative of the low forest and littoral fauna and has consequently a higher proportion of widely distributed species. A difficulty experienced when determining this material was to ensure that species apparently not among those already recorded from the Solomons were not known elsewhere. A considerable number came into this category and a surprisingly high proportion of these were found to be known species occurring in the Indo-Australian region. Others proved to be species occurring in other island groups of the South-West Pacific, and in some instances previously known only from the type specimens. Altogether a little over 1,000 specimens have been examined and determined to genus or species. These comprise 120 described species, 43 species apparently new to science and I new subspecies, and 25 species identified to genus only. Many of the latter appear to be undescribed but have for the present been placed only in a genus, since the available material is considered inadequate for descriptive purposes. One new genus only is described. This is erected for a new species belonging to the family Incurvariidae and so far as is known the first representative of this family to be recorded from the Solomon Islands. Existing genera have been used for species in other families, but in some instances generic assignments have been made with reservation and should be regarded as tentative, particularly in some of the larger “well-known ”’ genera, since the genera need revision. The types of the new species described below are in the British Museum (Natural History). The insects are described as seen under a low-power lens of up to X15 magnification, and the colour terms used are principally from Ridgway’s Color Standards and Color Nomenclature. The illustrations of the wings, Plates 1-3, and of the genitalia, Plates 4-15, are reproduced from photographs and photomicrographs taken by Mr. J. V. Brown of the photographic section of this museum. The magnifications vary greatly in the photographs of the wings so have not been indicated ; instead the measurements of the expanded wings of each species are given. REFERENCES BraDtey, J.D. 1955. Account and List of Stations of the British Museum (Natural History) Expedition, 1953. The Natural History of Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands, 1 (3) : 43-57, 11 figs. —— 1956. Records and Descriptions of Microlepidoptera from Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island collected by the British Museum (Natural History) Rennell Island Expedition, 1953. Bull, Brit, Mus. (nat. Hist.), Ent. 4, No. 4 : 145-164, 26 figs. 118 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 1957. Microlepidoptera from Rennell and Bellona Islands. The Natural History of Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands, 2 (19) : 87-112, 113 figs. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Rennell Island Expedition was supported by grants from the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, the Godman Exploration Fund, and the British Museum (Natural History). TORTRICIDAE TORTRICINAE Adoxophyes templana (Pagenstecher) Tortrix templana Pagenstecher, 1900, Zoologica (Stuttgart), 12 (No. 29) : 225. Adoxophyes ioterma Meyrick, 1910, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 35: 205. Syn. nov. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 4-10.x, 14 g, 2 9; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 5 3; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 7 ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland), New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Is. The new synonymy given above follows from a comparison of the types of A. templana (Pagenstecher) and A. zoterma Meyrick, which are in the British Museum (Natural History). Adoxophyes aurantiana sp. n. (Pl. s, fig. 1) Adoxophyes templana (Pagenstecher) Meyrick nec Pagenstecher, 1910, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 35 : 208 (partim). Adoxophyes templana (Pagenstecher) Bradley nec Pagenstecher, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : 89. g 12-16 mm. 9 17-20 mm. Labial palpus, head, thorax and tegula apricot-yellow suffused with orange. Antenna apricot-yellow, annulations greyish-orange. Fore wing apricot-yellow overlaid with a fine reticulate pattern of orange which in some examples is superimposed on the other markings ; markings variable, in well-marked examples as follows: a narrow, metallic, violet-grey medial fascia, sprinkled with black, oblique from costa at about 1/3 to inner margin at 2/3; a similar, irregular, subterminal fascia, broad at costa and again at tornus where it is confluent with the medial fascia, constricted or interrupted at the middle, in some examples weak or obsolescent in the tornal area, broken or interrupted along the anterior edge of the costa and replaced by apricot-yellow ground colour; a small, metallic violet-grey patch, sprinkled with black, at base of costal fold in the male and costa in the female, a similar marking at base of inner margin and another slightly larger at about 1/3 ; in examples with abnormally strong and conspicuous markings a narrow concolorous band sometimes links the middle of the medial fascia to the costal part of the sub- MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 119 terminal fascia ; in poorly marked examples the markings may be reduced to numer- ous small metallic patches or spangles, or so greatly reduced as to be indefinable ; cilia apricot-yellow along termen, purplish-grey at tornus. Hind wing whitish- ochreous to pale ochreous ; cilia straw yellow. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, suffused with grey above ; a small straw-yellow anal tuft in male. Legs whitish-ochreous, fore and middle legs suffused with orange exteriorly. Male genitalia (Pl. 4, fig. 1): There appears to be little comparative difference between this species and A. templana (Pagenstecher), but the sheaf of cornuti in the aedeagus is smaller and consists of 5-8 cornuti as compared with 12-15 slightly longer cornuti in templana. Female genitalia (PI. 8, figs. 2, 3) : There appear to be no useful differences between this species and templana by which to separate them. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 5 gf, including holotype, 4-10.x, 4 3; Tapen- anje, 10-23.xii, 2 ¢; Ilu Farm, 26.xi1.53-4.1.54, I d. RENNELL I.: Hutuna, 18.x-24.xi, 24 J, 19; Tingoa, 9-11.xi, 1g; Onegaghugha, ao.%, i 40; 26.21, x 3. BELLONA I.: Matahenua, 29.xi, I 9. The following additional paratypes are specimens which have been removed from the series of A. templana (Pagenstecher) in the museum collections : GUADALCANAL: 1905, A. S. Meek, 4 9. TULAGI: 25.vill.1933, H. T. Pagden, 1 J. NEw GEORGIA: 1905, A. S. Meek, 1 9. NEw Britain: Witu I., iii.1925, A. F. E.,.1 9; Witu L., vi.1925, A. F. E., 89; Witu I., vii.1925, A. F. E., 1 9; Kinigunong, 1906, C. S., 1 9. NEw GUINEA: Woodlark I., 1905, A. S. Meek, 1 9. This species is closely related to A. templana (Pagenstecher), and the two have previously been confused. Superficially they are very similar and the variability of the fore wing markings sometimes makes separation difficult, but usually aurantiana may be distinguished by its brighter, orange coloration. The genitalia in both sexes are also very similar; in the male differences are evident in the cornuti of the aedeagus as described above. Adoxophyes moderatana (Walker) Tortrix moderatana Walker, 1863, List. Lep. Ins. B.M. 28 : 329. Adoxophyes epizeucta Meyrick, 1910, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 35 : 207. Parascaptia insignifica Rothschild, 1915, Lep. B.O.U. Wollaston Exped. N. Guinea, p. 46. Syn. nov. Adoxophyes prosiliens Meyrick, 1928, Exot. Microlep.3: 454. Syn. nov. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18 .ix, 4-10.x, 4 g, 29; Ilu Farm, 26. xii.53-4.1.54, I 4. DISTRIBUTION. India, Assam, Borneo, New Guinea, and the Andaman and Solomon Is. The above synonymy has been established following an examination of the types of the species concerned, all of which are in the British Museum (Natural History). 120 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Adoxophyes tripselia (Lower) Capua ? tripselia Lower, 1908, Trans. roy. Soc. S. Aust. 32 : 318. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, I10-23.xii, 2 ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland), New Guinea, Sudest I. and Rossel I. Adoxophyes fasciculana (Walker) Tortrix fasciculana Walker, 1866, List. Lep. Ins. B.M. 35 : 1785. Adoxophyes cyrtosema Meyrick, 1886, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1886 : 276. Capua epipepla Lower, 1908, Trans. roy. Soc. S. Aust. 32 : 318. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, 8-18.xi, 6-12.i1, 6 g, 1 9; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I ¢. DistTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland), New Guinea, Solomon Is., Fiji, New Hebrides, Formosa, Ceram, Philippines and the Moluccas. Homona coffearia (Nietner) Tortrix coffearia Nietner, 1861, Obs. Enemies Coffee Trees in Ceylon, p. 24. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-I0.x, 2 g. DISTRIBUTION. A widespread species in the Indo-Australian region, often a pest on coffee and tea. SCHOENOTENINAE Diactenis veligera Meyrick Diactenis veligera Meyrick, 1928, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 458. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, I ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland) and Andamans. OLETHREUTINAE Hermenias pachnitis Meyrick Hermenias pachnitis Meyrick, 1912, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 21 : 852. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, I ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland) and Ceylon. Spilonota indentata Bradley Spilonota indentata Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : 89. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 3 ex.; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I g. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, I . DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is, MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 121 Icelita tatarana Bradley Icelita tatarana Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) SOD: ONTONG JAVA: Leuaniua, 29.ix, 2 ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. Spilonota cryptogramma Meyrick Spilonota cryptogramma Meyrick, 1922, Exot. Microlep. 2 : 520. SULAGI :. 24.ix, £9. DISTRIBUTION. Fiji. Acroclita physalodes (Meyrick) Rhopobota physalodes Meyrick, 1910, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 368. ONTONG JAVA: Leuaniua, 29.ix, 2 9; Avaha, 30.ix, 2 9. DISTRIBUTION. Ceylon, Chagos Is., Fiji, Solomon Is., Austral Is. and Seychelles. Acroclita spiladorma Meyrick Acroclita spiladorma Meyrick, 1932, Exot. Microlep. 4: 221. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 4-10.x, 6-12.i, 3 g; Tapenanje, 10-23. xii, 2G. DISTRIBUTION. Java. Ancylis enneametra Meyrick Ancylis enneametra Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lep. fasc. 2 : 72. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18 .ix, 6-12.i, 3 d, 52; Tapenanje, 10-23. xii, 2 9. DISTRIBUTION. Samoa. Crocidosema plebejana Zeller Crocidosema plebejana Zeller, 1847, Isis von Oken, 40: 721. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 4-10.x, 11 ex.; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 7 ex. DISTRIBUTION. Occurring throughout the Pacific islands and widespread in both hemispheres up to the temperate regions. The larva feeds on the seeds of various species of Malvaceae. 122 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Eucosma isomella Meyrick Eucosma isomella Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lep. fasc. 2 : 73. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, 4-10.x, 6-12.1, 2 g, 1 9. DISTRIBUTION. Samoa. Bactra blepharopis Meyrick Bactra blepharopis Meyrick, 1911, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 36 : 255. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 2 g¢; [lu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 1 3; Honiara, 6—12.i, I ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland), New Hebrides and Fiji. Bactra truculenta Meyrick Bactra truculenta Meyrick, 1901, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 19 : 586. Bactra scythropa Meyrick, 1911, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 36: 254. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, I 9. DISTRIBUTION. India, Java and Timor. Bactra minima Meyrick Bactra minima Meyrick, 1909, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 19 : 586. GUADALCANAL : Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 2 ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Ceylon. Lobesia aeolopa Meyrick Lobesia aeolopa Meyrick, 1907, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 17 : 976. Lobesia proterandva Meyrick, 1921, Zool. Meded. Mus. Leiden, 6: 155. Lobesia dryopelta Meyrick, 1932, Exot. Microlep. 4: 225. Lobesia eustales Bradley, 1956, Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.), Ent. 4, No. 4: 146. Syn. nov. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 1 g; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I 9. DISTRIBUTION. India, Ceylon, Java, Formosa, Burma, Solomon Is., Lord Howe I., Africa (Uganda, Nyasaland and Cape Colony), Sao Thomé I. and Madagascar. Lobesia physophora (Lower) Lomaschiza physophora Lower, 1901, Trans. voy. Soc. S. Aust. 25 : 69. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8—18.ix, 3 3. DIsTRIBUTION, Australia (Queensland). MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 123 Lobesia sp. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18 .ix, I ¢. This appears to be an undescribed species related to L. rhipidoma Meyrick from Fiji, but more material is needed for study before it can be properly placed or described. Lobesia sp. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10—23.xii, I g. A distinctive species in coloration and markings, and almost certainly undescribed. The abdomen and head of the above specimen are missing. Lobesia sp. GUADALCANAL : Tapenanje, 10—23.xii, I 9. This specimen is superficially reminiscent of the European species L. botrana Schiffermiiller, and perhaps belongs to an allied tropical species. In the absence of a male a more definite determination has not been possible. Steriophotis peltophora Meyrick Stertophotis peltophora Meyrick, 1911, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 36 : 259. TULAGI: 24.1x, I 9. DISTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland). Crusimetra anastrepta Meyrick Crusimetra anastrepta Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lep. fasc. 2:71. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 1 9; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 3 ¢; Ilu Farm, 26. xil.53-4.1.54, I g. DISTRIBUTION. Ceylon and Samoa. Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower) Arotrophora (?) ombrodelta Lower, 1898, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 23 : 48. Cryptophlebia carpophaga Walsingham, 1899, Indian Mus. Notes, 4 : 106. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18 .ix, I ¢. DIsTRIBUTION. South India, Ceylon, Formosa, Java, Siam, Philippine Is., Guam, Dampier I., Australia (Queensland, N. Territory and N.S. Wales). The larva is polyphagous and feeds on the leaves, pods, seeds and fruits of various tropical trees and shrubs. 124 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Cryptophlebia phaeacma (Meyrick) Argyvroploce phaeacma Meyrick, 1931, Exot. Microlep. 4: 129. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 5—9.1x, 2 9. DISTRIBUTION. New Britain. Cryptophlebia encarpa (Meyrick) Argyvoploce encarpa Meyrick, 1920, Exot. Microlep. 2 : 349. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, I0—23.xli, I g; Honiara, 6-12.i, 1 9. DISTRIBUTION. South India, New Hanover I. and Sudest I. Olethreutes mormopa (Meyrick) Platypeplus mormopa Meyrick, 1906, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 17 : 136. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8—18.ix, I ¢. DISTRIBUTION. India, Ceylon, Borneo and Tonkin. Olethreutes pachypleura (Meyrick) Argyroploce pachypleura Meyrick, 1921, Exot. Microlep. 2: 448. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, I d. DISTRIBUTION. Fiji. Olethreutes ancosema solomonensis (Bradley), n. comb. Argyvoploce ancosema solomonensis Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : 94. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, 2 3. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. (Rennell I.). The nominate race was described from Fiji, and a similar form occurs in the New Hebrides. Olethreutes semiculta (Meyrick) Argyroploce semiculta Meyrick, 1909, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 19 : 604. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8—18.ix, 1 9. DISTRIBUTION. India, Ceylon, Assam and Tonkin. Olethreutes operosa (Meyrick) Argyroploce operosa Meyrick, 1911, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 36 : 272. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, I ¢. DIsTRIBUTION. New Guinea and Malaya. - = ia — MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 125 Olethreutes anaprobola (Bradley), n. comb. Argyroploce anaprobola Bradley, 1953, Proc. Hawaii. ent. Soc. 15 : 109. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 4-10.x, I ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Fiji. Olethreutes albitibiana (Snellen), n. comb. Grapholitha (Sisona) albitibiana Snellen, 1901, Tijdschr. Ent. 44 : 69. Argyroploce inodes Meyrick, 1911, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 36 : 269. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, 3 ex.; Tapenanje, 10—-23.xil, I ex. DISTRIBUTION. China, Ceylon, Andamans, Java, New Guinea, New Britain and New Ireland. Olethreutes empherana sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. 2) dQ 17-18 mm. Labial palpus cartridge buff mottled with irregular patches of deep purplish vinaceous mixed with taupe brown. Head cartridge buff suffused with vinaceous, lower part of face deep purplish vinaceous. Antenna cream-buff anteriorly, fuscous behind. Thorax, tegula and antennal scape cartridge buff overlaid with a mixture of saccardo’s olive and fuscous, thorax with a raised posterior tuft. Fore wing ground colour cartridge buff, irrorate with deep purplish vinaceous and black scales; markings saccardo’s olive, an ill-defined basal patch reaching to 1/3, strongest at costa; a dense patch of raised greyish (quaker drab) scales on inner margin at base; an irregular medial fascia of saccardo’s olive reaching from costa to 2/3 across wing, lightly sprinkled with black scales and partly traversed by a heavy black dash a little before middle of wing; a narrow saccardo’s olive sub- terminal fascia marked with black interneural dashes and constricted at middle ; a small, roughly triangular, olive mixed with black marking at middle of termen, the apex of which is connected by a similarly coloured thin line to the subterminal fascia at a point below the costa ; costa marked with small black strigulae and with four evenly spaced pairs of white strigulae from a little beyond middle to near apex ; arising from these strigulae and running parallel with costa are violet-grey lines which merge to form a single line curving slightly away from costa towards apex and terminating below the strigulae most apicad; thin black transverse dashes at the ends of the radial veins along the termen; cilia honey-yellow in male, cartridge buff in female, in both sexes mixed with fuscous and deep purplish vinaceous along termen, and terminating in a fuscous streak beyond tornus. Hind wing greyish fuscous ; cilia greyish, tinged with vinaceous around apex. Male with posterior tibia and first tarsal segment clothed with a comb-like brush of long whitish scales and with a long cartridge buff hair-pencil from the base of the tibia dorsally. Male genitalia (Pl. 4, fig. 7): Valva gently tapered and not constricted before cucullus as in O. cellifera (Meyrick). wre a es _— 126 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON. ISLANDS Female genitalia (Pl. 8, figs. 4-6): Ostium narrow medially, caudal margin - rounded, lateral margins straight and converging to form an acute angle proximally ; the ostium in cellifera is similar in size but of different proportions, being slightly more broad than it is long. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, 1 g, holotype, 1 9, allotype. Near to O. cellifera (Meyrick) which occurs in Ceylon, India and Malaya, but larger and having the fore wing more richly coloured and the hind wing much darker. Statherotis bicolorana sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. 3) 218 mm. Labial palpus dark fuscous, tips of individual scales whitish producing an irrorate effect, apex of terminal segment whitish. Head, thorax and tegula wholly fuscous. Antenna and scape fuscous. Fore wing cream-buff, markings well-defined, dark mummy brown, thinly edged with black ; a basal patch occupying 1/4 of wing and with outer edge straight and slightly outwardly-oblique from costa ; a moderately broad medial fascia, somewhat oblique, inner edge somewhat sinuate, outer edge sinuate and with a pronounced outward bulge at middle ; terminal area light mummy brown confluent with lower (dorsal) half of medial fascia; a moderately large,. circular, dark mummy brown marking in upper half, and a similar much smaller spot at apex; small mummy brown markings at the ends of radial veins along termen, decreasing in size towards tornus and edged with cream-buff; cilia grey, darker above apex, some tipped with cream-buff along termen, wholly cream-buff at tornus. Hind wing drab, base and costal margin to near apex cartridge buff ; cilia light grey. Female genitalia: Pl. 9, figs. 1-3. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 1 9, holotype. This is the only representative of the small genus Statherotis Meyrick known from the Solomons. It is nearest to S. catharota Meyrick, which occurs in the Andaman Islands. . Laspeyresia mediana (Walker) Tospitis mediana Walker, 1866, List. Lep. Ins. B.M. 35: 1798. Bursadella sulfurella Pagenstecher, 1900, Zoologica (Stuttgart), 12 (No. 29) : 231. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, I 9. DIsTRIBUTION.. New Guinea, Louisiade Archipelago and Solomon Is. The two species L. turifera Meyrick, from Assam, and L. gratulata Meyrick, from the Philippines, show close affinities to L. mediana (Walker). Following a comparison of the type material of these species, in the British Museum (Natural History), I am of the opinion that turifera Meyrick and gratulata Meyrick are no more than subspecies — of médiana (Walker), and accordingly relegate them to this category : Laspeyresia mediana turifera Meyrick, status nov. Laspeyresia mediana gratulata Meyrick, status nov. SS eae MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 127 Laspeyresia plumbosana sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. 4) 32 7-9 mm. Labial palpus white, terminal segment suffused with fuscous. Head, thorax, tegula, antenna and scape drab varying to hair brown; vertex (between antennae) cream-buff, lower part of face white. Fore wing ground colour fuscous ; costa with seven or eight oblique sordid white strigulae, those at 2/5, 3/5 and 4/5 emitting three very oblique leaden deep plumbago grey lines curving backwards before reaching middle of wing thence continuing to dorsum as weak parallel sinuous lines with margins outlined in drab, the whole producing an ill-defined striate dorsal blotch ; costal strigula at 4/5 and strigula at apex connected by a short sinuous leaden plumbeous line enclosing one other strigula shorter and nearest apex ; ocellus only indicated by a similar striation, followed just before edge of termen in middle by two or three black dots, the uppermost larger ; cilia dark grey, a fuscous sub-basal line notched below apex and with a small whitish dot in the indentation. Hind wing light fuscous ; cilia grey, a darker sub-basal line. Abdomen fuscous above, whitish beneath. Legs whitish suffused with grey. Male genitalia: Pl. 9, fig. 4. GUADALCANAL : [lu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 8 3, including holotype, 1 9, allotype, abdomen missing. Near to the Javan species L. exocentra Meyrick, the coloration and markings of the fore wings are almost identical but exocentra is readily distinguished by the strong yellow coloration on the vertex of the head. Laspeyresia xylocrossa Meyrick ? Laspeyresia xylocrossa Meyrick, 1939, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 89 : 52. GUADALCANAL: Honiara 8-18.ix, 4 3. The four male specimens from the Solomons are in a rather poor condition but compare fairly well superficially with the female lectotype of L. xylocrossa from Java. As the museum collection contains only female examples of xylocrossa from Java it has not been possible to verify the present identification by examination of the genitalia. The males from the Solomon Islands have a well-developed coremata on the eighth abdominal segment. Grapholita pagenstecheri sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. 5) dg 10 mm. Labial palpus cartridge buff, second segment roughened beneath. Front of head (rubbed) cartridge buff; crown of head, thorax and tegula greyish fuscous, base of tegula overlaid with cartridge buff. Antenna (broken) fuscous-black. Fore wing dark fuscous ; a patch of four parallel, indistinct, sordid white lines from about middle of dorsum curving obliquely outwards and reaching about half-way ENTOM. I0, 4. 10 128 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS across wing; nine well-defined, short, oblique cream-buff strigulae from costa between 1/4 and apex, the four nearest the apex being whitish at edge of costa, interstices between these strigulae fuscous-black ; a weak trace of bluish leaden- metallic streaks emitting from costal strigulae but none clearly definable ; a small blackish spot at apex; cilia fuscous, a fuscous-black basal line interrupted below costa by a whitish dot. Hind wing fuscous, paler basally ; cilia light grey, a broad fuscous medial line and a thin dark fuscous basal line. Male genitalia: Pl. 9, figs. 5, 6. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, I g, holotype. Related to Grapholita isacma (Meyrick) n. comb. sp. revocata, which occurs in Assam: the two species are superficially alike and are best separated on genitalia ; in 7sacma the apical part of the aedeagus is slender and tapers to an acute point and is curved almost at right angles to the main part. The latter species is removed from synonymy under Grapholita delineana Walker, described from China, following an examination of the types. The three species apicatana Walker, quadristriana (Wal- singham) and tvstviatana Pagenstecher are retained as synonyms of delineana. The types of the first two have been examined and found to be correctly associated with delineana. The type of tristriatana has not been seen, and Dr. H. J. Hannemann, of the Zoological Museum, Humboldt University, Berlin, where the type is reputed to be, informs me that it cannot be traced. As tvistviatana was described from the Bismarck Islands there is a possibility that it is not conspecific with delineana and that it might prove to be the species described above. GELECHIIDAE Sitotroga psacasta (Meyrick) Paltodora psacasta Meyrick, 1908, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1908 : 723. Sitotroga celyphodes Meyrick, 1909, Ann. Transvaal Mus. 2: to, pl. 4, fig. 3. Sitotroga nea Walsingham, 1920, Ent. mon. Mag. 56: 9. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, 5 9, 6-12.i, 13 g, 3 Y. This species has not previously been recorded from the Indo-Australian region and its occurrence in the Solomons was unexpected. From its known distribution, given below, it would appear to be a comparatively recent introduction to this area. The identity of the material from the Solomon Islands was at first not recognized and photomicrographs of the genitalia were taken preparatory to describing the species as new. As the genitalia of psacasta appear to be unknown in the literature these photomicrographs are now illustrated. The moth is illustrated in Pl. 2, fig. 1. Male genitalia (Pl. 8, figs. 2, 3): Valvae asymmetrical; sacculus free distally, tapered to an irregular, slender point ; a small, membranous lobe projects from the ventral margin of the valva where the sacculus separates, and bears on its inner surface a dense patch of bristle-like setae. Uncus broad, hooded, lateral margins setose. Gnathus in the form of a strongly sclerotized, curved hook. Female genitalia (Pl. 8, figs. 4-6): Ovipositor lobes long, moderately broad, coarsely setose. Ostium opening situated near middle of ostial plate, limen slightly MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 129 asymmetrical. Ductus bursae broad, widening into bursa copulatrix which is subspherical and bears two sclerotized plate-like signa. DIsTRIBUTION. South Africa (Transvaal and Natal), southern France and Sicily. Meyrick (1929, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 483) says of this species “‘ Apparently spreading round the Mediterranean from S. Africa, its country of origin, probably introduced with some kind of grain ’’. Pityocona probleta sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. 6) $2 10-11 mm. Labial palpus light buff, second segment weakly irrorate with fuscous except at apex, slightly roughened and with projecting scales beneath at apex, terminal segment rough-scaled above, with an irrorate fuscous-black medial band and a fuscous-black apical band. Head, thorax and tegula light buff; crown of head, thorax and tegula shaded with light drab or drab grey. Antenna and scape greyish light buff ; flagellum with blackish annuli. Fore wing elongate, very narrow, long pointed, acute; light buff overlaid with a mixture of drab and drab grey, sparsely sprinkled with blackish, blackish specks beneath fold at 1/5 of wing and beneath costa at 1/3; stigmata black, sometimes weakly ringed with greyish, plical usually elongate, obliquely before first discal, second discal sometimes elongate, conspicuous ; cilia light buff. Hind wing elongate, narrow, apex produced to a long finger-like point, termen sinuate ; wing and cilia smoke grey. Legs light buff with fuscous irroration. Male genitalia (Pl. 5, figs. 7, 8): The narrow, almost tubular valva, elbowed at the middle, is very distinctive. Female genitalia: Pl. 10, fig. 1. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 6-12.i, 3 g, including holotype, 8-18.ix, 1 9, allotype, 4-10.X, I 6. The genus Pityocona Meyrick contains two other species: xevopis Meyr. from India and Ceylon, and porphyroscia Meyr. from Samoa. All three species are similar in size and have the characteristic long, narrow, pointed wings, and have similar wing pattern. Probleta is superficially nearest xeropis, neither of these species having the costa dark and with prismatic reflections as in porphyroscia; but probleta is distinctly more greyish in appearance than xeropis, the latter being brownish. Limenarchis pullata sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. 7) g 16-17 mm. Labial palpus dark purplish-fuscous, first and second segments overlaid with cream-buff interiorly. Head, thorax, patagia, antenna and scape dark purplish-fuscous ; lower part of front of head and area adjacent to compound eye immediately behind antenna suffused with cream-buff. Fore wing dark purplish- fuscous, radial veins slightly emphasized by darker shading; cilia concolorous. Hind wing dark fuscous, a lanceolate patch of specialized cream-buff scales along 130 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS costa reaching to about 3/4; cilia concolorous ; cubital pecten short, confined to basal area, fuscous. Legs cream-buff suffused and marked exteriorly with dark fuscous. Male genitalia: Pl. 10, fig. 2. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I 3, holotype. Resembling in general appearance L. zonodelta Meyrick the only other species known in the genus, but readily distinguished by the yellow cilia along the termen of the fore and hind wings of zonodelta. Ephysteris chersaea Meyrick Ephysteris chersaea Meyrick, 1908, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1908 : 725. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 2 ex., 5-II.i, 18 ex., 6-12.1, 6 ex. DISTRIBUTION. South Africa, Egypt, India, Ceylon, New Guinea and Australia (Queensland). The larva is known to feed in stems of cultivated cereals, grasses, etc. and in dry vegetable refuse. Stegasta variana Meyrick Stegasta variana Meyrick, 1904, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 29 : 314. GUADALCANAL : Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, I d. DIsTRIBUTION. A widely distributed species occurring in the Ethiopian and Indo-Australian regions. The larva is attached to species of Cassia. Scrobipalpa heliopa (Lower) Gelechia heliopa Lower, 1900, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 25: 417. GUADALCANAL : Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 2g, 5 2; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, I 9. DIsTRIBUTION. Attached to the tobacco plant, the larva boring the stems, this species occurs widely in the Ethiopian and Indo-Australian regions. Thyrsostoma longipalpis sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. 8) g 12mm. Labial palpus white, terminal segment suffused with cream colour and with dark fuscous at apex interiorly, second segment with a long expansible cream colour or cream-buff hair-pencil projecting from furrow on underside at base, terminal segment nearly half as long again as second and slightly appressed. Head silvery- white, thorax and tegula white; thorax tinged with cream colour. Antenna with scape stout and very long, also a somewhat thickened superscape, both structures clothed in whitish scales, the upper posterior margin of superscape marked with fuscous ; flagellum whitish anteriorly, fuscous posteriorly. Fore wing white shaded with tilleul-buff, markings vinaceous-buff, obscure ; rather inwardly-oblique broad MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 131 fasciae near base, in middle, and towards apex ; apex suffused with dark fuscous ; cilia drab. Hind wing whitish suffused with fuscous ; cilia drab, cream-buff along inner margin towards base. Male genitalia (PI. ro, figs. 3, 4): Uncus hood-shaped, bifid caudally, lobes rounded ; gnathus hook very stout and well developed. Valva narrow, constricted a little before apex, rounded at apex ; sacculus slender, a little over half as long as costal _ part of valva, slightly distended apically. Anellus lobe a little longer than sacculus, _ bearing a solitary seta at apex of about the same length. GUADALCANAL : Tapenanje, I10-23.x1i, I g, holotype. Superficially very similar to the Samoan species T. nephelochtha Meyrick, but may be distinguished by the longer terminal segment of the labial palpus which in nephel- ochtha is only about as long as the second and does not have the inner side of the apex dark fuscous. Thiotricha angelica sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. 9) $2 10-11 mm. Labial palpus, head, thorax and tegula shining white. Antenna light fuscous, scape white. Fore wing shining white ; anterior edge of costa fuscous near base (scarcely visible viewed directly from above); an inwardly-oblique fuscous-black streak from apex, heavy and tear-shaped in male, linear and reaching as a slightly sinuous line to dorsum a little beyond tornus in female ; in both sexes this streak is preceded by a small somewhat triangular patch of apricot suffusion extending beyond the streak to the tornus ; cilia white, an upturned projection of long cilia at apex, these and cilia at and below apex marked with fuscous-black at tips. Hind wing and cilia white, cilia around apex marked with a short black apical bar. Male genitalia: Pl. 10, figs. 5, 6. Female genitalia: Pl. 10, figs. 7-9. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 4-10.x, I g, holotype, 8-18 .ix, 2 2, including allotype. Near the Samoan species T. anarpastis Meyrick, but may be distinguished super- ficially by the absence of markings on the basal half of the fore wing. Thiotricha tethela sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. 10) $2 9-10 mm. Labial palpus white, terminal segment with a weak light fuscous suffusion exteriorly. Head, thorax and tegula shining white. Antenna dark fuscous, overlaid with white at base; scape white. Fore wing white, in some examples with a weak very light fuscous suffusion (perhaps due to discoloration) ; markings dark mouse grey and hair brown ; anterior edge of costal margin fuscous at base, a dark mouse grey very outwardly-oblique wedge-like marking from costa at about 4/5, followed by and sometimes confluent with a small triangular spot and a small inwardly-oblique dash mixed with black and very near apex; a broad hair brown 132 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS or mouse grey suffusion along inner margin (dorsum) from near base to about 3/5, followed by a slender wishbone-shaped marking, the upper-most fork of this being nearly straight and reaching to a little beyond the inner end of first costal marking, the lower fork curved and terminating at the blackish pre-apical dash from costa ; cilia white, suffused with fuscous around apex, and with light fuscous along termen. Hind wing white, with a fuscous suffusion in margins, a few dark fuscous scales at apex ; cilia white, suffused with light fuscous except those at apex of wing which are marked with a short black subapical bar. Male genitalia: Pl. 10, figs. 10-12. Female genitalia: Pl. 10, figs. 13-15. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 6-12.i, 4 2, including holotype, 5-11.i, 1 g, allotype. TULAGI: 24.1x.53, 1 3. Near the Samoan species T. symphoracma Meyrick : in the latter species the inner margin (dorsum) of the fore wing lacks the dark suffusion, and only a single dark fuscous line arises from near the inner margin beyond middle. Thiotricha eremita sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. rz) 2 13 mm. Labial palpus white, terminal segment suffused with fuscous. Head, thorax and tegula shining white. Antenna with basal third white, apical two-thirds fuscous-black ; scape white. Fore wing white, with a dull silvery sheen ; markings varying shades of mouse grey; anterior edge of costal margin mouse grey suffused with fuscous near base; a wedge-shaped outwardly-oblique dash from costa at 4/5, dark on costa becoming lighter and diffuse towards middle, followed by two short inwardly-oblique dashes on costa near apex, the second (nearest apex) of these continuing as a weak but moderately thick line to termen a little below apex; a thick wishbone-shaped marking from a little above inner margin at about 3/5, the upper fork curved and reaching almost to middle of first costal marking, lower fork curved and reaching almost to the inner end of the costal marking ; cilia white, suffused with fuscous at and immediately below apex and with greyish along termen and tornus. Hind wing whitish, suffused with fuscous at apex ; cilia whitish, suffused with fuscous around apex, a short fuscous-black basal line at apex. Female genitalia: Pl. 11, figs. 1-3. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 6-12.i, 1 9, holotype. Superficially similar to T. tethela Bradley, but appreciably larger in size. Thiotricha oxyopis Meyrick Thiotricha oxyopis Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lep. fasc. 2 : 80. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, 2 ex. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 6—12.i, I ex, DISTRIBUTION, Samoa, MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 133 Thiotricha melanacma sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. 12) 3d 8 mm. Labial palpus shining light neutral grey, terminal segment infuscate exteriorly. Head and tegula shining pale gull grey, thorax light neutral grey. Antenna fuscous. Fore wing shining pale neutral grey becoming gradually darker distally, distal third of wing overlaid with fuscous-black ; two small white pre-apical dots on costa ; a whitish tornal dash extending obliquely towards apex and preceded by a similar, parallel, shorter dash from inner margin (dorsum) at 2/3; cilia fuscous. Hind wing mouse grey, a small black dot at apex ; cilia concolorous, those at apex tipped with black. Male genitalia: Pl. 11, figs. 4-6. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18 .ix, 1 g, holotype. The dark coloration of this species is unusual for the genus and is distinctive. Perhaps most nearly related to the Samoan species T. strophiacma Meyrick. Idiophantis pandata sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. 13) g 10 mm. Labial palpus white, terminal segment with a broad black subapical band, apex suffused with mustard yellow. Crown of head, thorax, patagia, antenna and scape mustard yellow ; front of head white; coloration of antenna and scape paler. Fore wing mustard yellow; a large, quadrate, plumbago grey marking, with an admixture of mustard yellow, occupying distal half of wing except marginal strips along costa and termen ; inner edge of this marking bordered by a dull violet- black line ; a plumbago grey strigula from middle of costa extending very obliquely outwards and merging with outer corner of quadrate blotch, finely edged with dull violet-black scales along inner margin immediately below costa ; a plumbago grey subterminal line oblique from costa at about 4/5 to beyond outer corner of quadrate blotch, thence directly transverse and expanding to occupy tornal area, lightened with an admixture of whitish near costa, margins edged aniline black ; a thin white line from apex to end of indentation in termen; cilia plumbago grey mixed with violet-black. Hind wing light grey; cilia concolorous, a short aniline black basal bar at apex of wing. Legs light grey. Male genitalia: Pl. r1, figs. 7-9. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8—18.ix, 1 g, holotype. Near the next species, J. callicarpa Meyrick, but readily distinguished by the large plumbago grey distal marking in the fore wing. Idiophantis callicarpa Meyrick Idiophantis callicarpa Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lep. fasc. 2 : 82. TULAGI: 24.ix, I 6. The Solomon Islands specimen is slightly larger than the type female from Samoa, the only other known representative of this species, The dark coloration of the fore 134 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS wing is of a lighter shade, and the orange streak preceding the whitish subterminal streak is diffuse. These differences seem to indicate that when more material is available for comparison the Solomons examples may prove to represent a distinct race. DISTRIBUTION. Samoa. Atasthalistis ochreoviridella (Pagenstecher) Ceratopora ochreoviridella Pagenstecher, 1900, Zoologica (Stuttgart), 12 (No. 29) : 236. Atasthalistis euchroa Lower, 1900, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 25 : 47. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 1 g, I 9, 4-10.x, 4 9. DISTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland), New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago. Anarsia taurella sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. 14) g 11 mm. Labial palpus pale cinnamon-buff, first and second segments shaded with greyish sayal brown. Head, thorax and patagia cinnamon-buff. Antenna fuscous-black, annulate with whitish anteriorly ; scape cinnamon-buff. Fore wing cinnamon-buff mixed with light clay colour, a sprinkling of snuff brown scales in middle ; cilia concolorous, paler at tips. Hind wing mouse grey, overlaid with fuscous around margins, hyaline near base ; cilia greyish shaded with pale cinnamon- buff around apex. Male genitalia: Pl. 11, fig. ro. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 6-18.ix, 1 ¢, holotype. A species of unusual and distinctive coloration for the genus. Anarsia ulmarata sp. n. (Pl. 5, fig. 15) 3g 10 mm. Labial palpus sordid white mixed with fuscous, exterior of second segment marked with a broad, irrorate, fuscous-black streak extending obliquely forward from middle of upper edge, lower margin of exterior broadly edged with fuscous-black, a purplish-black pencil of fine scales on upper margin interiorly, distal two-thirds of interior surface fuscous-black ; terminal segment very small and barely visible. Head, thorax, patagia and tips of broad scales behind antenna and at side of head sordid white ; thorax suffused with greyish fuscous ; patagia strongly suffused with dark fuscous. Antenna and scape sordid white ; flagellum with weak fuscous annulations. Fore wing sordid white diffusedly irrorate with fuscous, a sprinkling of scattered blackish scales, some forming an indefinite blackish dash in plical fold near middle of cell, a similar medial dash at end of cell, a third between this and termen; middle half of costa marked with greyish fuscous-black ; some indefinite blackish dots around apex and along termen; cilia concolorous. Legs sordid white, fore and middle legs strongly marked with fuscous-black ; hind leg weakly irrorate with fuscous exteriorly, tibial spurs fuscous-black except at tips. MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 135 Male genitalia: Pl. 12, fig. 1. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, I g, holotype. The male genitalia of this species are very similar to those of A. rectproca Meyrick from South India. In general coloration the two species are similar, but in reciproca the male has the terminal segment of the labial palpus longer and clearly visible, and in that species veins 7 and 8 in the fore wing are out of vein 6, while in u/marata vein 6 is separate. _ Chelaria sp. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, 1 3. Abdomen missing. Chelaria discissa Meyrick Chelaria discissa Meyrick, 1916, Exot. Microlep. 1: 581. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 1 g. Abdomen missing. DISTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland). Chelaria sp. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, 1 9. Abdomen missing. A species of distinctive coloration and markings, and apparently closely related to C. meliptila Meyrick described from New Ireland. Chelaria arignota Meyrick Chelaria arignota Meyrick, 1916, Exot. Microlep. 1 : 579. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, 3 3. The abdomens of the three specimens from the Solomons are missing, and they are determined as C. arignota with reservation until more material becomes available and the genitalia can be examined. DIsTRIBUTION. Upper Burma, Formosa and Java. Chelaria tephroplintha Meyrick Chelaria tephroplintha Meyrick, 1923, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 30. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 4 ex., 4-10.x, I ex.; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 3 ex. DISTRIBUTION. Fiji and S. Andamans. Brachyacma palpigera (Walsingham) Gelechia palpigera Walsingham, 1891, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1891 : 94. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18 .ix, 25 ex., 4-I0.x, 5 ex., 6-12.i, I ex.; Tapenanje, I0—23.Xli, I ex, 136 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS DIsTRIBUTION. A widely distributed tropical and subtropical species in both the Old and New Worlds. The larva feeds in the pods of various trees including Parkin- sonia and Cassia spp. Brachyacma epiochra Meyrick Brachyacma epiochra Meyrick, 1886, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1886 : 279. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, I 9, 4-10.x, I g, I 9, 6-12.1,1 2; Tapenanje, 10-23. xii, I ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Fiji and New Hebrides. Telephila indicata Meyrick Telephila indicata, 1931, Exot. Microlep. 4 : 67. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 4-10.x, 2 ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. Dichomeris pleurophaea (Turner) ? Eurysara pleurophaea Turner, 1919, Proc. R. Soc. Queensland, 31 : 167. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 6-12.i, 1 9. Abdomen missing. DIsTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland). Dichomeris resignata Meyrick Dichomeris resignata Meyrick, 1929, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 510. Gaesa praeducta Meyrick, 1929, tom. cit. p. 511. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 8 ex.; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 4 ex.; Ilu Farm, 26.xi1.53-4.1.54, I g. DISTRIBUTION. New Hebrides and Bismarck Archipelago. Lecithocera palpella sp. n. (Pl. 6, fig. 2) 3 14 mm. Labial palpus somewhat compressed laterally, terminal segment straight and directed posteriad at an obtuse angle, second segment with a projecting apical tuft beneath ; general coloration chamois, first segment and second segment to near apex aniline-black exteriorly and beneath to apex of projecting tuft. Head, thorax, patagia, antenna and scape chamois; front of head suffused with aniline- black ; area adjacent to compound eye anteriorly, and anterior margin of underside of scape, aniline-black; patagia aniline-black anteriorly, greyish towards tip. Fore wing chamois, sparsely sprinkled with aniline-black scales, most heavily in terminal area; a weak, small, aniline-black discal stigma in middle of cell, and a MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 137 weak transverse concentration of aniline-black scales at end of cell indicating a second stigma (possibly rubbed in specimen) ; base of costa broadly and strongly marked with aniline-black, a concentration of aniline-black scales from middle of costa to about 4/5 forming a weak, elongate marking ; a pre-apical patch of pure ground colour free from dark coloured scales; cilia greyish fuscous, an indistinct fuscous-black sub-basal line, concolorous with wing basally along termen. Hind wing chamois at apex, otherwise greyish cream-buff ; cilia greyish. Legs aniline-black. Male genitalia (Pl. 12, figs. 7, 8): Valva broad basally ; cucullus narrow, a little over half width of valva, rounded distally ; sacculus narrow, bluntly and irregularly serrate along ventral margin, terminating in a strong, compact comb of setae extend- ing obliquely to a little beyond middle of cucullus. Aedeagus stout, armed with two external, stout tooth-like projections near apex. GUADALCANAL: [lu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 1 dg, holotype; Tapenanje, I0—23.Xli, I g. The form of the labial palpus is a distinctive feature of this species, and is unlike that of other Lecithocera species known to me. The species belongs in the group having veins 3 and 4 of the hind wing connate or stalked. Superficially this species resembles L. chamela Turner from Australia, and to a less extent L. nomaditis Meyrick from the Solomons; but in both these species the second segment of the labial palpus is not tufted beneath and the terminal segment is slender and gently recurved. Pachnistis banausopa Meyrick Pachnistis banausopa Meyrick, 1929, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 526. NEw HEBRIDES: LUGANVILLE, Santo, 3.ix, I ¢. The structure of the male genitalia of this species indicates affinity with Autosticha enervata Meyrick and A. solomonensis Bradley and certain other species at present in the genus Autosticha ; and to Anaptilora eremias Meyrick and certain other species at present in the genus Anapitilora. DISTRIBUTION. New Hebrides. Pachnistis sp. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8—18.ix, 2 ¢. In size and general appearance and in structure of the male genitalia this species is very close to P. banausopa Meyrick. Both specimens are damaged and are not considered suitable for description. Pachnistis phaeoptila sp. n. (Pl. 6, fig. 3) 62 15 mm. Labial palpus light warm buff, basal and second segments irrorate with dark mummy brown exteriorly, second segment with a diffuse dark mummy 138 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS brown subapical annulus, terminal segment with a narrow dark mummy brown annulus at base and a similar but much broader and rather diffuse annulus beyond middle. Head, thorax and tegula warm buff; a weak suffusion of mummy brown on tegula and thorax. Antenna warm buff; in male stout, smooth, marked with mummy brown at extreme base ; in female more slender, barred with dark mummy brown, more distinctly in apical half except at apex, basal half with scattered brown except apical margin. Fore wing warm buff, moderately sprinkled with mummy brown ; a strong dark mummy brown marking at base of costa, a similar small dash slightly outwardly-oblique of this; a bold mummy brown spot in disc before middle at about 2/5, a similar spot slightly obliquely before it in plical fold, and a third larger spot at end of cell; a series of small mummy brown interneural dots along the terminal margin continuing round apex and along costa to about 3/5, the last two or three spots being slightly larger and more widely spaced; a very weak pretornal marking ; a small mummy brown dash near base of inner margin (dorsum) ; cilia light warm buff. Hind wing greyish light buff; cilia matching ; the male with a strong hair-pencil from base beneath. Legs warm buff, irrorate and lightly marked with mummy brown.. Male genitalia: Pl. 12, figs. 9, Io. Female genitalia: Pl. 13, figs. 1-3. ONTONG JAVA: Leuaniua, 29.ix, 1 3, holotype, 1 9, allotype. Near P. banausopa Meyrick, distinguished by its larger size, P. banausopa being smaller and only 10-11 mm. across the wings. Apethistis brunnea sp. n. (Pl. 6, fig. 4) 3 8g mm. Labial palpus cream-buff, first and second segments suffused with fuscous exteriorly, terminal segment irrorate with fuscous exteriorly. Head, thorax and patagia fuscous ; thorax with a weak purplish sheen. Antenna fuscous above, cream-buff below; scape fuscous. Fore wing cream-buff, heavily irrorate with dark fuscous ; stigmata cloudy and obscure, plical slightly basad of first discal, second discal at end of cell in middle ; costa strongly suffused with fuscous at base otherwise narrowly edged with cream-buff to apex; traces of cloudy interneural submarginal dots round apex and termen ; cilia cream-buff, suffused with greyish at tips and sprinkled with fuscous. Hind wing pale grey ; cilia greyish cream-buff. Abdomen light grey. Legs cream-buff irrorate with fuscous exteriorly except tarsi of fore and hind legs. Male genitalia: Pl. 13, figs. 4, 5. TULAGI: 24.1x, 7 g, including holotype. GUADALCANAL : Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, I d. Nearest to A. sitiens (Meyrick) originally described from South India in the genus Brachmia Hiibner but later transferred by Meyrick to the genus Apethistis Meyrick on the basis of wing venation. The structure of the male genitalia indicates that it is unlikely either species can remain in Apethistis, MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 139 Stoeberhinus testaceus Butler Stoeberhinus testaceus Butler, 1881, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 7 : 402. ONTONG JAVA: Leuaniua, 29.ix, 4 4. NEw HEBRIDES: LUGANVILLE, Santo, 3.ix, I g. DISTRIBUTION. A widespread species in the Pacific Islands. The larva feeds on dry vegetable matter. Autosticha solomonensis Bradley Autosticha solomonensis Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : 98. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 5 ex.; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 7 ex.; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 2 3, 42; the four female examples are rather small, having a wing span of 10 mm. ONTONG JAVA: Leuaniua, 29.ix, I J. TULAGI: 24.ix, I g; the condition of this specimen is too poor to allow proper comparison, but small differences in the genitalia may be of subspecific importance. The structure of the male genitalia of this species is very similar to that of Anap- tilora eremias Meyrick, and it is probable that the two species are congeneric and that future revision will show that they belong together in a separate genus. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. Autosticha pelodes (Meyrick) Automola pelodes Meyrick, 1883, Ent. mon. Mag. 20: 34. NEw HEBRIDES: LUGANVILLE, Santo, 3.1x, 3 9. DISTRIBUTION. Hawaiian Is., Celebes, Austral Is., Marquesas and New Hebrides. The larva feeds on dead sticks and dry refuse. Autosticha sp. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, I g. Superficially and structurally near to A. calceata Meyrick from China and Ceylon. Evidently an undescribed species but the present specimen is not in sufficiently good condition to warrant description. Protobathra binotata sp. n. (Pl. 6, fig. 5) $2 14-16 mm. Labial palpus drab, slightly darker exteriorly. Front of head pale cream-buff ; crown and thorax drab suffused with fuscous. Antenna and scape fuscous, simple in both sexes, slightly stouter in the male. Fore wing pale drab suffused with fuscous, a heavy dark infuscation at base and along inner margin (dorsum) ; two prominent fuscous-black stigmata, the first a little before middle and slightly nearer costa than inner margin, the second beyond middle at end of cell, 140 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS slightly larger and midway between costa and inner margin; cilia concolorous, lighter basally. Hind wing light grey; in female weakly suffused with fuscous towards apex ; cilia cartridge buff, suffused with fuscous around apex. Legs pale cream-buff, fore and middle legs fuscous or fuscous-black exteriorly. Male genitalia: Pl. 13, figs. 6, 7. Female genitalia: Pl. 13, figs. 8-10. GUADALCANAL : Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I g, holotype; 1 9, allotype. Superficially nearest to P. coenotypa Meyrick from Ceylon but having distinctly darker coloration in the fore wing. This species keys to the genus Protobathra Meyrick in existing keys based on wing venation, but the structure of the female genitalia differs from that of the type species of the genus. COSMOPTERYGIDAE Cosmopteryx dulcivora Meyrick Cosmopteryx dulcivora Meyrick, 1919, Exot. Microlep. 2 : 233. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 13 ex., 4-I0.x, 4 ex., 6-12.i, 4 ex. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, 2 ex. DISTRIBUTION. Fiji. The larva mines the leaves of sugarcane. Cosmopteryx aurella Bradley Cosmopteryx aurella Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : 98. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8—-18.ix, I ex., 4-10.x, I ex.; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53- 4.1.54, I ex. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. Cosmopterysx attenuatella (Walker) Gelechia attenuatella Walker, 1864, List. Lep. Ins. B.M. 30: torg. Cosmopteryx flavofasciata Wollaston, 1879, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 3: 438. Cosmopteryx mimetis Meyrick, 1897, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 22 : 339. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18 .ix, 3 ex., 4-10.x, 1 ex. ; Ilu Farm, 26.x11.53-4.1.54, 3 ex. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, I ex. DISTRIBUTION. West Indies, Bermuda, U.S. America (Texas, N. Carolina, Florida and Southern States), Atlantic Islands, Africa (Algeria and Belgian Congo), India, Ceylon and Society Is. The larva has been reported mining leaves of Cyperus rotundus. Labdia albimaculella (Deventer) Pyroderces albimaculella Deventer, 1904, Tijdschr. Ent. 47 : 30. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, II ex., 6-12.i, 1 2; Tapenanje, 10-23.xil, Id. DISTRIBUTION. Java and Borneo. MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 141 Labdia semnolitha Meyrick Labdia semnolitha Meyrick, 1928, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 386. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, I10-23.xii, I 9. DISTRIBUTION. New Hebrides. Labdia saliens Meyrick Labdia saliens Meyrick, 1928, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 285. ONTONG JAVA: Leuaniua, 29.ix, 2 ex.; Avaha, 30.ix, I ex. DISTRIBUTION. New Hebrides and Solomon Is. (Rennell I.). Labdia torodoxa solomonensis subsp. n. (Pl. 6, fig. 6) Labdia torodoxa Meyrick, 1928, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 286. The examples of this species from the Solomon Islands are superficially similar to those of the nominate race from the New Hebrides, except that in the latter the whitish costal markings of the fore wings tend to be more extensive ; but there are slight comparative differences evident in the genitalia in both sexes, suggesting some degree of subspeciation. Male genitalia (Pl. 13, fig. 11): In comparison with L. torodoxa, the valva in solomonensis is comparatively broad and is not tapered distally ; the heavily sclero- tized prong-like part of the gnathus is a little longer; and the slender, tapered apical portion of the aedeagus is considerably longer. Female genitalia (Pl. 14, figs. 1-3) : In solomonensis the bursa copulatrix contains a weak denticulate patch representing a signum, which is not present in torodoxa. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 1 g, holotype, 4-10.x, I g, I 9, allotype. ONTONG JAVA: Avaha, 30.ix, I 9. Labdia ochrotypa sp. n. (PI. 6, fig. 7) Labdia torodoxa Meyrick Bradley nec Meyrick, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : 99 (partim). 32 7-8 mm. Labial palpus cartridge buff, second segment overlaid with fuscous to near apex exteriorly, terminal segment suffused with fuscous at apex exteriorly, sometimes with a thin fuscous medial line from apical suffusion to middle or beyond anteriorly. Head cartridge buff, crown and upper part of face suffused with cream- buff: in examples having darker coloration a diffuse greyish medial line is present ; lower part of face weakly shining tilleul-buff varying to vinaceous-buff. Thorax cartridge buff, tegula fuscous-black. Antenna pale cream-buff; female with a line 142 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS of fuscous-black dots anteriorly ; male unspotted; scape whitish cartridge buff overlaid with a strong admixture of ochreous yellow. Fore wing fuscous-black ; a narrow irregular whitish stripe along inner margin from base to tornus; narrowing and continuing along termen to near apex, outer (dorsal) margin of stripe sometimes overlaid or with a strong admixture of ochreous yellow ; in some examples an indica- tion of a whitish strigula on costa a little beyond middle, and a small inconspicuous triangular whitish marking at 4/5; cilia greyish drab around tornus and along termen, some tipped with yellowish or whitish, fuscous-black at apex and beyond ; a fuscous-black sub-basal line below apex. Hind wing light drab; cilia greyish drab. Male genitalia (Pl. 14, fig. 4): Valvae slightly asymmetrical, moderately broad throughout, each with a short seta at or near apex, left valva with a long, flattened, acutely pointed, taper-like projection at middle of dorsal margin. Female genitalia (Pl. 14, figs. 5~7): Ostium small, situated centrally, shielded by a large, sclerotized, quadrate plate. Bursa copulatrix bearing two moderately large, spiculate signa, roughly pear-shaped and close together. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 2 dg, including holotype; MHoniara, 8-18 .ix, 2 9, 4.x, II 9, including allotype, 6-12.1, 2 3, I 9. RENNELL I.: Hutuna, 22.xi, I 3. BELtLona I.: Matahenua, 29.xi, 2 9. Related to L. torodoxa Meyrick and superficially very similar, differing only slightly in having the postmedial marking on the costa of the fore wing short and very weak and sometimes absent, while in torodoxa this marking is present and may > be very pronounced ; the pre-apical costal marking also tends to be smaller and paler in ochrotypa; in torodoxa the labial palpus is not suffused and marked with fuscous as in ochrotypa ; and in ochrotypa the expansible hair-pencil from the base of costa of the hind wing is absent. Labdia dolomella sp. n. (Pl. 6, fig. 8) Labdia torodoxa Meyrick Bradley nec Meyrick, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : 99 (partim). 32 7-8 mm. Superficially similar to the preceding species, L. ochrotypa Meyrick, except that in well-marked examples of ochrotypa the admixture of ochreous yellow along the outer (dorsal) edge of the whitish dorsal stripe on the fore wing is stronger and more conspicuous. The material available of both species is not in sufficiently good condition to allow a more precise comparison of coloration and markings to be made, and the structure of the genitalia has been used for separating the two species. Differences in the shape of the valvae and the setae of the male, and in the ostium and signa of the female are shown in the illustrations. Male genitalia (Pl. 14, fig. 8): Valvae asymmetrical, expanded distally, the right valva longer, each with a moderately large seta at or near apex, the seta on the right valva being twice as long as the seta on the left valva. or Cert = > - MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 143 Female genitalia (Pl. 14, figs. 9-11) : Ostium situated caudally, exposed, sterigma not strongly sclerotized. Two large spiculate signa, situated on opposite sides of the bursa and connected caudally by a narrow spiculate band. RENNELL I.: Hutuna, 12.xi, 2 3, including holotype, 18-25.x, I g, 4 9, including allotype, I-5.xi, 4 9, 30.x-2.xi, 2 g; Onegaghugha, 28.x, 2 9. This species and L. ochrotypa are closely related to L. torodoxa Meyrick, with which both have previously been confused. Labdia psarodes sp. n. (Pl. 6, fig. 9) $2 9-10 mm. Superficially similar to the species described above, L. ochrotypa Bradley, but slightly larger and differing in the following respects: the dark colora- tion of the fore wing is lightened by an admixture of white and fuscous and in general appearance is distinctly greyish ; a small inconspicuous white spot may be present at the middle of the costa and a similar triangular spot at 4/5; only a weak suffusion of cream-buff may be present along the outer edge of the dorsal streak ; a moderately heavy fuscous-black dash is present in the plical fold on the inner edge of the white dorsal streak, preceded by a small dash below the plical fold at about 2/3. Male genitalia (Pl. 15y fig. 1): Valva constricted near base, expanded distally, lacking specialized setae at apex. Female genitalia : not known. GUADALCANAL: Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 3 d, including holotype, 2 92; Honiara, 8-18 .ix, I 9, 4-10.x, I ¢. The abdomens of all the female paratypes are missing. Labdia calypta sp. n. (Pl. 6, fig. ro) $2 9-11 mm. Labial palpus white, second segment with a broad subdorsal fuscous- black stripe reaching nearly to apex exteriorly, terminal segment with three fuscous- black bands: a narrow basal, a moderate submedial and a broad subapical. Front of head (face) shining white; fore part of crown clothed with smooth, weakly iridescent, pale cream-buff and greyish scales ; middle and posterior of crown white strongly intermixed with loosely appressed bister scales. Antenna white, with fuscous-black annuli, suffused fuscous-black at base and with a broad fuscous-black ! apical band at about 5/6; scape white, marked with fuscous-black apical and sub- basal patches. Fore wing deep chrome, markings hair brown sprinkled with whitish and irregularly edged with black irroration; a broad outwardly-oblique fascia occupying basal third, broken and interrupted at middle ; a triangular marking on costa at about 3/4; a narrow subterminal fascia from tornus, diffuse at middle of termen, widening below apex and encircling a small variable patch of ground colour ; cilia chrome yellow from apex of wing to near middle of termen, thence greyish. ENTOM. 10, 4. II 144 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Hind wing light fuscous ; cilia greyish. Abdomen hair brown above, shining white below ; a small cream-buff anal tuft in male. In the male a long, cream-buff hair- pencil arises from the metathorax below the base of the hind wing and projects caudally, curving upwards over the abdomen and when not expanded has the end inserted in a specialized pocket or groove medio-dorsally on the third abdominal segment ; illustrated on Pl. 11, figs. 5, 6. Male genitalia: Pl. 15, fig. 2. Female genitalia: Pl. 15, figs. 3, 4. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 4 J, 2 2, 4-10.x, 3 9, 6-12.1, 4 J, including holotype, I 9, allotype; Tapenanje, 10--23.xii, 1 9; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, I Q. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, I 4. In coloration and general appearance very similar to the Fijian species L. spiro- cosma Meyrick, but may be distinguished as follows: in spivocosma the base of the medial fascia of the fore wing is connected to the upper (costal) part of the postmedial fascia which in calypta is represented by a triangular patch on the costa. Labdia helena Meyrick Labdia helena Meyrick, 1928, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 288. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 6-12.i, 1 gf, 1 2; Du Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 1 d. DISTRIBUTION. New Ireland. Labdia isomerista sp. n. (Pl. 6, fig. 11) 6 8mm. Labial palpus white, terminal segment suffused with pale baryta yellow. Head white, crown and upper part of face suffused and overlaid with baryta yellow. Thorax and tegula baryta yellow, tegula suffused with xanthine orange. Antenna maize yellow, dotted above with fuscous ; scape white suffused with maize yellow above, a small fuscous irroration at apex ; pecten maize yellow. Fore wing baryta yellow, a broad outwardly-oblique basal fascia with outer edge well defined, sinuate and reaching from costa at 1/4 to beyond middle of inner margin (dorsum), basal (proximal) margin of fascia diffuse, coloration of fascia sudan brown from costa to near middle of wing, an admixture of xanthine orange at middle increasing towards inner margin, outer edge of fascia broadly edged with white from costa to near inner margin, confluent on costa with one or two’short oblique white streaks ; a small dark grey costal strigula at about 3/5 edged with white; a conspicuous golden-metallic dot on lower part of terminal margin ; a weak silvery-white flash at apex, a similar small dash on costa mixed with dark grey; cilia baryta yellow, dark around apex, pale along termen, a fuscous dot below apex. Hind wing and cilia sordid white. A specialized dorsal cavity containing broad, seta-like scales on third abdominal segment ; illustrated on Pl. 15, fig. 8. Male genitalia: Pl. 15, fig. 7. MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 145 GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 1 g, holotype. A species of distinctive appearance, perhaps nearest to L. helena Meyrick among the species of Labdia occurring in the Solomons. Labdia sp. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 6-12.i, 1 9. In poor condition. Belonging to a species near L. albilineella Deventer, but smaller and with vertex of head white. Labdia sp. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, I 3, 2 2, 4-I10.x, 2 2. Belonging to a species near L. oxychlora Meyrick. Labdia aprepes sp. n. (Pl. 6, fig. 12) 62 7-9 mm. Labial palpus whitish, basal and second segments suffused with fuscous or fuscous-black to near apex of second, most heavily exteriorly, terminal segment similarly suffused anteriorly and at apex. Head, thorax, antenna and scape whitish ; front of head (face) suffused with greyish fuscous ; a diffuse greyish fuscous medial line extending from anterior of crown to posterior of thorax ; tegula fuscous- black ; anterior edge of antenna dotted with fuscous-black. Fore wing fuscous-black, a rather thick whitish streak along inner margin from base to tornus, attenuated in tornal area, inner edge weakly dentate ; in some examples an admixture of cream- buff along inner margin (dorsum) ; a small whitish costal spot at 3/4; cilia greyish, shaded with fuscous at apex and with a broad fuscous-black sub-basal bar. Hind wing light drab ; cilia greyish drab. Male genitalia: Pl. 15, fig. 9. Female genitalia: Pl. 16, figs. 1-3. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 11 g, including holotype, 2 2; Honiara, 8-18 .ix, I gf, 4 9, including allotype. Related to the Australian species L. promarcha Meyrick, and having similar fore wing pattern but darker coloration. Labdia holopetra Meyrick ? Labdia holopetrva Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lep. fasc. 2 : go. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, I ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Samoa. Labdia sp. GUADALCANAL : Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 1 g. Belonging to a species near L. gypso- delta Meyrick. 146 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Proterocosma triplanetis Meyrick Proterocosma triplanetis Meyrick, 1886, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1886 : 293. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 2 3, I . The three Solomon Islands specimens are more distinctly marked than are the type from Fiji, and two examples from Samoa in which the fore wing markings are even more obsolescent than in the type. These differences indicate possible sub- speciation between the island groups, but this may be better understood when more material becomes available and genitalic comparisons can be made. DISTRIBUTION. Fiji, Samoa and New Hebrides. Pyroderces falcatella (Stainton) Gracilaria ? falcatella Stainton, 1859, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 5: 121. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18 .ix,7 ex., 4-I0.x, 3 ex.; Tapenanje, 10-23. xii, I ex. DISTRIBUTION. A widespread species in the Indo-Australian region. The larva feeds in cotton shoots and in the pods of Parkinsonia aculeata and other plants. Pyroderces dendrophaga Meyrick Pyroderces dendrophaga Meyrick, 1920, Exot. Microlep. 2 : 318. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18 .ix, 22 ex., 4-I0.X, 9 ex. DISTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland). Pyroderces sp. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 8 ex. A distinctive and probably undescribed species, but as there is no male specimen with an abdomen in the series I refrain from describing the species for the present. Pyroderces phaeostigina sp. n. (Pl. 6, fig. 13) 32 9-10 mm. Labial palpus cartridge buff, second segment heavily, terminal segment lightly, suffused with fuscous-black exteriorly. Head and thorax cream-buff or cartridge buff clouded with chaetura drab ; a broad, diffuse, chaetura drab medial line on crown ; tegula cream-buff mixed with fuscous, fuscous-black at base. Antenna and scape cream-buff or cartridge buff. Fore wing cream-buff mixed and suffused with fuscous and with a few fuscous-black markings ; a broad fuscous area along plical fold merging with a narrow fuscous-black dash above tornus ; a conspicuous fuscous-black discal stigma narrowly ringed with cream-buff; a large cream-buff costal spot at about 3/5 reaching obliquely towards discal stigma ; a small cream- buff dot at 4/5 ; a narrow, sinuous cream-buff streak along inner margin and around MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 147 tornus ; cilia fuscous-black around apex and along termen, hair brown around tornus, sometimes three or four very small cream-buff dots at base of cilia along termen. Hind wing and cilia drab. Male genitalia: Pl. 16, fig. 4. Female genitalia: Pl. 16, figs. 5, 6. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18 .ix, 2 J, including holotype, 3 9, including allotype, 4-10.xX, I 6. Near P. syngalactis Meyrick from the New Hebrides, but readily distinguished by the discal stigma being comparatively conspicuous. Pyroderces megacentra Meyrick Pyroderces megacentva Meyrick, 1923, Exot. Microlep. 3: 59. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8—-18.ix, 1 9. DISTRIBUTION. Fiji, New Guinea. The larva feeds in the flowers of Pandanus. Idiostyla oculata Meyrick Idiostyla oculata Meyrick, 1921, Exot. Microlep. 2: 412. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10—23.xii, I g. DISTRIBUTION. Fiji. Limnaecia atopa Bradley Limnoecia [sic] Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : tot. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, ix and x, 12 ex.; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I g, 1 2; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 3 ex. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. Limnaecia arsitricha Meyrick Limnoecia [sic] arsitricha Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lep. fasc. 2 : 93. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, 4-10.x, 6-12.i1, 15 gQ; Tapenanje, Io—23.xii, I 9; Ilu Farm, 26. xii, 53-4. i. 54, 2 g, I 9. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x.1953, I 3. ONTONG JAVA: Leuaniua, 29.ix, 12; Avaha, 30.ix, 2 9. DISTRIBUTION. Samoa and New Hebrides. Limnaecia argophylla sp. n. (Pl. 6, fig. 14) 69mm. Labial palpus, head, thorax and tegula shining white. Antenna cartridge buff; scape white. Fore wing white, markings hair brown; a short, thick, very oblique streak from base of costa to about 1/3; a similar less oblique linear streak 148 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS from before middle reaching nearly to tornus ; a broad diffuse streak from inner angle to near middle a little above and parallel to inner margin (dorsum) ; cilia white, blackish at apices around apex and along termen, wholly greyish below tornus. Hind wing drab ; in male an expansible tuft of very long warm buff hairs from near base of costa ; cilia light hair brown. Male genitalia: Pl. 16, fig. 7. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I 3, holotype. The white coloration and simple markings of the fore wing make this species distinctive. It is perhaps a near relative of L. arsitricha Meyrick, the male of which has a similar expansible tuft on the hind wing. Limnaecia melliplanta Bradley Limnoecia [sic] melliplanta Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : 100. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 4-I0.x, 11 ex.; Tapenanje, 10-23. xii, I ex. TULAGI: 24.ix, I ex. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. Limnaecia perpusilla sp. n. (Pl. 6, fig. 15) 39 6-7 mm. Labial palpus white, second segment suffusedly ringed with fuscous- black at apex, terminal segment fuscous-black anteriorly except at apex. Head, thorax and tegula white ; upper part of face, crown, thorax and tegula diffusedly irrorate with fuscous and fuscous-black. Antenna fuscous, with weak, fuscous-black annuli ; clothed with appressed scales basally, rough-scaled in apical half; scape whitish, marked with fuscous-black anteriorly and posteriorly except at apex. Fore wing white, diffusedly irrorate and mixed with fuscous-black ; narrow, diffuse and weakly irrorate white fasciae at 1/3, middle and 3/4, most distinct on costa ; sometimes an admixture of blackish in middle of wing preceding each fascia; cilia hair brown, mixed with whitish at apex and with fuscous on costa. Hind wing and cilia light hair brown. Male genitalia: Pl. 16, fig. 8. TULAGI: 24.1x, II ex., including holotype J, allotype 9. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, I ¢. Near to L. microglypta Meyrick, but without the dark apical spot on the fore wing as in that species, and also lacking the expansible hair-pencil beneath the hind wing in the male. Ascalenia armigera Meyrick Ascalenia armigera Meyrick,1923, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 60. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 6-12.i, I g. DISTRIBUTION. Fiji. MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 149 Batrachedra arenosella (Walker) Gracilaria arenosella Walker, 1864, List. Lep. Ins. B.M. 30: 857. Batrachedva psilopa Meyrick, 1907, J. Bombay. nat. Hist. Soc. 17 : 982. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18 .ix, I g, 4-10.x, 11 ex.; [lu Farm, 26. xii.53-4.1.54, 26. ONTONG JAVA: Avaha, 30.ix, I ¢. DIsTRIBUTION. A common species associated with the flowers of the coconut (Cocos nucifera) in the Indo-Australian region and in South America. Batrachedra eurema Bradley Batrachedva eurema Bradley, 1956, Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.), Ent. 4: 152. GUADALCANAL: Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, I d. This species was originally described from a solitary female from Lord Howe I. The male specimen from Guadalcanal is smaller, measuring only Io mm. across the fore wings as compared with 16 mm., and has a dense patch or epaulet of scales at the inner angle of the fore wing, but otherwise superficially resembles the female and is probably conspecific. DISTRIBUTION. Lord Howe I. XYLORYCTIDAE Cryptaphasa eumorpha Turner Cryptaphasa eumorpha Turner, 1897, Ann. Queensland Mus. 4: 9. Cryptaphasa aggesta Meyrick, 1925, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 147. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix 1 ¢. DisTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland), New Guinea (Papua), Rook I. and Dampier I. Epimactis pulsatella sp. n. (Pl, 7, fe.7) 6 16 mm. Labial palpus white, basal segment and exterior basal two-thirds _ of second segment fuscous, apex of third segment tipped with fuscous. Head, thorax and tegula white. Antenna ciliate, ciliations about as long as width of shaft ; white- scaled at base ; scape white. Fore wing white, anterior edge of costa cream-buff ; a small, fuscous, discal stigma a little above middle at 1/3, a similar stigma obliquely below in plical fold, and a third at end of cell at about middle; a subterminal line of small, fuscous, interneural dots around apex and along termen ; cilia (worn on type) white. Hind wing and cilia white. Male genitalia: Pl. 16, figs. g, ro. GUADALCANAL : Tapenanje, 10-23. xii, 1 g, holotype. 150 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Related to E. talantias Meyrick, found in India and Ceylon. Both species are very similar superficially but differ in male genitalia as follows : in talantias the finger-like projection of the sacculus is more slender and is longer, reaching almost beyond the apical projection. COPROMORPHIDAE Copromorpha tetrarcha Meyrick Copromorpha tetvarcha Meyrick, 1916, Exot. Microlep. 1: 555. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 1 g; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.i1.54, I ¢. The two Guadalcanal specimens are smaller and differ considerably in coloration (having the ground colour of the fore wings white) from specimens in the museum collections from the islands of Choiseul and Bougainville. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. HELIODINIDAE Hieromantis albata (Meyrick) Stathmopoda albata Meyrick, 1913, Exot. Microlep. 1 : 94. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-I8.ix, I ex., 4-I0.xX, 3 ex., 6-12.i, I ex. TULAGI: 24.1x, I ex. DISTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland), New Guinea, Sudest I. Hieromantis resplendens Bradley Hieromantis resplendens Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : 102. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, ix.53 and 1.54, 4 9; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 5 ee YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, I ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. Zarathra sp. GUADALCANAL : Tapenanje, 10-23. xii, I ex. Stathmopoda haplophanes sp. n. (Pl. 7, fig. 2) 212 mm. Labial palpus orange-yellow. Front of head smooth-scaled, shining pale orange-yellow, weakly iridescent ; crown, thorax and tegula light raw sienna. Antenna pale orange-yellow suffused and overlaid with fuscous from about 1/4, becoming heavier and darker towards apex; annulations light fuscous near base, darker and more distinct towards middle, indistinct and obliterated by suffusion in apical third, Fore wing coloration uniform light raw sienna, anterior edge of costa MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 151 dark fuscous near base—not fully visible viewed from above; cilia hair brown mixed with light raw sienna at base. Hind wing shining drab; cilia hair brown. Abdomen somewhat shining hair brown above, cream-buff below. Legs cream-buff, middle and hind legs suffused with pale orange-yellow exteriorly, hind leg light raw sienna above, obscurely barred with hair brown at origin of spurs and at apex of first tarsal segment. Female genitalia: Pl. 17, figs. 1-3. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, 2 9, holotype and paratype. Near S. luculenta Meyrick from Assam, and distinguished by the coloration of the head, the front and vertex of which is shining whitish ochreous in Juculenta. Stathmopoda moschlosema sp. n. (Pl. 7, fig. 3) $2 10-11 mm. Labial palpus shining whitish suffused with fuscous, darker exteriorly. Head with face smooth-scaled, shining whitish-bronze; fore part of head (between antennae) and crown shining bronze with a weak purplish sheen most evident on crown. Thorax and tegula shining deep purplish-grey ; a small, subdorsal, mustard yellow dot on each side of the thorax posteriorly. Antenna and scape dark purplish-grey ; pectinations longer than width of shaft in male ; in female simple. Fore wing shining deep purplish-grey, a narrow, slightly inwardly-oblique mustard yellow fascia at 1/3, strongly edged with black; a similar, slightly broader, outwardly- oblique fascia at 2/3, sometimes narrowed at inner margin; apical third of wing with a strong bronzy sheen; cilia mouse grey. Hind wing fuscous; cilia mouse grey. Abdomen dark fuscous above, white below ; segmental margins edged posteri- orly with silvery-white above and at side. Legs white, with weak violaceous reflec- tions ; fore leg suffused with fuscous or purplish-black ; middle leg with coxa suffused with purplish-black, tibia with purplish-black bands at base of spurs, spurs similarly suffused exteriorly ; hind leg with broad purplish-black bands and whorls of long bristles at origin of spurs, tarsus with a similar apical band on the first segment and whorls of shorter bristles on first and second joints, and with the second segment wholly and the third segment to near apex purplish fuscous. Male genitalia: Pl. 17, figs. 4-6. Female genitalia: Pl. 17, figs. 7-9. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, 1 g, I 9, allotype, 6-12.i, 5 g, including holo- type, 29; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 5 J, I 9. Near the Asiatic species S. anconias Meyrick, and distinguished by having the fascia at 2/3 on the fore wing directly transverse and not with the outer edge deeply indented at the middle as in anconias. Stathmopoda caveata Meyrick Stathmopoda caveata Meyrick, 1913, Exot. Microlep. 1 : 92. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, I g, I &. DIsTRIBUTION. New Guinea, 152 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Stathmopoda imperator Bradley Stathmopoda imperator Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is, 2 (19) : 103. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8—18.ix, I 9. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, I Q. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. Stathmopoda periclina Meyrick Stathmopoda periclina Meyrick, 1938, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 89 : 520. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8—18.ix, 3 ex., 5-II.i, I ex. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, 9 ex. DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea and Solomon Is. Stathmopoda dracaenopa Meyrick Stathmopoda dracaenopa Meyrick, 1933, Exot. Microlep. 4: 430. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 6—-12.i, I 9. DISTRIBUTION. Fiji and Guam. Stathmopoda tetrazyga Meyrick Stathmopoda tetrazyga Meyrick, 1936, Exot. Microlep. 4: 618. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, 29; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I J. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. Stathmopoda nucivora Meyrick Stathmopoda nucivora Meyrick, 1932, Exot. Microlep. 4: 272. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10—-23.xii, I g. TULAGI: 24.ix, I ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. Stathmopoda anticyma Meyrick Stathmopoda anticyma Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lep. fasc. 2 : 100. ONTONG JAVA: Leuaniua, 29.ix, 2 9. DISTRIBUTION. Samoa and Solomon Is. Stathmopoda cornutella sp. n. (Pl. 7, fig. 4) g 12mm. Labial palpus light buff, suffused with warm buff exteriorly. Head with face light buff with a violaceous sheen, crown and upper part of face antimony yellow, a small flame scarlet spot in middle of crown, Thorax and tegula antimony MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 153 yellow mixed with yellow ochre, anterior margin of thorax broadly edged with flame scarlet laterally, and a subdorsal flame scarlet spot at middle. Fore wing warm buff, an admixture of yellow ochre at base, a moderate, interrupted, ochraceous- orange medial line from near base to discal area, a similar indefinite line along plical fold; a distinct, somewhat elongate, buckthorn brown discal spot in middle at about 3/4; cilia greyish warm buff. Hind wing greyish buffy brown; cilia con- colorous, somewhat darker towards apex. Male genitalia (Pl. 17, figs. 10, 11) : The large and numerous cornuti present in the aedeagus are an unusual feature for this genus. GUADALCANAL : Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, I g, holotype. Nearest to imperator Bradley, also described from the Solomons, but distinguished at once by the lighter coloration of the fore wing, which in imperator is drab. Stathmopoda electrantha Meyrick Stathmopoda electrantha Meyrick, 1927, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 377. Stathmopoda transvecta Meyrick, 1927, tom. cit. p. 377. Syn. nov. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 4 ex., 6-12.i, 12 ex.; Tapenanje, 10-23. xil, 2 eX. YSABEL : Tatamba, 2.x, 4 ex. The new synonymy above is introduced following an examination of type material in the British Museum (Natural History). DISTRIBUTION. New Hebrides. Thylacosceles pithanodes sp. n. (PI. 7; fig: 5) 3g 8 mm. Labial palpus and head white, crown tinted with pale cream-buff. Antenna white, dark fuscous at base anteriorly; scape white, distal half dark fuscous exteriorly. Thorax white, tegula purplish fuscous. Fore wing fuscous, apical and distal areas darker ; a strong admixture of bluish iridescent scales in dorsal half and in apical and distal areas ; a triangular cartridge buff spot on costa at 2/3; cilia greyish fuscous. Hind wing and cilia greyish fuscous. Legs white, posterior tibia with a black apical band and fuscous-black dorsal tuft. Male genitalia: Pl. 17, figs. 12, 13. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 2 g, including holotype. Related to T. judex Meyrick from Ceylon, and distinguished by the white head, not fuscous as in judex, and by the absence of the two subapical bands on the antenna, present in judex. Pachyrhabda sp. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 3 ex.; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, I 6. A species of distinctive superficial appearance, having the fore wing coloration greyish, the front and fore part of head white and the crown deep chocolate colour, 154 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS It is probably undescribed but the present material is not in sufficiently good condition for descriptive purposes. Pachyrhabda amianta Meyrick Pachyrhabda amianta Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lep. fasc. 2 : ror. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, I10-23.xii, I ex.; Honiara, 4-10.x, I ex. DISTRIBUTION. Samoa. Pachyrhabda phanta Bradley Pachyrhabda phanta Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is., 2 (19) : 104. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, 4 ex.; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 8 ex.; [lu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, I ex. TULAGI: 24.ix, 2 ex. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE Tortyra libanota Meyrick Tortyra libanota Meyrick, 1910, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 463. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, I10—23.xii, I 9. DISTRIBUTION. Australia (Queensland), New Guinea and Solomon Is. Tortyra iridopa Meyrick Tortyra ividopa Meyrick, 1907, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 32: 97. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, I 9. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. and New Guinea (Papua). Simaethis cyanotoxa Meyrick | Simaethis cyanotoxa Meyrick, 1907, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 32: 113. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. Choreutis diana sp. n. (Pl. 7, fig. 6) $2 10-11 mm. Labial palpus with tuft of second segment formed of two whorls of long, projecting, fuscous white-tipped scales ; terminal segment fuscous sprinkled __ with white. Head, thorax and tegula drab sprinkled with white; front of head (tace) mixed with white; base of tegula strongly suffused with white. Antenna 7 ee a MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 155 white, with black annuli; scape fuscous. Fore wing drab or light fuscous, markings formed of white irroration; basal area of wing in worn condition in specimens studied but there is evidence of two very diffuse transverse shades towards base and of a radiate-dentate line at 1/3 forming a white dot on costa ; an irregular transverse linear marking at 2/3 interrupted at middle and forming a reticulate white dot on costa ; distal area of wing almost completely enmeshed in a network of fine white lines ; cilia drab or light fuscous, with a bronzy sheen ; a small white dot on costa before apex followed by a chain of alternate large black and small white chequers around apex and along termen to tornus occupying basal half of cilia. Hind wing coloration similar to that of fore wing terminal area except at apex irrorate with white ; coloration and markings of cilia similar to those of fore wing. Legs white, with fuscous-black markings. Male genitalia: Pl. 18, figs. 4, 5. Female genitalia: Pl. 18, figs. 1-3. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 4-10.x, I 9, holotype, 1 J, allotype. Near C. montligera Meyrick, occurring in India and Java, and may be distinguished by the black and white chequered markings of the cilia, which in moniligera are only present in the upper half of the fore wing and not along the whole length of the termen in both fore and hind wings as in diana. I name this species after my wife. Glyphipteryx ditiorana (Walker) Sciaphila ? ditiorana Walker, 1863, List. Lep. Ins. B.M. 28 : 348. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, I 9, 6-12.i, 2 9. DISTRIBUTION. South Africa, Mauritius and Indo-Malayan region. Glyphipteryx sp. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 6-12.1, I ¢. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, I ¢. Both specimens are in poor condition but apparently belong to an undescribed species related to G. stilata Meyrick, which occurs in Fiji. Metapodistis sp. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I g. BLASTOBASIDAE Blastobasis sciota sp. n. (Pl. 7, He. 7) $2 11-16 mm. Labial palpus warm buff; in male diffusedly irrorate with fuscous exteriorly, irroration weak at apices of second and terminal segments ; in female diffusedly irrorate with fuscous, irroration weaker interiorly and at apices of second 156 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS and terminal segments ; male slightly stouter than female and with terminal segment about 2/3 length of second. Head, thorax and tegula warm buff varying to light buff; lower part of face sometimes greyish tinged; crown, thorax and tegula suffused or irrorate with fuscous, anterior margin of thorax and base of tegula darker. Antenna and scape warm buff; scape lightly irrorate with fuscous ; basal 2/3 of antenna wholly suffused with dark fuscous ; male with deep notch at base. Fore wing warm buff varying to light buff, diffusedly irrorate with fuscous ; markings poorly defined and not always apparent ; discal stigmata dark fuscous or fuscous- black, first usually absorbed in a fascia of dark fuscous suffusion from before middle ; small, cloudy, dark fuscous or fuscous-black spots on costa and inner margin opposite second discal; dark fuscous marginal dots around apex and along termen, often merged in general dark suffusion ; base of costa suffused with dark fuscous; cilia warm buff or light buff at base along termen, otherwise hair brown sprinkled with whitish points. Hind wing warm buff suffused with fuscous, paler towards base ; cilia drab, warm buff at base. Male genitalia: Pl. 18, figs. 6, 7. Female genitalia: Pl. 18, figs. 8—1o. GUADALCANAL : Tapenanje, 10-23. xii, 4 g, 6 9, including holotype 3, and allotype 2; Honiara, 8-18.ix, 2 g, 1 9, 4-10.x, 1 g; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, I d. Closely related and superficially similar to B. spermologa Meyrick. The two species may be separated on male genitalia as follows : in sciota the uncus is narrowly tapered throughout its length, in spermologa it is distended towards the tip and is stouter than at the base and is obtusely pointed. HyYPONOMEUTIDAE Prays nephelomima Meyrick Prays nephelomima Meyrick, 1907, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 32: 76. OnToNG JAVA: Leuaniua, 29.ix, 2 9. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, 2 9. The two Solomon Islands specimens probably belong to this Australian species which is distinct from the Palaearctic species P. citvi Milliére and not a synonym as has been considered by some authors. Atteva mathewi (Butler) Corinea mathewi Butler, 1887, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 20: 414. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23. xii, I 9. DISTRIBUTION : Solomon Is. GRACILLARIIDAE Acrocercops spp. The genus Acrocercops Wallengren (sens. lat.) is represented by many species in the Solomons. The moths come readily to light, but unfortunately much of the material collected by this method is very worn, and many species remain unidentified. MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 157 Acrocercops euthycolona Meyrick Acrocercops euthycolona Meyrick, 1931, Exot. Microlep. 4: 46. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, I ¢. DIsTRIBUTION. Java, India, Malaya and Solomon Is. (Rennell I.). The larva mines blotches in leaves of Bassia latifolia in India, and Mimusops elangt (Sapotaceae) in Java and Malaya. Acrocercops sp. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, I g, abdomen missing. A strikingly marked species, most closely resembling the Fijian species A. patellata Meyrick. Acrocercops homalacta Meyrick Acrocercops homalacta Meyrick, 1927, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lep. fasc. 2 : 107. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8—-18.ix, I ex. (damaged), 4-10.1, 1 g; Tapenanje, 10—23.xii, 1 ex.; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 3 ex. DISTRIBUTION. Samoa and Solomon Is. (Rennell I.). Acrocercops cramerella (Snellen) Gracilaria cramerella Snellen, 1904, Tijdschr. Ent. 46: 84. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, I0—-23.Xli, I 3. DISTRIBUTION. Widespread in the Indo-Australian region. The larva feeds in the pods of cocoa (Theobroma cacao), and in the top-shoots of the Litchi tree (Nephelium hitcht), and has been reported mining leaves of various other trees. Acrocercops strophala Meyrick Acrocercops strophala Meyrick, 1908, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 18 : 824. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, 2 g, 8-18.ix, I @. DISTRIBUTION. Samoa, Java, Ceylon, India and Assam. The larva is known to _ mine blotches under the upper cuticle of the leaf of Glochidion lanceolarium (Euphor- biaceae). | Acrocercops caerula (Meyrick) Cyphosticha caerula Meyrick, 1912, Exot. Microlep. 1 : 296. Cyphosticha centrometra Meyrick, 1920, op. cit. 2 : 296. ONTONG JAVA: Leuaniua, 29.ix, 4 ex. DisTRIBUTION. West Africa, India, Fiji and Guam. 158 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Acrocercops brochogramma Meyrick Acrocercops brochogramma Meyrick, 1914, Exot. Microlep. 1: 285. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I ¢; [lu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 2 d. DISTRIBUTION. Ceylon. Acrocercops apicella Bradley Acrocercops apicella Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : 107. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8—-18.ix, I g, 2 9. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. (Rennell I.). Acrocercops serriformis Meyrick Acrocercops serriformis Meyrick, 1930, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 580. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, I g, 6-12.i, I 9. DISTRIBUTION. Java. Acrocercops brachyglypta Meyrick Acrocercops brachyglypta Meyrick, 1931, Exot. Microlep. 4: 48. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, I g, 4-10.x, 5 d. DISTRIBUTION. Samoa, Solomon Is. (Rennell I. and Bellona I.). Acrocercops albidorsella Bradley Acrocercops albidorsella Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : 107. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 4-10.x, I 3. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. (Rennell I.). Acrocercops cyma Bradley Acrocercops cyma Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : 106. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8—-18.ix, I g. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. (Rennell I.). Acrocercops sp. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4—-10.x, I ex. TULAGI: 24.1x, I ex. Both specimens lack the abdomen. They represent a species related to A. phaeodeta Meyrick, which occurs in Samoa. OO Ee Ha MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 159 Liocrobyla saturata sp. n. (Pl. 7, fig. 8) 369mm. Labial palpus whitish-grey, second segment darker exteriorly, terminal segment suffused with fuscous towards apex. Head with front whitish suffused with cream-buff ; crown, thorax and tegula mouse grey. Antenna (damaged) mouse grey above, whitish dotted with fuscous anteriorly ; scape mouse grey above, whitish anteriorly. Fore wing mouse grey, two inwardly-oblique, parallel, fuscous stripes from costa near middle, confluent at costa, a weak ochraceous-buff admixture in both stripes most evident in the outer (second) stripe ; a very outwardly-oblique, narrow, somewhat metallic plumbeous streak from middle of costa cutting diagonally across second stripe and reaching to middle of disc and ending in a sharply inturned hook ; a pair of similar, short, thin, parallel lines in tornal area ; a similar outwardly- oblique dash on costa at 4/5 and another, shorter, dash immediately below ; area between and surrounding these streaks and dashes fuscous strongly overlaid with ochraceous-buff ; a very thin, inwardly-oblique, shining plumbeous line from before apex to tornus interrupted at middle by a thick cream-buff dash broadly edged distally with shining plumbeous and by a heavy black dash above and another slightly narrower and longer dash below, both edged with ochraceous-buff ; cilia cream-buff basally, apical half fuscous, with an admixture of ochraceous-buff. Hind wing mouse grey; cilia matching. Legs mouse grey, hind tibia striped with white exteriorly. Male genitalia: Pl. 18, fig. 11. GUADALCANAL : Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 1 g, holotype. This species has similar coloration to L. paraschista Meyrick but differs basically in fore wing pattern; the two species can be readily distinguished by the labial palpus which in paraschista is short and with a blackish subapical band on the second segment, and blackish medial and apical bands on the terminal segment. The present generic assignment is uncertain and is based principally on structure of the genitalia. Parectopa sp. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 6-12.i, 1 g, abdomen missing. Near the Samoan species P. pyrelictis Meyrick. Timodora callicirrha Meyrick Timodora callicirrha Meyrick, 1924, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 86. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, I ex., 4-I0.x, 2 ex. DISTRIBUTION. Fiji. Timodora sp. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 4—-10.x, 1 g, abdomen missing. Near T. chrysochoa Meyrick but smaller and without the conspicuous dot at the middle of the costa of the fore wing. ENTOM. I0, 4. 12 160 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Phyllocnistis selenopa Meyrick Phyllocnistis selenopa Meyrick, 1915, Exot. Microlep. 1: 348. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.x1i, 1 ¢. This species is one of the smallest of the Lepidoptera. It was originally described from a specimen bred from leaf-mines on Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) in Ceylon. The type is in poor condition and without its abdomen, and the identification of the specimen from the Solomon Islands remains to be verified when more material is available. LYONETIIDAE Opostega leucoprepes sp. n. (Pl. 7, fig. 9) 3 8mm. Labial palpus, head, thorax, tegula and antennal eye-cap shining white ; shaft of antenna pale cream-buff, white-scaled towards base. Fore wing shining white, markings confined to apical third of wing ; a broad elongate capucine yellow marking from near inner margin at 2/3 extending longitudinally across the wing to termen and apex, this marking constricted at the middle in tornal area and connected at this point to a sickle-shaped, very distinct, capucine yellow mixed with dark brown line which arises from the costa at about 4/5, the half of the marking basad of the constriction is broadly edged with hair brown basally and along the inner margin of the wing ; a bold jet black dot at apex ; cilia light drab, mixed with hair brown along termen, tufted at apex and tipped with dark hair brown, a blackish basal dash immediately below apex. Hind wing and cilia light drab. Legs white, hind tibia clothed with cream-buff hairs dorsally and with tarsi barred with fuscous. Male genitalia: Pl. 18, figs. 12, 13. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, I g, holotype, 8-18.ix, 2 d. A distinctive species, perhaps nearest O. orestias Meyrick, from Queensland, which has similar coloration but has the yellow marking on the fore wing extending obliquely from the costa, and not along the inner margin. Opostega sp. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I ex., abdomen missing. Similar to O. argentella Bradley, from Rennell I., but without the marking present on the inner margin of the fore wing in that species. Bedellia somnulentella (Zeller) Lyonetia somnulentella Zeller, 1847, Isis von Oken, 1847 : 894. Bedellia orpheella Stainton, 1849, Syst. Cat. Brit. Tineidae, 1849 : 23. Bedellia mnesileuca Meyrick, 1928, Exot. Microlep. 3: 397. Syn. nov. Bedellia ipomoeae Bradley, 1953, Proc. Hawaii. ent. Soc.15:114. Syn. nov. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, I ¢. The re-examination of type material in the British Museum (Natural History) has established the new synonymy given above. MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 161 As no original or subsequent type selection appears to have been made for the species B. mnesileuca Meyrick (loc. cit.) I select a lectotype. The specimen selected as lectotype is a male and carries a label with the following data, ‘‘ Queensland, Duaringa, G.B./85’. The genitalia are mounted on slide No. 5996. This specimen is from a series of ten of the original twenty syntypes in Meyrick’s collection. When describing mnesileuca, Meyrick (ibid. p. 398) says, “I have hitherto recorded this as somnulentella, but now perceive it to be distinct ; somnulentella, which has a dark face, has not occurred authentically in Australia or New Zealand ’’. From this it would seem that the coloration of the head varies, as does the blackish irroration of the fore wing. The specimens from Fiji used for the description of B. tpomoeae Bradley (loc. cit.) are examples in which the coloration is pale compared with Euro- pean somnulentella. No marked differences could be found in the genitalia of speci- mens from various localities in both hemispheres. One of the original three syntypes of B. somnulentella (Zeller) (loc. cit.) is in the British Museum (Natural History) and is labelled with a museum type label, this label having been attached before the term lectotype was introduced into nomen- clature. Re-examination has shown that it is a female, although described as a male by Zeller, and carries a label with the data “Syracuse, 12 Mai”. Genitalia slide No. 5965. I now designate this specimen lectotype. DISTRIBUTION. Occurring on continents and oceanic islands in both hemispheres in habitats where Convolvulus and Ipomoea species are found, the larva making blotches in the leaves. Bucculatrix sp. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8—18.ix, 2 9. A distinctive species almost wholly white and with only weak markings towards the apex of the fore wing. In the absence of a male I have refrained from naming this species. Opogona sp. GUADALCANAL : Tapenanje, 10-23. xii, I 9. A probably undescribed species, superficially resembling O. fumiceps (Felder) and O. retractella (Walker). Opogona mendanai sp. n. (Pl. 7, fig. 10) $2 9-10 mm. Labial palpus smoke grey, overlaid with iron grey exteriorly. Front of head (face) glossy smoke grey; crown bister, scales appressed; chaetosema prominent, situated on vertex between antennae. Thorax bister anteriorly, posterior third barium yellow ; patagium bister. Antenna cartridge buff, basal two or three segments fuscous-black ; scape dark fuscous. Fore wing coloration divided trans- versely at middle, the basal half barium yellow with a wedge-shaped dark fuscous ENTOM. 10, 4. 12§ 162 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS marking at base of costa, distal half bister; a strong suffusion of blue iridescent scales immediately distad of medial line of demarcation which is directly vertical or slightly inwardly-oblique from costa; cilia hair brown. Hind wing fuscous ; male with a large, conspicuous patch of specialized jet black scales in basal area, a lanceolate, thinly scaled area extending medially from basal patch nearly to apex, anterior (costal) margin of patch with fine, moderately dense, cream-buff scales, inner (dorsal) margin fringed with scales arranged in a serried, transverse formation in basal half; cilia in both sexes hair brown or drab. Legs smoke grey, infuscate anteriorly ; tibiae clothed with long, fine, drab hairs above. Male genitalia: Pl. 19, figs. 1, 2. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, I g, holotype. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18 .ix, 1 9, paratype. Related to O. semisulphurella (Stainton), but readily distinguished from this and other species of the genus by the large patch of specialized black scales on the hind wing of the male. Opogona sp. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10—-23.xii, 1 9. Superficially similar to O. crtvolobha Meyrick, and possibly a form of this species. Opogona meeki sp. n. (Pl. 7, fig. 11) 2 10-12 mm. Labial palpus shining white, a thick, dark fuscous line along upper margin of basal 3/5 of second segment, exterior of terminal segment shaded with cream-buff. Front of head cartridge buff; fore part of crown (between antennae), antenna and scape shining white, remainder of crown clothed with slender, erect, bister scales. Thorax and tegula chaetura drab. Fore wing chaetura drab with a bronzy patina; anterior edge of costa and cilia around apex and along termen cream-buff; cilia beneath tornus dark grey. Hind wing brassy-grey; cilia dark grey. Legs cartridge buff, hind leg and long hair on hind tibia suffused greyish. Female genitalia: Pl. 19, figs. 3-5. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8—18.ix, 3 9, including holotype. Superficially similar to the Fijian species O. amblyxena Meyrick, but slightly larger and without the fine white line present a little before the apex of the fore wing in that species. Opogona guppyi sp. n. (Pl. 7, fig. 12) 329-10 mm. Labial palpus cartridge buff, upper margin of second segment marked with dark fuscous to near apex. Front of head cartridge buff; crown clothed with slender, erect, bister scales. Thorax and tegula drab. Antenna cartridge buff becoming white towards base; scape white. Fore wing wholly drab, somewhat ——E—— MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 163 paler towards base; cilia concolorous. Hind wing brassy-grey; cilia pale drab. Legs cartridge buff suffused with fuscous. Male genitalia (Pl. 19, figs. 6, 7) : Uncus bilobed. Female genitalia (Pl. 19, figs. 8-10) : Signum two-pronged. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 4-10.x, I gf, holotype, 12; 8.ix, 2 9, including allotype. Related to the previous species, O. meeki Bradley, but smaller and differing super- ficially in not having the anterior edge of the costa and the cilia around the apex and along the termen of the fore wing cream-buff. Ereunetis leucophaeta Bradley Eveunetis leucophaeta Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hist. Rennell I., Brit. Solomon Is. 2 (19) : 108. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, I g; 4-10.x,1I 4. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. (Rennell I.). Decadarchis flavistriata (Walsingham) Eveunetis flavistriata Walsingham, 1907, Fauna Hawaiiensis, 1 pt. 5 : 716, pl. 25, fig. 18. Decadarchis euophthalma Meyrick, 1924, Exot. Microlep. 3: 83. Syn. nov. ONTONG JAVA: Leuaniua, 29.ix, I 9. DISTRIBUTION. Hawaiian Is., Solomon Is., Java, Malaya, Fiji, Marquesas, New Hebrides and Kermadec Is. The above new synonymy has been established following an examination of the relevant type material in the British Museum (Natural History). Decadarchis emphera sp. n. (Pl. 7, fig. 13) g 12-13 mm. Labial palpus cartridge buff or cream-buff with an admixture of white scales, basal segment marked with dark fuscous exteriorly, second segment with a broad transverse dark fuscous marking extending across tuft, bristles dark fuscous, terminal segment with a similar much narrower marking at middle extending into tuft. Head white mixed with cartridge buff or cream-buff. Thorax and tegula white suffused and mixed with cartridge buff and cream-buff, base of tegula marked with dark fuscous. Antenna cream-buff ; scape cartridge buff sprinkled with cream- buff scales. Fore wing white, markings blackish with margins somewhat diffuse and irregularly suffused with cream-buff; a short oblique streak from base of costa terminating a little before a thicker, curved, streak arising from costa at 1/3 and curving inward to middle of disc where it is interrupted and then forks, one prong going direct to apex and widening near apical margin and extending into cilia, the other shorter, broader, prong going to costa at about 5/6; a small dot on costa a little beyond middle; cilia white mixed with cream-buff; a thin, dark fuscous basal line around apex and along termen ; speckled with dark fuscous near apices before apex and along termen, and medially at tornus, Hind wing light grey, margins 164 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS darker; cilia concolorous; an expansible, cream-buff, marginal hair-pencil from before middle of costa reaching to about 4/5; a small, dense, expansible tuft in a shallow groove on upper surface near base of costa, concealed by the anal lobe of the fore wing when the wings are spread. Male genitalia: Pl. 19, figs. I1, 12. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I g, holotype; Honiara, 4-10.x, 1 ¢. TULAGI: 24.1x, 3 6. Apparently closely related to D. dissipta Meyrick, from Fiji, and having basically similar wing maculation, but differing in male genitalia: the valva and juxta being considerably broader than in dissipta. Also closely related and superficially similar to D. gephyrias Meyrick, from Ceylon, but differing in the male genitalia in having the saccus much narrower. Decadarchis discreta Meyrick Decadarchis discreta Meyrick, 1910, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 473. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 6 9, 4-I10.x, I J, I 9, 6-12.i1,1 §; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, 7 gd, 1 9; Llu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, I J. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, I 9. DISTRIBUTION : Solomon Is. and Kei Is. Decadarchis platyrrhyncha Meyrick Decadarchis platyrrhyncha Meyrick, 1928, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 402. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, I J. DISTRIBUTION : New Hebrides. Decadarchis inculta Meyrick Decadarchis inculta Meyrick, Insects of Samoa, 3, Lep. fasc. 2 : 111 GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 4 ex., 6-12.i, 1 ex.; Tapenanje, 10-23. xii, I ex. YSABEL : Tatamba, 2.x, 2 ex. DISTRIBUTION. Samoa. Decadarchis sp. ONTONG JAVA: Avaha, 30.ix, 3 ex. Very near to D. inculta Meyrick superficially and in structure of male genitalia. Decadarchis carpophthora Meyrick Decadarchis carpophthora Meyrick, 1932, Exot. Microlep. 4 : 232. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 3 g, 2 9, 4-10.x, 2 g, 1 2; Tapenanje, I10—23.xii, 2 ¢. DISTRIBUTION ; Solomon Is.; the larva feeding in very young coconuts, MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 165 Decadarchis sp. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 3 ex., 4-10.x, I g; Tapenanje, 10-23. xii, I gf; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 1 ¢. This material is too worn for descriptive purposes but apparently represents an undescribed species related to D. carpophthora Meyrick. Decadarchis hyperacma Meyrick Decadarchis hyperacma Meyrick, 1915, Exot. Microlep. 1 : 367. GUADALCANAL: Tapenanje, I0—-23.xli, I g. DISTRIBUTION : Australia (Queensland). Decadarchis semifusca sp. n. (Pl. 7, fig. 14) 3 15-16 mm. Labial palpus cartridge buff, basal segment and second segment except apex suffused with fuscous exteriorly, bristles dark fuscous. Head rough- haired, cartridge buff. Thorax broadly cartridge buff medially, fuscous laterally ; tegula fuscous. Antenna and scape cartridge buff, antenna slightly darker. Fore wing cartridge buff, a broad, somewhat diffuse, fuscous submedian streak from base to termen near tornus, heaviest near base and having inner (proximal) margin moderately well-defined and, when the wings are folded over the abdomen, abutting on to the fuscous area of the thorax ; anterior (costal) area of wing in some examples suffused with light fuscous; cilia concolorous, a short, fuscous basal line around tornus. Hind wing pale cartridge buff; cilia concolorous. Male genitalia: Pl. 19, figs. 13, 14. ONnTONG JAVA: Leuaniua, 29.ix, 9 J, including holotype ; Avaha, 30.ix, 4 d. Superficially this species is nearest to D. psammaula Meyrick, described from Tahiti, but is distinguished by its darker and more sombre coloration. TINEIDAE Monopis monachella (Hiibner) Tinea monachella Hiibner, 1796, Samml. Europ. Schmett. 8 : pl. 21, fig. 143. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, 2 g; Ilu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, 2 d. DistRIBUTION. An almost cosmopolitan species, mainly in warm regions, the larva feeding on dried skins, in birds’ nests, refuse, etc, 166 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Spatularia mimosae (Stainton) Laverna ? mimosae Stainton, 1859, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 5: 126. Eveunetis ? semivora Walsingham, 1899, Indian Mus. Notes, 4: 107. Pylaetis ophionota Meyrick, 1907, J]. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 18 : 752. Spatularia fuligineella Deventer, 1904, Tijdschr. Ent. 47 : 1. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 4-10.x, I 9. DISTRIBUTION. Indo-Malayan region: larva in pods of mimosa (Acacia) and various other trees. Tinea chlorospora Meyrick Tinea chlorospora Meyrick, 1924, Exot. Microlep. 3: 71. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 17 ex., 4-I0.x, 7 ex.; Tapenanje, 10-23. xii, I ex. NEw HEBRIDES: LUGANVILLE, Santo, 3.ix, I ¢. DISTRIBUTION. Fiji. Tinea nesocharis Meyrick Tinea nesocharis Meyrick, 1928, Exot. Microlep. 3 : 427. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 5 ex., 4-10.x, 5 ex.; Tapenanje, 10-23.xii, I g,1Q; [lu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, I 3. DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Is. and Bismarck Archipelago. Tinea despecta Meyrick Tinea despecta Meyrick, 1919, Exot. Microlep. 2 : 274. GUADALCANAL : Honiara, 8-18.ix, I ¢. YSABEL: Tatamba, 2.x, I 9. ONTONG JAVA: Avaha, 30.ix, 2 g. DISTRIBUTION. Widespread in the Indo-Australian region and in South America (British Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador and Bermuda). Cythaula inophora Meyrick Cythaula inophora Meyrick, 1919, Exot. Microlep. 2 : 254. GUADALCANAL: [lu Farm, 26.xii.53-4.1.54, I 9. DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea. Gerontha captiosella Walker Gerontha captiosella Walker, 1864, List. Lep. Ins. B.M. 29 : 782. GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, 3 g, 4-10.x, I g, I 9. DISTRIBUTION, Occurring throughout the Indo-Australian region, MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 167 INCURVARIIDAE Ischnocanaba gen. nov. (Text-figs. 1, 2) Labial palpus moderate, straight, drooping, slender, clothed with short appressed scales, without bristles; terminal segment 1/2 or longer, slightly rough-scaled at apex. Maxillary palpus not visible. Tongue moderately developed. Head with crown clothed in loosely appressed, broad-tipped scales fringing base of antenna ; face receding, badly worn in specimen examined but apparently smooth-scaled. Eye moderate, round. Ocellus absent. Antenna implanted anterior to eye, about 1/2; Fics. 1 and 2. Ischnocanaba euryzona gen. n. sp. n. (1) Lateral view of head to show labial palpus. (2) Venation of fore and hind wings (del. Arthur Smith). scape small, smooth, cylindrical, not thickened, without pecten ; flagellum (male) slightly compressed laterally towards base, clothed with slender, appressed scales throughout, producing a slight serrulation, apex roughened or tufted. Posterior _ tibia with closely appressed scales, inner spur of first pair very long and reaching _ beyond middle, inner spur of second pair almost as long. Fore and hind wings with _ greatly reduced or degraded venation. Fore wing with apex pointed, vein rb simple, Ic represented by a fold, 2 and 3 coincident and very weak, 5 absent or coincident with 4, 6 and 7 long stalked and going to termen and apex respectively, 8 connate with 6 and 7, 9 absent, 10 present and strongly developed, 11 absent, 12 present. Hind wing lanceolate, vein ra short and weak, 1b absent, 1c present and strongly developed, discocellular veins absent or very weak, 2 and 3 probably coincident and arising from angle of cell, 4 and 5 absent, 6 and 7 coincident to near apex, 6 to termen, 7 to apex, 8 moderately strong and very short, frenulum strongly developed. Male genitalia (Pl. 15, fig. 15): Uncus reduced to two or three simple points or papillae. Valva simple, costa separate, without specialized comb ; sacculus in the form of a spined knob or pad. Vinculum very large and strongly sclerotized. 168 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Type species of genus: Ischnocanaba euryzona sp. n. This genus is at once distinguished from other known genera of the Incurvariidae by the greatly reduced or degraded wing venation. The comparatively smooth scaling of the head is also exceptional for this family. The male genitalia show the basic incurvariid morphological characters but lack specialized spining on the valva. The systematic position of this genus in the Incurvariidae is uncertain and it is tentatively placed between the genera Phylloproria and Lampronia, to which it bears closest superficial resemblance. So far as is known the family has not previously been known from the Solomon Islands. Ischnocanaba euryzona sp. n. (Pl. 7, fig. 15) 3 9 mm. Labial palpus drab. Head with crown clothed with broad-tipped, loosely appressed, smooth, somewhat shining drab scales; face worn in specimen examined but apparently having similar coloration. Thorax dull purplish-black ; tegula drab, overlaid at base and to near outer margin with dull purplish-black. Fore wing drab, heavily irrorate with dark mummy brown; a moderately broad, inwardly-oblique, silvery white fascia, with weak bronzy reflections, from a little beyond middle of costa, inner edge straight, outer edge incurved before inner margin (dorsum) ; basal area of wing similarly coloured, and a small pre-apical dash ; cilia dark hair brown along dorsum and costa, whitish around apex and irrorate with dark mummy brown. Hind wing fuscous ; cilia dark hair brown. Legs drab, banded with dark mummy brown. Male genitalia: Pl. 19, fig. 15 (aedeagus missing). GUADALCANAL: Honiara, 8-18.ix, I g, holotype. a ; ass > P S) a — 4 z - _ SS a ~~ le .—- c Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. PLATE 5 Adoxophyes aurantiana sp. n., holotype $ Olethreutes empherana sp. n., allotype 9 . Statherotis bicolorana sp. n., holotype @ Laspeyresia plumbosana sp. n., holotype ¢ Grapholita pagenstecheri sp. n., holotype 3 Pityocona probleta sp. n., holotype 3 : Limenarchis pullata sp. n., holotype ¢ (right wings, image - reversed) Thyrsostoma longipalpis sp. n., holotype 3 Thiotricha angelica sp. n., holotype 3} Thiotricha tethela sp. n., holotype 9 Thiotricha eremita sp. n., holotype 2 Thiotricha melanacma sp. n., holotype 3g Idiophantis pandata sp. n., holotype 3 (right wings, image reversed) ’ Anarsia taurella sp. n. , holotype 3 Anarsia ulmavrata sp. n., holotype 3 Wing expanse of species (mm.) 3 12-16, 9 17-20 17-18 18 7-9 10 10-II 16-17 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 4 Pa Al 5 Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. FIG. Fic. PIG: BiG: Fic. FIG; Fic. Fic. Fie; Fic. SA ibaa ee oo PLATE 6 Sitotroga psacasta Meyrick, $ : Lecithocera palpella sp. n., holotype 3 Pachnistis phaeoptila sp. n., holotype 3 . A pethistis brunnea sp. n., holotype ¢ Protobathra binotata sp. n., holotype 3 Labdia torodoxa solomonensis subsp. n. holotys 3 (right wings dmoage reversed) Labdia ochrotypa sp. n., holotype ¢ (right wings, image reversed) Labdia dolomella sp. n., holotype 3 ; : ; : Labdia psarodes sp. n., holotype 3. Labdia calypta sp. n., holotype 3 Labdia isomerista sp. n., holotype $ Labdia aprepes sp. n. , holotype 3 Pyroderces phacostigma sp. n., paratype 3 Limnaecia argophylia sp. n. , holotype roe Limnaecia perpusilla sp. n., paratype ¢ (right wings, image reversed} Wing expanse of species (mm.) II-14 4 15 8-9 14-16 7-8 7-8 7-8 9-10 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 4 PA Asn 6 IG. Fic. jaicey KiGy Rie; Fic. Fic. HIG: Fic. Fic. ING: Hic. Fic. Fic. Fic. SI ANEW PH ‘© PLATE 7 Epimactis pulsatella sp. n., holotype 3 Stathmopoda haplophanes sp. n., holotype 2 Stathmopoda moschlosema sp. n., holotype g Stathmopoda cornutella sp. n., holotype ¢ Thylacosceles pithanodes sp. n., paratype 3 Choreutis diana sp. n., holotype 2 Blastobasis sciota sp. n., allotype 2 Liocrobyla saturata sp. n., holotype 3 Opostega leucoprepes sp. n., holotype 3 Opogona mendanai sp. n., holotype 3 Opogona meeki sp. n. , holotype g Opogona guppyi sp. n., paratype 3 tight ities: image reversed: hind wing folded) Decadarchis emphera sp. n., holotype g Decadarchis semifusca sp. n., paratype 3 Ischnocanaba euryzona gen. n. sp. n., holotype 3 Wing expanse of species (mm.) 16 a a ee teh Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 4 122) Basta bpd Sap 7 Fic. Bic; Fic. Fic. iG. Fic. Fic. Taye wre PLATE: 8 Adoxophyes aurantiana sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5551). Adoxophyes aurantiana sp. n., 2 genitalia, ostium (Slide 5029). Ibidem, 2 genitalia. Olethreutes empherana sp. n., 2 genitalia (Slide 4830). Ibidem, signum. Ibidem, ostium. Olethreutes empherana sp. n., $ genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 4859). a = a oe Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 4 PEADE SS Fic. Fic. Fic. HIG: Fic. Fic. Fic. RIG: SI AVRwWDH PLATE 9 Statherotis bicolorana sp. n., 2 genitalia (Slide 5498). Ibidem, signa. Ibidem, ostium. Laspeyresia plumbosana sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5579). Grapholita pagenstecheri sp. n., g genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5504). Ibidem, coremata on VIIIth abdominal segment of 3. Pityocona probleta sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 6005). Ibidem, aedeagus. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 4 PEALE 6 Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. AIG. Fic. Fie. igures FIG. TG: Fic. Hing: Jair’ Fic. OI ANEW H Cs PLATE 10 Pityocona probleta sp. n., 2 genitalia (Slide 6049). Limnarchis pullata sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5096). Thyrsostoma longipalpis sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 5610). Ibidem, aedeagus. Thiotricha angelica sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 5107). Ibidem, aedeagus. Thiotricha angelica sp. n., 2 genitalia (Slide 5630). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signum. Thiotricha tethela sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 5600). Ibidem, aedeagus (Slide 5094). Ibidem, sternite of VIIIth abdominal segment. Thiotricha tethela sp. n., 9 genitalia (Slide 6059). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signum. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 4 PLA LB so 22) Bar Nh Be) Sains Thiotricha eremita sp. n., 2 genitalia (Slide 5628). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signum. Thiotricha melanacma sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 5095). Ibidem, aedeagus. Ibidem, sternite of VIIIth abdominal segment. Idiophantis pandata sp. n., 3 genitalia (tegumen and aedeagus removed) (Slide 5168), Ibidem, lateral view of tegumen showing uncus and gnathus. Ibidem, aedeagus. Anarsia taurella sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5097). EE PEATE 1a Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 4 PEA ere Anarsia ulmarata sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5118). Fic. 54, Fic. 2. Sitotroga psacasta Meyrick, 3 genitalia (Slide 5804). Fic. 3. Ibidem, aedeagus. Fic. 4. Sitotroga psacasta Meyrick, ? genitalia (Slide 4829). Fic. 5. Ibidem, signa. Fic. 6. Ibidem, ostium. Fic. 7. Lecithocera palpella sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 5103). Fic. 8. Ibidem, aedeagus. Fic. 9. Pachnistis phaeoptila sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 5128). Fic. 10. Ibidem, aedeagus. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 4 Be Avi Bs 12 Eire? Fic. Fic. BiG. Fic. IG: Fic. Fic. ne 2.0 | ome) BiG. tr en ee ae Pap ACE. 23 Pachnistis phaeoptila sp. n., 2 genitalia (Slide 5052). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signa. Afpethistis brunnea sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 5586). Ibidem, aedeagus. Protobathra binotata sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 5099). Ibidem, aedeagus. Pyrotobathra binotata sp. n., 9 genitalia (Slide 5061). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signa. Labdia torodoxa solomonensis subsp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 4901). PRAT Es 23 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 4 Fic. Fic. Fic. BiG: Fic: HIG: HIG. Frc. Fic. HIG /TO0: HiG sit. iehy ech ibe Po nN ack nad Se © PLATE a4 Labdia torodoxa solomonensis subsp. n., 2 genitalia (Slide 5895). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signum. Labdia ochrotypa sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5605). Labdia ochrotypa sp. n., 9 genitalia (Slide 5892). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signa. Labdia dolomella sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 3726). Labdia dolomella sp. n., 9 genitalia (Slide 5887). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signum. B.M. Bull. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 4 PLATE si24 Pa ACT E395 Fic. 1. Labdia psarodes sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus im situ (Slide 5937). Fic. 2. Labdia calypta sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5606). Fic. 3. Labdia calypta sp. n., 9 genitalia (Slide 5633). Fic. 4. Ibidem, ostium. Fic. 5. Labdia calypta sp. n., g adult, dorsal view showing thoracic hair-pencils entering the special pocket in the IIIrd abdominal segment. Fic. 6. Ibidem, abdomen denuded to show the special cavity or pocket in the IIIrd abdominal segment. Fic. 7. Labdia isomerista sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5007). Fic. 8. Labdia isomerista sp. n., abdomen of g denuded to the dorsal cavity, containing specialized scales, in the IIIrd segment (viewed from below). Fic. 9. Labdia aprepes sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5938). Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom., to, 4 PLATE. 15 Fic. FIG; HIG: Fic. Fic. RIG: Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. 1 GOR Or Gh ee Ok obo PLATE 16 Labdia aprepes sp. n., 2 genitalia (Slide 5890). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signum. Pyroderces phaeostigma sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5041). Pyroderces phaeostigma sp. n., 2 genitalia (Slide 5868). Ibidem, ostium. Limnaecia argophylla sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5047). Limnaecia perpusilla sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5154). Epimactis pulsatella sp. n., $ genitalia (Slide 5162). Ibidem, aedeagus. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 4 PAG AY Es: Sr 6 Fic. BIG: Fic. Hig; Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic: Fic. Hie. 10: Bic. 17. BiG: 12: Aaa cele Eko ahs deo aol . PEATE. 7 Stathmopoda haplophanes sp. n., 2 genitalia (Slide 5867). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signa. Stathmopoda moschlosema sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 6203). Ibidem, aedeagus. Ibidem, coremata on VIIIth abdominal segment of ¢. Stathmopoda moschlosema sp. n., 2 genitalia (Slide 5840). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signa. Stathmopoda cornutella sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 5843). Ibidem, aedeagus. Thylacosceles pithanodes sp. n., 3 genitalia, part of the tegumen detached, bearing the uncus and gnathus (Slide 5599). Fic. 13. Ibidem, aedeagus. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 4 | PLATE 17 Fie: Fic. Fic. Fic. jcutes FIG. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. HIG: Fic. FIG. OI ARR wW NH o PLATE 18 Choreutis diana sp. n., 2 genitalia (Slide 5124). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signum. Choreutis diana sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 5163). Ibidem, aedeagus. Blastobasis sciota sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 5899). Ibidem, aedeagus. Blastobasis sciota sp. n., 9 genitalia (Slide 5877). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signum. Liocrobyla saturata sp. n., 3 genitalia, aedeagus in situ (Slide 5076). Opostega leucoprepes sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 6002). Ibidem, aedeagus. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 4 PLAEE 13 ne. Fic. Fic. HIG; HIG; Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic: Fic. Fic. Fic. Se ee ee ee PLATE 1T9 Opogona mendanai sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 5152). Ibidem, aedeagus. Opogona meeki sp. n., 2 genitalia (Slide 5623). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signum. Opogona guppyi sp. n., g genitalia (Slide 5122). Ibidem, aedeagus. Opogona guppyt sp. n., 9 genitalia (Slide 5065). Ibidem, ostium. Ibidem, signum, lateral view showing one of the paired prongs. Decadarchis emphera sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 5590). Ibidem, aedeagus. Decadarchis semifusca sp. n., 3 genitalia (Slide 3865). Ibidem, aedeagus. Ischnocanaba euryzona gen. n., sp. n., g genitalia (Slide 5117). PLATE 19 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 4 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL (ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE) D. R. RAGGE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 5 LONDON: 1961 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL (ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE) D. R. RAGGE ey Pp. 169-208 ; 91 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. § LONDON : 1961 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become veady. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar ‘year. This paper is Vol. 10, No. 5 of the Entomological series. © Trustees of the British Museum, 1961 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued January, 1961 Price Twelve Shillings A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL (ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE) By D. R. RAGGE CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION. : : : : : : , : : See ek! ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. ; ; ; . : ‘ ; P = 5Oz MATERIAL . : , : ‘ . : f : : : <7 Ducetia STAL ; : ‘ ‘ : ; ; : : : Se 25 Key to the Species : : : ‘ : : : : = ee Descriptions of the Species. : , : ; : 3 + £32 Nota WALKER . ; ‘ ; ; ‘ : 5 ‘ : 206 REFERENCES ; : : g ‘ ‘ ; ‘ : : . 208 SYNOPSIS The genus Ducetia Stal is fully revised. Five generic and five specific synonyms are newly established, and nine new species are described. The status of Nota testacea Walker is dis- cussed. INTRODUCTION In addition to those which have been described in Ducetia Stal and Noia Walker, this revision covers all the species, with the exception of [sotima japonica Matsumura & Shiraki, which have been described in the genera Jsotima Brunner, Paura Karsch, Pseudtsotima Schulthess, Kuwayamaea Matsumura & Shiraki, and Telaea Bolivar. These five generic names are here newly synonymized: the first (together with Isotimula Uvarov) with Nota Walker, and the remainder with Ducetia Stal. Isotima japonica Matsumura & Shiraki was placed by Bei-Bienko (1954) in the genus Anisotima Bei-Bienko. Its wing-venation, though reduced, does not suggest any connection with Ducetia Stal, and, both because of this and to avoid the homonymy which would result from the inclusion of this species in Ducetia Stal, I have excluded it from this revision. The genus Ducetia was erected by Stal in 1874 for the single species Locusta japonica Thunberg, 1815. In 1878 Brunner added three further species : D. adspersa Brunner (based on a rather aberrant specimen of D. japonica (Thunberg) (see p. 182)), D. ceylanica Brunner, and D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker). With the addition of this last species, described from Kenya, the genus was recognized as extending beyond the Orient into the Ethiopian Region. At the same time Brunner published a preliminary description of chinensis, placing it in his new genus Isotima. Although the holotype of this species, which was stated by Brunner to be in Budapest, is almost certainly now destroyed, there can be little doubt as to which species is ENTOM. 10, 5. 13 172 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL involved, and there seems to be no taxonomic feature to justify placing it in a separate genus. Ten years later Karsch (1888) erected the genus Paura for two new species P. biramosa Karsch and P. reticulosa Karsch. These species were each based on a unique female specimen, and the holotypes have proved to be females of two sexually dimorphic African species of Ducetia Stal, one of them already known from the male as D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker). This situation is discussed more fully on p. 202. In 1891 Brunner added D. cruciata and at the same time described Isotima javanica. This latter species is without doubt congeneric with D. japonica (Thunberg), from which it is a brachypterous derivative. The African species Pseudisotima punctata Schulthess, 1898, is a similar case, being derived by reduction of the wings from D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker) ; here again a separate genus is quite unwarranted. Two further African species have been described since this time : D. loost Griffini, 1908 and D. fuscopunctata Chopard, 1954. Bolivar erected the genus Telaea in 1922 for the species T. quadripunctata Bolivar. The holotype of this species was found close to the type locality of D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker), and the type specimens of these two species are undoubtedly con- specific. The genus Nota Walker, erected in 1870 for the brachypterous species N. testacea Walker, presents something of a problem. It agrees with Ducetia Stal in every feature of taxonomic importance, but unlike the two brachypterous species of that genus it shows no close affinities with any macropterous species. Unfortunately, Noia Walker has priority over Ducetia Stal; if it were not for this I should have little hesitation in regarding testacea as a third, though rather aberrant, brachypterous species of Ducetia Stal. However, it would be most undesirable to replace such a well-known name as Ducetia Stal by a name which has barely appeared in the literature since its creation in 1870. For reasons mainly of convenience I am there- fore giving Noia Walker separate generic status in this revision. When our know- ledge of the group is in a more advanced state, it may be advisable to apply to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for the suppression of the name Noia Walker in favour of Ducetia Stal. In this revision Noia testacea Walker is included in the key to the species of Ducetia Stal. The generic name Isotima Brunner (together with the nom. n. Jsotimula Uvarov) is here synonymized with Noia Walker, on the ground that the holotypes of the respective type species are conspecific. In this revision nine new species are described, bringing the total number of species in Ducetia Stal to twenty Five generic and five specific synonyms are newly established. Access was gained to all the existing type specimens, including those representing synonyms, except for one in Japan and one in Genoa. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My most sincere gratitude is due to the following specialists who have spared time and energy to send me type specimens or other material from their respective museums ; A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 173 Mr. P. Basilewsky, Dr. M. Beier, Dr. L. Chopard, Mr. A. Collart, Dr. A. Diakonoff, Mr. K. Giinther, Mr. H. M. Hale, Mr. A. J. Hesse, Professor C. H. Lindroth, Dr. L. Mistshenko, Mr. J. A. G. Rehn, and Mr. R. Roy. I am also most grateful to the following workers, who have been kind enough to send me specimens which they have collected personally : Dr. S. Asahina, Mr. E. S. Brown, and Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Crosskey. Finally I wish to thank Miss P. M. Stock for her practical assistance. MATERIAL In addition to the collection of Ducetia Stal in the British Museum (Natural History) material was lent by the sources listed below, through the courtesy of the specialists mentioned above. Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Tervuren; Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna ; Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels ; Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden ; Zoologische Museum of the Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin; South Australian Museum, Adelaide ; South African Museum, Cape Town; Universitetets Zoologiska Institution, Lund ; Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Leningrad ; Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Institut Frangais d’Afrique Noire, Dakar, Senegal. DUCETIA Stal, 1874 Ducetia Stal, 1874, Recensio Orthopterorum, 2:11. Typespecies, by monotypy, Locusta japonica Thunberg, 1815. Paura Karsch, 1888, Berl. ent. Z. 32: 439. Type species, by subsequent designation (Kirby, 1906, p. 407), Paura biramosa Karsch, 1888. Syn. n. Pseudisotima Schulthess, 1898, Ann. Mus. Stor. nat. Genova, 39: 199. Type species, by mono- typy, Pseudisotima punctata Schulthess, 1898. Syn. n. Kuwayamaea Matsumura & Shiraki, 1908, J. Coll. Agric. Tokyo,3: 7. Type species, by original designation, Kuwayamaea sapporensis Matsumura & Shiraki, 1908. Syn. n. Telaea Bolivar, 1922, Voy. M. Rothschild E. Afr. Anim. Art. 1: 201. Type species, by mono- typy, Telaea quadripunctata Bolivar, 1922. Syn. n. Diacnosis. GQ. Radius of fore wings almost always with pectinately arranged posterior branches (except in brachypterous species), usually three or more in number and often closely parallel to each other. Pronotum without lateral carinae ; lateral pronotal lobes with more or less distinct angle in antero-ventral region of margin. Fastigium of vertex compressed, sulcate above. Fore tibiae with oval tympanic opening on both sides. Fore coxal spine very small or absent. Discussion. The species of this genus show a general tendency to have a com- paratively large number of pectinate branches on the radius of the fore wing. This feature reaches its fullest expression in such species as D. japonica (Thunberg), D. loosi Griffini, D. costata sp. n., and D. ramulosa sp.n. In several of the African species these branches tend to be arranged rather irregularly, so that the pectinate pattern sometimes becomes obscured ; examples of this are shown by D. crosskeyi sp. n. and D. chelocerca sp. n. In D. chinensis (Brunner), which has somewhat ENTOM. I0, 5. 13§ 174 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL reduced wings, there are too few radial branches in the fore wings to show clearly their pectinate arrangement, and in the brachypterous species D. javanica (Brunner) and D. punctata (Schulthess) the pectinate pattern is quite lost. In D. furcata sp. n. the radius presents a complete departure from the arrangement typical of the genus in having a bifurcate sector. In the oriental species the venational feature mentioned above, when shown by the male, is shown in exactly the same way by the female. In fact, apart from the usual differences in the genitalia and stridulatory organ, the sexes are closely similar. This is also true of the two African species D. loosi Griffini and D. fuscopunctata Chopard, and in the very brachypterous species D. punctata (Schulthess) the sexes again resemble each other quite closely. However, the females of D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker) and D. bivamosa (Karsch) are markedly different from the males: they have no hind wings and the venation of the fore wings is too reduced for there to be more than a suggestion of a pectinate arrangement in the radial branches. In the remaining eight African species the female sex still remains to be found and the extent to which sexual dimorphism is shown by each of them must remain unknown for the present. It would of course be most interesting to know whether the females of any of these species show intermediate stages in sexual dimorphism between the normal condition (as found in D. Joos: Griffini, for example) and the extreme cases mentioned above. It is possible to trace certain evolutionary trends within the genus, and I have attempted to represent these diagrammatically in Text-fig. 1. The species japonica, furcata, cruciata, and ceylanica, form a fairly homogeneous unit in the Oriental Region, and javanica represents a brachypterous, but otherwise unchanged, deri- vative from japonica. A less extreme trend towards brachypterism is shown by chinensis ; neither this species nor spatula has any very close affinity with the other oriental species. Nota testacea Walker is related to the oriental species of Ducetia Stal, but again shows no close affinity with any one of them. Among the African species, Joost and its very close relative fuscopunctata represent the closest approach to the oriental facies (as typified by japonica), though there may be some phylogenetic connection between crosskeyi and either spatula or chinensis. Macro- cerca and costata are probably offshoots from Joost. The three species chelocerca, vamulosa, and sagitta, show a development towards the distinctive East African facies, typified by punctipennis. This trend reaches its fullest expression in the deserticolous species vitriala and parva. Punctata is clearly a brachypterous offshoot from punctipennis. DISTRIBUTION (see Text-fig. 2). The range of this genus covers most of the Ethiopian Region and extends through the Oriental Region to New Guinea, the Solomon Is., and northern Australia. It also includes Manchuria, Korea and Japan. KEY TO THE SPECIES (including Noia testacea Walker, see p. 207) Males 1. Hind wings rudimentary . , ; ; _ . ; ‘ ‘ . ‘ 2 ~—. Hind wings well developed ‘ 2. Subgenital plate deeply bifurcate, as in Text. figs, 5 and 23 (Oriental Region) Oo Ai a A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 175 Subgenital plate bilobed but not onan bifurcate, as in Text-fig. 20. (Ethiopian Region) ; ey of punciata (Schulthess) (p. 203) Subgenital plate as in in Text-fig, % Cerci as in Text- fig. 32 D. javanica (Brunner) (p. 188) Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 23. Cerci as in Text-fig. 50 Nota testacea Walker (p. 207) Palaearctic, Oriental, and Australasian species . E ; é A : : 5 African species A : ; : , ; ‘ ; : : : : 10 N T ik \e A F R Fic. 1. Diagram showing the probable inter-relationships of the species of Ducetia Stal. (The abbreviations of specific names are the same as those given in Text-figs. 3-23.) Subgenital plate with two inwardly-directed apical teeth, as in Text-fig. 24, not bifid when viewed from below (Text-fig. 8) . . 5D. chinensis (Brunner) (p. 190) Subgenital plate without apical teeth, bifid when viewed from below. ‘ Z 6 Fore wings more than 35 mm. in length. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 7 D. ceylanica Brunner (p. 189) Fore wings less than 35 mm. in length. Subgenital plate not as in Text-fig. 7 : 7 Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 6, the distal lobes widely separated D. cruciata Brunner (p. 189) Subgenital plate not as in ans 6, the distal lobes contiguous or aia so (Text- figs. 3, 4, and 9) . : : 8 Cerci as in Text-fig. 36, with a , dorsal and ventral ridge at the apex. Subgenital plate as in Text-figs. 9 and 26 ; ‘ Z ; D. spatula sp. n. (p. 191) . Cerci as in Text-fig. 30 or 31, with only a ventral ridge at the apex or without isa Subgenital plate not as in Text-figs. 9 and 26 . ; 9 Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 52, R branched dichotomously. " Cerci as in Text-fig. 31, without an apical ridge ; : ; ‘ D. furcata sp. n. (p. 186) A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 176 ‘TRIS vYeING JO so1oeds oY} JO OUIOS JO UOTNQII}sIP oyeuTxo1dde oy} Surmoys dep ‘z ‘OI ' ' T ' q ! i ' L ! Uy 1 ' qT . eo v a WLLIOVS ‘Gd VOINOdvr “a fut 28 . i 1ISOO71 A ) N Pe af ist eneeeeenes —) ae ~ ~ SINN3dILDNNd ‘Gd 9 SS x aa VIVLONNdODSNs ‘G ’ i ff Pd ot st x X \ eae oo oe —— = F abr - ® i or oO0E 902 oO! °O i X “ ew == é . a g @ 0 A om, = a, i } \ f %, < | 4 50! = «i cia Ue. 4 | Fa ( \ P ed a= x <7 coamwore O a \ Paes 5 | os + ee Ria a | ’ . esseeeeeee i Ma . LA } 'o.S> tf 0 l l | i : ; a oOSl oOFrl eSCFl = DUI eSll O00! 006 °O8 OL 209 50S “OF ae — ~ “ i A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 177 —. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 51, R branched pectinately. Cerci as in ; Text-fig. 30, with an interno-ventral ridge at the apex D. japonica (Thunberg) (p. 182) 10. Subgenital plate as in Text-figs. 10, 25, and 27, with two inwardly-directed apical teeth , ‘ ‘ : . ; . ‘ . D. crosskeyi sp. n. (p. 192) —. Subgenital plate not as in Text-figs. 10, 25, and 27, without apical teeth ‘ , Sa \j cRuUC JAV CHIN SPAT FURC 6 CEYL 5 8 9 3 4 7 \ ‘ \ y | cost CHEL ae CROS MAC 14 I5 16 1@) se Fusc 13 I 12 \( PARV PUNCTAT oe PUNCTIP a 22 TEST 20 17 Fics. 3-23. Ventral view of the male subgenital plate of (3) Ducetia japonica (Thunberg) ; (4) D. furcata sp.n.; (5) D. javanica (Brunner); (6) D. cruciata Brunner; (7) D. ceylanica Brunner ; (8) D. chinensis (Brunner) ; (9) D. spatula sp.n.; (10) D. cross- keyi sp.n.; (11) D. loosi Griffini; (12) D. fuscopunctata Chopard ; (13) D. macrocerca sp.n.; (14) D. costata sp.n.; (15) D. chelocerca sp.n.; (16) D. vamulosa sp. n. ; (17) D. sagitta sp.n.; (18) D. bivamosa (Karsch) ; (19) D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker) ; (20) D. punctata (Schulthess) ; (21) D, vitriala sp.n.; (22) D. parva sp.n.; (23) Nota testacea Walker, A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL . Lobes of the subgenital plate converging apically, contiguous, or almost so, at the apex (Text-figs. II, 12,13, 17, orig). Lobes of the subgenital plate diverging apically, widely separated at the apex (not as in Text-figs, mentioned) Right fore wing showing an expanded transparent area with regular cross-veins along the more proximal part of the posterior edge (not visible when the wings are flexed), as in Text-fig. 61. Cerci relatively long, extending at least to the apex of the subgenital plate. ; . D. macrocerca sp. n. (p. 195) . Right fore wing not as in Text-fig. 61. Cerci relatively shorter, not reaching the apex of the subgenital plate . CHIN CROS Fics. 24-29. Ducetia Stal. 24-25. End view of the male subgenital plate of (24) D chinensis (Brunner) ; (25) D. crosskeyi sp.n. 26-29. Lateral view of the male sub- genital plate of (26) D. spatula sp.n.; (27) D. crosskeyi sp.n.; (28) D. loosi Griffini ; 17. SPAT ane 2% 27 LOOS " FUSC 28 29 (29) D. fuscopunctata Chopard. . Fore wings of shiny and transparent texture . Fore wings opaque and not shiny Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 19 D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker) (p. . Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 21. . f D. vitriala sp. n. (p. Right fore wing with a transparent patch is in the basal region of areas R and MA D. peewee (Gerstaecker) (p. . Areas R and MA of the right wing uniformly opaque . : . Cerci swollen at the base, then abruptly constricted, and with a “characteristically shaped apex, as in Text-fig. 44. Subgenital aa when viewed from below, as in Text-fig. 17 ; 3 D. sagitta sp. n. (p. Cerci tapering more uniformly from the base, as in Text- figs. 38 and 39. Subgenital plate, when viewed from below, as in Text-figs. 11 or 12 . Subgenital plate, when viewed from the side, as in Text-fig. 28. Dd. loosi Griffini (p. 13 18. 19. . Cerci not swollen subapically, with a long fine point, as in Text-fig. 41 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 179 Subgenital plate, when viewed from the side, as in Text-fig. 29 . D. fuscopunctata Chopard (p. 194) R of the fore wing with at least five posterior branches, as in Text-figs. 62 and 64 . 19 R of the fore wing with four posterior branches or fewer. , . : ; 20 Cerci somewhat swollen subapically, as in Text-fig. 43 . D.vamulosa sp. n. (p. 198) D. costata sp. n. (p. 196) ( 4 : € (¢ ( € 30 3| 32 33 34 35 36 AC @ Loos FUSC 4 | ( COST @ @ 37 38 39 40 al 42 43 a BIR PUNCTIP € VIT PARV TEST 44 45 46 47 48 49 1 @) Fics. 30-50. Dorsal view of the left male cercus of (30) Ducetia japonica (Thunberg) ; (31) D. furcata sp.n.; (32) D. javanica (Brunner) ; (33) D. cruciata Brunner; (34) D. ceylanica Brunner; (35) D. chinensis (Brunner) ; (36) D. spatula sp.n.; (37) D. crosskeyi sp.n.; (38) D. loosi Griffini; (39) D. fuscopunctata Chopard ; (40) D. macro- cerca sp.n.; (41) D. costatasp.n.; (42) D. chelocerca sp.n.; (43) D. ramulosa sp. n. ; (44) D. sagitta sp. n.; (45) D. biramosa (Karsch) ; (46) D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker) ; (47) D. punctata (Schulthess) ; (48) D. vitriala sp.n.; (49) D. parva sp.n.; (50) Noiqa testacea Walker, 180 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL a SSSQ a ———— : ee FURC 51 52 < JAV [SSS 53 = 54 ae CEYL CHIN 55 56 SN co —— SS SSS ‘a ar cROS 57 38 Na ay eee 59 60 BS < cost MAC 62 él 5 = Sg a Bio 8h cree RAM 63 64 Fics. 51-64. The right male fore wing of (51) Ducetia japonica (Thunberg); (52) D. furcata sp. n.; (53) D. javanica (Brunner) ; (54) D. cruciata Brunner ; (55) D. ceylanica Brunner; (56) D. chinensis (Brunner); (57) D. spatula sp.n.; (58) D. crosskeyi sp. n. ; (59) D. loost Griffini; (60) D. fuscopunctata Chopard ; (61) D. macrocerca sp.n.; (62) D. costata sp.n.; (63) D. chelocerca sp.n.; (64) D. ramulosa sp. n. A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 181 20. Fore wings of shiny and transparent texture. (Not known from south of the equator) 2% —. Fore wings opaque, at least towards the base, and not particularly shiny. (Not known from north of the equator) . ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ é ; ; ‘ 22 21. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 21. Total length more than 27 mm. D. vitriala sp. n. (p. 204) —. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 22. Total length less than 27 mm. D. parva sp. n. (p. 205) 22. Cerci tapering evenly to a fine point, as in Text-fig. 45 D. bivamosa (Karsch) (p. se —. Cerci somewhat swollen subapically, as in Text-fig. 42 . D. chelocerca sp. n. (p. 197) ~“ PUNCTIP PUNCTAT 67 68 Ss = ey 6 — = TEST 7O 7| Fics. 65-71. The right male fore wing of (65) Ducetia sagitta sp.n.; (66) D. biramosa (Karsch) ; (67) D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker) ; (68) D. punctata (Schulthess) ; (69) D. vitriala sp.n.; (70) D. parva sp.n.; (71) Nota testacea Walker. Females The thirteen African species are not included in this key, since the female sex is known in only seven of them. JD. spatula sp.n., known only from the male holotype, is also omitted. 1. Hind wings rudimentary . ‘ ' ‘ ‘ : : ‘ ‘ , ; 2 -. Hind wings well developed ' ‘ ; ‘ : 3 2. Ovipositor more than 8 mm. in length, shaped as in Text-fig. 76 Noia testacea Walker (p. 207) -. Ovipositor less than 8 mm. in length, shaped as in Text-fig. 72 D. javanica (Brunner) (p. 188) 3. Hind wings extending beyond the flexed fore wings . . ‘ ; ; ; 4 -. Hind wings not extending beyond the flexed fore wings D. chinensis (Brunner) (p. 190) 4. R of the fore wings branched in a dichotomous fashion, as in Text-fig. 80 D. furcata sp. n. (p. 186) -. R of the fore wings branched in a pectinate fashion, not as in Text-fig. 80. ‘ 5 5. Fore wings less than four times longer than their maximum width, their venation as in Text-fig. 83. : ; . D. ceylanica Brunner (p. 189) -. Fore wings more than four times longer than their maximum width, their venation as in Text-figs. 79 and 82... ; : ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . : 6 ENTOM. 10, 5. 1388 182 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 6. Subgenital pate with a posteriorly directed process on each side, as in Text-fig. 78 D. cruciata Brunner (p. 188) -. Subgenital plate unmodified, as in Text-fig. 77 . . D. japonica (Thunberg) (p. 182) 72 73 74 fg TEST A nse JAP CRUC 76 v7 78 Fics. 72-78. Ducetia Stal and Noia Walker. 72-76. Lateral view of the ovipositor of (72) Ducetia japonica (Thunberg) ; (73) D. biramosa (Karsch) ; (74) D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker) ; (75) D. punctata (Schulthess); (76) Noia testacea Walker. 77-78. Ventral view of the female subgenital plate of (77) D. japonica (Thunberg) ; (78) D. cruciata Brunner. 1. Ducetia japonica (Thunberg, 1815) Locusta japonica Thunberg, 1815, Mém. Acad. Sci. St-Pétersb. (Sci. phys.) 5: 282. Type locality: Japan. Type material lost. Locusta (Phaneroptera) quinquenervis Haan, 1842, in Temminck, Verh. nat. ges. Ned. overz. bezitt., Zool. (Ins.), p. 193. Lectotype g, JAPAN (v. Siebold). 2 g and 2 2 syntypes, same data as lectotype. 2 ¢ syntypes, Java (Blume). All in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. Steivodon lanceolatum Walker, 1859, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 4: 222. Lectotype g, CEYLON, and 3 2 syntypes, same data as lectotype, in the British Museum (Natural History); 3 syntypes, same data as lectotype, lost. Phaneropteva neochlova Walker, 1869, Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria, p. 342. Lectotype g, CHINA. 2 92 syntypes, same data as lectotype. In the British Museum (Natural History). Phaneropteva privata Walker, 1869, Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria, p. 344. Holotype dg, East Pakistan: Sylhet. In the British Museum (Natural History). Phaneroptera aliena Walker, 1869, Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria, p. 347. Holotype g, East Pakistan: Sylhet. In the British Museum (Natural History). Ducetia adspersa Brunner, 1878, Monographie der Phaneropteriden, p. 110. Holotype g, PHILIPPINE Is.: Manila. In the Zoologisches Museum of the Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin. Syn. n. Diacnosis. ¢. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 51, R almost always with 4-6 closely parallel posterior branches. Cerci as in Text-fig. 30, with interno- A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 183 ventral ridge at apex. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 3, deeply bifurcate with contiguous lobes. 2. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 79. =. i, ae x CEYL CHIN 83 84 ———— ELS — ses eg ete | 85 86 | ae | SS SS | BIR . PUNCTIP 87 88 eee os S SS, 4 PUNCTAT Seer aie 90 Fics. 79-90. The right female fore wing of (79) Ducetia japonica (Thunberg) ; (80) D. furcata sp. n.; (81) D. javanica (Brunner) ; (82) D. cruciata Brunner ; (83) D. ceylanica Brunner; (84) D. chinensis (Brunner) ; (85) D. Joosi Griffini; (86) D. fuscopunctata Chopard ; (87) D. bivamosa (Karsch); (8) D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker) ; (89) D. punctata (Schulthess) ; (90) Noia testacea Walker. 184 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (20) : 32:4-46-1, mean 36-84. Median length of pronotum (20) : 3-I1-4*7, mean 3°68. Length of hind femur (20) : 15:0-26-6, mean 20-46. Length of fore wing (20) : 22:4~-32°3, mean 25°48. Females Total length (20) : 33°7-46°7, mean 38°56. Median length of pronotum (20): 3-6—5-6, mean 4:02. Length of hind femur (20) : 18-5—26-8, mean 21-49. Length of fore wing (20) : 24:4-33°5, mean 27°54. * Length of ovipositor (20) : 5:2-6-8, mean 5°87. Discussion. The shape and venation of the fore wings, with the five (occasionally four or six) posterior radial branches, and the male genitalia, enable this species to be easily recognized. Occasionally the regular pattern of the radial branches is lost (as in the holotype of D. adspersa Brunner, which clearly belongs to the present species), probably as a result of a genetic alteration, in which case identi- fication must depend on the genitalia. Freak specimens of this sort, which occur intermingled with normal ones, may easily be confused with D. furcata sp. n., in which, however, the male cerci lack the interno-ventral ridge at the apex. D. japonica (Thunberg) is the most common and widespread of the Asiatic species of Ducetia Stal. Although specimens from the Solomon Is. (and, to a lesser extent, New Guinea) are quite considerably larger than those from any other part of the range, there is generally very little geographical variation. Individual variation is also not very marked: the usual green colouring is occasionally replaced by brown, however, and there may or may not be dark spots on the fore wings. I have examined the holotype of D. adspersa Brunner and have found it to belong to D. japonica (Thunberg). I have selected and marked a male lectotype from among the syntypes of Locusta (Phaneroptera) quinquenervis Haan, a male lectotype from among the syntypes of Stetrvodon lanceolatum Walker, and a male lectotype from among the syntypes of Phaneroptera neochlora Walker. MATERIAL EXAMINED 3 lectotype, I gj syntype (Java), and 1 9 syntype (Japan), of Locusta (Phaneroptera) quinquenervis Haan. ¢ lectotype and 3 2 syntypes of Steivodon lanceolatum Walker. One ¢ lectotype and 2 2 syntypes of Phaneroptera neochlora Walker. 3 holotype of Phaneroptera privata Walker. 3 holotype of Phaneroptera aliena Walker. 3 holotype of D. adspersa Brunner. InpDIA: Coorg, Fraserpet, 29.i1.1924 (Fletcher) (1 3); Pusa, x.1908, on grass (T. N. J.) (x 3); Pusa, 15.xi.1904 (——) (x 9); Tukdah, 12 miles east of Dar- jeeling, 5,000 ft. (Sevastopulo) (x 3, 3 2); Assam (——) (1 g); Assam, Kahao, — A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 185 Lohit Valley, 4,000-5,000 ft., 15-20. xi.1926 (Kingdon Ward) (1 2) ; Assam, Mishmi Hills, Delai Valley, Taphlogam, 4,000-5,000 ft., 8.xi.1936 (Steele) (I 3); Assam, Mishmi Hills, Delai Valley, Chanliang, 4,840 ft., 25.xi.1936 (Steele) (r 3); Assam, Mishmi Hills, Delai Valley, Talon, 9,000—-10,000 ft., 25. xi.1936 (Steele) (1 9) ; Sham- baganur, Madura, 1922 (Anglade) (I 2); Shambaganur, Madura ( PAL o) Bolampatti Valley, Coimbatore distr., 20.iv.1937 (B.M.-C.M. Exp.) (4 3, 4 9); Siruvani, Coimbatore distr., 1,700 ft., 23-26.ix.1938 (B.M.-C.M. Exp.) (1 9); Nadungayam, Malabar, 200 ft., 16-22.ix.1938 (B.M.-C.M. Exp.) (9 3,5 2) ; Chenat Nair Forest, Palghet, 16.iv.1937 (B.M.-C.M. Exp.) (2 3) ; Top Slip Camp, Nelliam- pathi Hills, 26.iv.1937 (B.M.-C.M. Exp.) (2 3) ; Tenmalai, Travancore, 500-800 ft., 11-17.x.1938 (B.M.-C.M. Exp.) (1 2); Thekkadi, Periyar Dam, Travancore, 6-10.v.1937 (B.M.-C.M. Exp.) (1 3, 1 9); Pirmed, Travancore, 3,400 ft., 4-6.v. 1937 (B.M.-C.M. Exp.) (1 3); Lebong, 3,000 ft., ix.19g08 (M. M. I.) (1 9); Assam, nr. Ledo, vi-xi.1944 (Rehn) (5 3, 3 2); Assam, south side of R. Brahmaputra, opposite Sadiya, 24.vii.1944 (Rehn) (1 9); Kallar, 1,500 ft., 18.v.1923 (Nathan) (t 3); Coorg, Sidapur, 13-14.v.1914 (Fletcher) (1 3); Bellary distr., Ramandrug, 3,500 ft., on Lantana, 29.viii.1918 (A. G. R.) (I g) ; Pakistan: Dacca, vii-ix.1945 (Leston) (t g, 1 9); CEyLon: Peradeniya, 1909-10 (Green) (7 3); Peradeniya, iii.tgor (——) (1 3); Peradeniya, iii.1g07 (——) (I 3); —— (Green) (x 2); Wavena Estate, v.1954 (Brown) (1 3) ; , 1891 (Heuser) (3 3, 2 9) (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; KAsHmrr : Srinagar, 5,200 ft., at light, 5. viii.23 (Fletcher) (1 3) ; NEPAL: Phewa Tal, nr. Pokhara, 2,500 ft., 10.v.1954 (Quinlan) (1 g); SIKKIM: Gantok, 5,000 ft., in vegetation, 26.vii.1924 (Hingston) (2 3); TipeT: Zayul, Rima, 5,000 ft., II.viii.1933 (Kingdon Ward & Kaulback) (1 9); Burma: Shingbwiyang, 665 ft., v-vi.1945 (Rehn) (3 3); Myitkyina, 9-10.vi.1944 (Rehn) (2 3); —— (Hough) (1 3); 27° 50’ N., 97° 50’ E., 3,000 ft., 12.ix.1926 (Kingdon Ward) (1 8) ; Sadon, 1.vii.1934 (Malaise) (1 3); Mishmi Hills, Delei River, 1,700 ft., 1.11. 1935 (Steele) (1 9) ; Mishmi Hills, Pange, 1,650 ft., 23.i.1935 (Steele) (2 3) ; Nam Tamai Valley, 27° 42’ N., 97° 54’ E., 3,000 ft., vii-ix.1938 (Kaulback) (7 3, 4 2); Nam Tamai Valley, 27° 40’ N., 97° 55’ E., 3,800 ft., 22. vii. 1938 (Kaulback) (2 3, 1 9); Nam Tamai Valley, 3,500 ft., 12.ix.1938 (Kaulback) (1 9); Seinghku Valley, Nam Tamai, 28° 5’ N., 97° 35’ E., 4,000 ft., 13-14. viii. 1926 (Kingdon Ward) (1 3, I 9); Cuina: Ushan, nr. Tsingtau, ix-x.1954 (Bei-Bienko) (1 g, 1 2); Foochow, 1936-38 (Yang) (5 3, 3 9); Hainan, Mt. Wuchi, 15-21.v.1903 (——) (3 3); THAILAND: Bangkok Noi, 11.vi.1926 (Ladell) (x 9) ; Upper Pran (?) River, 12.iv. 1926 (Ladell) (x 9); Patalung, at light, 4.v.1924 (Evans) (rt 9); INDO-CHINA: South Annam, Langbian Province, Langbian Peaks, 6,000-7,500 ft., iv. 1918 (Boden Kloss) (1 3); Tonkin, 1908 (Gronvelle) («1 3) (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris); KOREA: ) (1 3); Japan: Sagami-Hakusan, 25.ix.1949 (Fukuhara) (1 3) ; Tokyo, Setagaya Nezu-hill, 15.viii.1948 (Fukuhara) (1 9); ( ) (t 3); Tokyo, 7.V.1938 (Abe) (x 3) (Zool. Inst. Lund.) ; (Dénitz) (x 9) (Zool. Mus. Berlin) ; ——, 1891 (Deyrolle) (x 2) (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Formosa: (Holst) (x 3) ; Takao, vii-x.1907 (Sauter) (2 3, 3 9) (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; Lake Candidius, 15- 3I.x.1907 (Sauter) (1 3) (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; Matava: Batang Padang, 10. iii. 1921 (Pendlebury) (x $); Kuala Lumpur, at light, 1922-31 (Pendlebury) (4 g, I 9); 186 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL Kuala Lumpur, 1921-26 (Pendlebury) (4 3); Senangor, Cheras Road, at light, 1924-27 (Seimund) (3 $); Kedah, nr. Jitra, catchment area, at light, 4-10 ‘iv.1928 (Pendlebury) (15 3); Selangor, Bukit Cherakah, 27-31.vii.1g21 (Pendlebury) (r g); Senangor, Ginting Bidai, 2,000 ft. (Kloss) (1 g, 1 9); Kuala Lumpur (Lea et al.) (1 g) (South Australian Museum); Gap, Fraser’s Hill (Lea) (x 9) (South Australian Museum); Pahang, Kuala Jahan, 300 ft., 26.xi.1g21 (Pendlebury) (1 3); Batang Padang, 24.v.1923 (Pendlebury) (1 3); Jelai Pahang, 1917 ( ) (1 3,19); Klang Gates, vii-x.1932 (Miller) (2 3, 1 2) ; Kuanton Pahang, 8. vi. 1933 (Miller) (1 3); Bukit Cherakah, 10.vii.1932 (Miller) (2 3); The Gap, in jungle, 8.vili.1928 (Miller) (1 9); Kuala Lumpur, at light, viliix.1928 (Miller) (4 2); Kuala Lumpur, ii.1929 (Muller) (2 3); Tampin, 30.iv.1936 (Miller) (x @); SINGAPORE : (Ridley) (3 3); SUMATRA: xi.1877-vi.1878 ( ) (3 3, z Q) (Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. Leiden) ; Deli (Martin) (1 3, 1 2) (Zool. Mus. Berlin) ; Java: Tengger Mts. (Fruhstorfer) (1 9) (Zool. Mus. Berlin) ; Tjikavang, xi.1937 (Walsh) (x 2) (Zool. Inst. Lund); Tjikavang, Mt. Djampang, x.1937 (Walsh) (1 3g, I Q) (Zool. Inst. Lund) ; Buitenzorg (Lea) (1 g) (South Australian Museum) ; SARAWAK: 1909 (Brooks) (1 9) ; BORNEO: Samarinda, 11.1939 (Walsh) (x 3) (Zool. Inst. Lund) ; Sambas, 1891 (Bosscha) (1 3) (Rijkmus. Nat. Hist. Leiden) ; Puitippine Is. : (Banks) (x 3, I 9); (Ledyard) (1 2); TuKkanGBeEsi Is.: Binongko, Toekang, 7-10.i11.1930 (Snellius Exp.) (1 g) (Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. Leiden) ; NEw GuINEA: Maprik, 28.x.1957 (Smart) (1 3); Lumi, 1.xi.1957 (Smart) (1 2); Popondetta distr., Sangara, 23.11.1956 (Brown) (2 3); NE. Papua, Mt. Lamington, 1,300- 1,500 ft. (McNamara) (4 3, 2 9) (South Australian Museum) ; N. Territory, Groote Eylandt (Tindale) (1 3) (South Australian Museum) ; Madang (Lohe) (x ¢) (South Australian Museum); AUSTRALIA: Cairns distr. (Lea) (2 9) (South Australian Museum) ; Cairns (Lea) (1 g) (South Australian Museum); Cairns distr. (Dodd) (3 3) (South Australian Museum); N. Territory, Grove Hill ( ) (x 3) (South Australian Museum) ; SoLomon Is.: Guadalcanal, Honiara distr., Kukum, 1954- 56 (Brown) (6 3); Guadalcanal, Honiara distr., Tenaru, 1954-56 (Brown) (9 3, 3 2); Guadalcanal, Poha River, 22.viii.1954 (Brown) (1 2); Guadalcanal, Rua Vatu, 18. vili.1955 (Brown) (1 3); Buin, 23.vii.1922 (Armytage) (1 @). In the British Museum (Natural History) unless otherwise stated. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 2). D. japonica (Thunberg) ranges over the whole of Asia south of latitude 40° N. and east of longitude 70° E. It is found throughout Indonesia, extending eastwards to the Solomon Is. and southwards to northern Australia. ( 2. Ducetia furcata sp. n. Holotype 3, Formosa: Takao, 17.viii.1907 (Sauter). In the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. Diacnosis. ¢. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 52, R, bifurcate. Cerci as in Text-fig. 31, without interno-ventral ridge at apex. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 4. . Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 80. DESCRIPTION. ¢. Fastigium of vertex compressed, sulcate above, A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 187 Pronotum without lateral carinae. Fore coxae with very small spine. Fore femora with about 4-11 external spinules. Mid femora with about 11-14 external spinules. Hind femora with terminal dorsal point and with about 9-11 external spinules. Hind tibiae with about 55-100 external dorsal spines. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 52, R, bifurcate. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by between fifth and sixth length of latter. Tenth abdominal tergite enlarged. Supra-anal plate slightly longer than broad, ligulate. Cerci as in Text-fig. 31, without interno-ventral ridge at apex. Sub- genital plate as in Text-fig. 4. Coloration green, with dark brown markings on vertex, antennae, pronotal disc, stridulatory organ, hind margin of fore wings, and parts of legs. Cerci with dark tip. Q. As male except for wings and genitalia. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 80. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by about tenth length of latter. Ovipositor crenulate along distal two-thirds of dorsal margin and distal third of ventral margin. MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (4) : 34°6-36-4, mean 35°50. Median length of pronotum (4): 4°:2-4:4, mean 4:27. Length of hind femur (4) : 23-4-25°7, mean 24:12. Length of fore wing (4) : 25:3-26°4, mean 25°95. Females Total length (x): 33-4. Median length of pronotum (2): 4:7-4°9, mean 4°80. Length of hind femur (1): 25-8. Length of fore wing (2) : 24°5-25°8, mean 25°15. Length of ovipositor (2) : 6-6-6-8, mean 6°70. VARIATION. The femoral and tibial spines and spinules vary greatly in number. Discussion. In its size and general appearance this species resembles D. japonica (Thunberg) ; it may be distinguished from it, however, by the bifurcate R, and, in the male, by the lack of an interno-ventral ridge at the apex of the cerci. MATERIAL EXAMINED 3 holotype; r ¢ and 1 9 paratype, Formosa: Takao, I1.vili.1g07 (Sauter) ($ in British Museum (Natural History), 2 in Nat. Mus. Vienna); 1 ¢ paratype, Formosa: Takao, 30.vii.19g07 (Sauter) (Nat. Mus. Vienna); I ¢ paratype, For- MosA: Takao (Sauter) (Nat. Mus. Vienna). Formosa : —— (Hilgendorf) (1 2) (Zool. Mus. Berlin). DIsTRIBUTION, Known only from Formosa, 188 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 3. Ducetia javanica (Brunner, 1891) comb. n. Isotima javanica Brunner, 1891, Additamenta zur Monographie der Phaneropteriden, p. 54. Lectotype g, Java: Tengger Mts. (Fruhstorfer). 2 g and 2 9 syntypes, same data as lecto- type; 1 Qsyntype, Java (Dohrn). In the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. Diacnosis. ¢. Hind wingsrudimentary. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 53. Cerci as in Text-fig. 32. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 5. ®. Hind wings rudimentary. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 81. MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (6) : 16-4—19°8, mean 18°53. Median length of pronotum (6): 2°6—3°3, mean 3:07. Length of hind femur (5) : 12°I-14°7, mean 13°82. Length of fore wing (6) : 13°2-15°I, mean 14°22. Females Total length (3) : 23-7-24°6, mean 24°17. Median length of pronotum (3): 3°2-3°6, mean 3°38. Length of hind femur (3) : 15:2-16-0, mean 15°67. Length of fore wing (3) : 18-6—-19°4, mean 18-93. Length of ovipositor (3) : 4°8—-5:0, mean 4:9I. Discussion. This species is evidently a brachypterous derivative from D. japonica (Thunberg), which it closely resembles in every feature except the development of the wings and size. I have selected and marked a male lectotype from among the syntypes of this species ; this specimen bears the number 18.170. MATERIAL EXAMINED 3 lectotype, 2 3 syntypes, and 3 2 syntypes. JAvA: Mt. Tengger, Nongkadjadjar, 1,100 m., v.1938 (Walsh) (3 3) (Zool. Inst. Lund). DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the Tengger Mountains. 4. Ducetia cruciata Brunner, 1891 Ducetia cruciata Brunner, 1891, Additamenta zur Monographie der Phaneropteriden, p. 53. Lectotype g, Inpo-Cu1na : Cambodia (Rosset). 1 g and 1 9 syntype, same data as lectotype. In the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. Dracnosis. ¢. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 54, R with 5 parallel posterior branches. Cerci as in Text-fig. 33. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 6. Q. Subgenital plate with posteriorly directed process on each side, as in Text-fig. 78. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 82. A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 189 MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (3) : 37:4-44°I, mean 39°90. Median length of pronotum (3): 3°9—-5°0, mean 4°51. Length of hind femur (4) : 18-7-27-4, mean 23°30. Length of fore wing (4) : 21-4-34°4, mean 29°32. Females Total length (2) : 40°9-47°3, mean 44°10. Median length of pronotum (3): 4:4-4°8, mean 4°57. Length of hind femur (3) : 25:4—-28°5, mean 27°97. Length of fore wing (2) : 31°5-35°4, mean 33°45. Length of ovipositor (2) : 5*3-5°6, mean 5°45. Discussion. This species has a similar wing-venation to D. japonica (Thunberg), but may be distinguished from it by the genitalia and larger size. I have selected and marked a male lectotype from among the syntypes of this species ; this specimen bears the number 17.099. MATERIAL EXAMINED 3 lectotype, J syntype, and 9 syntype. Burma: Toungoo (Crumb) (2 3, 2 2) (1 d in British Museum (Natural History) ; remainder in Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia). DISTRIBUTION. This species is known only from Indo-China and Burma, but doubtless also occurs in Thailand. 5. Ducetia ceylanica Brunner, 1878 Ducetia ceylanica Brunner, 1878, Monographie der Phaneropteriden, p. 111. Holotype 4, CEYLON (Nietner (?)). In the Zoologisches Museum of the Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin. Diacnosis. ¢9. Venation of fore wings as in Text-figs. 55 and 83, R with 3 or 4 posterior branches. Pronotum selliform. Supra-anal plate large and appar- Fic. 91. Dorsal view of the male supra-anal plate of D. ceylanica Brunner. ently fused to tenth abdominal tergite (male as in Text-fig. gt). Male cerci as in Text-fig. 34. Male subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 7. 190 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL MEASUREMENTS Male Total length (2) : 53°8-54°8, mean 54°30. Median length of pronotum (2): 5:8—5-8, mean 5°80. Length of hind femur (2) : 26-2-28-3, mean 27:25. Length of fore wing (2): 42°2-44°I, mean 43°15. Female Total length: 36:2. Median length of pronotum: 5:5. Length of hind femur : 26:9. Length of fore wing: 30°5. Length of ovipositor: 6-7. Discussion. This species may be easily recognized by the very prominent supra- anal plate and the large, broad, male fore wings. MATERIAL EXAMINED 3 holotype. CEYLON: Hakgalla, iii.1924 ( ) (x 3g); Woodside, Urugalla, I1.ix.1922 (——) (1 9). Both in the British Museum (Natural History). DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Ceylon. 6. Ducetia chinensis (Brunner, 1878) comb. n. Isotima chinensis Brunner, 1878, Monographie der Phaneropteriden, p. 113. Holotype 9, Cu1nA. Probably destroyed. Kuwayamaea sapporensis Matsumura & Shiraki, 1908, J. Coll. Agric. Tokyo, 3:8. 2 g syn- types and 2 9 syntypes, JAPAN: Sapporo and Josankei, ix (Kuwayama). In the collection of S. Matsumura. Syn. n. Kuwayamaea yezoensis Matsumura, 1913, Thousand insects of Japan. Additamenta 1, p. 30. ? Nom. n. for K. sapporensis Matsumura & Shiraki. Anisotima chinensis (Brunner), Bei-Bienko, 1954, Fauna Rossii (New Series), Orthoptera, 2 (2) : 88. Kuwayamaea chinensis (Brunner), Bei-Bienko, 1955, Zool. Zh. 34: 1252. DiaGNosis. 4. Subgenital plate as in Text-figs. 8 and 24, with two inwardly- directed apical teeth. Cerci as in Text-fig. 35. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 56. Q. Hind wings not extending beyond tips of flexed fore wings, but not rudi- mentary. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 84. MEASUREMENTS Male Total length (5) : 30°3-35°0, mean 33°42. Median length of pronotum (3) : 3°9-4:4, mean 4°23. Length of hind femur (5): 21°-5—23°8, mean 22°92. Length of fore wing (6) : 22°5-25-0, mean 23°72. REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 191 Females Total length (2) : 30°0-32:2, mean 31°10. Median length of pronotum (2): 4°6—5-3, mean 4°95. Length of hind femur (2) : 21°7—26-2, mean 23°95. Length of fore wing (2) : 23°3-25°0, mean 2415. Length of ovipositor (2) : 7°:2-8-2, mean 7-70. Discussion. Males of this species may be easily recognized by the very character- istic subgenital plate (Text.-fig. 24), and females by their somewhat reduced, though not rudimentary, hind wings. The female holotype of this species was stated by Brunner (1878) to be in Budapest (presumably in the Magyar Nemzeti Museum) and is doubtless now destroyed. The four syntypes of Kuwayamaea sapporensis Matsumura & Shiraki were in Matsumura’s collection and may now be in the Entomological Museum of Hokkaido University, but I have been unable to obtain these specimens or even to confirm their where- abouts. However, Dr. Asahina has very kindly sent me two male specimens of K. sapporensis Matsumura & Shiraki, one of which is from Onuma, not far from Jozankei and Sapporo, the type localities. I have further, through the courtesy of Professor G. Ya. Bei-Bienko and Dr. L. Mistshenko, been able to examine a specimen of each sex of D. chinensis (Brunner) from the “ type locality ’’, China. An examination of these specimens, and of four further specimens from Manchuria, Korea, and the Russian Far East, has convinced me that all belong to the same species. Such small differences as are apparent are not, in my opinion, of taxonomic value at the specific level. The female from the Russian Far East differs from the one from China in having a smaller ovipositor and relatively shorter hind wings ; it is possible that further material will show this difference to be a geographical one. MATERIAL EXAMINED Cu1nA: Kiangsu, lhing, 9. viii. 1933 (Péel) (x 2) (Zool. Inst. Leningrad) ; Nanking, g.x.1942 ( ) (t g) (Zool. Inst. Leningrad) ; Manchuria, nr. Lake Hanka, 1900 (Bohnhof) (x 3) (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; U.S.S.R.: Ussuri, Spasski, Yakoulevka, 23.Viii.1926 (Diakonov & Philippiev) (x 9) (Zool. Inst. Leningrad); KOREA: Quelpart I., S. Ichikawa, in grass, 1.ix.1905 (——) (I g); JAPAN: Hokkaido, Onuma, 19.vii.1937 (Asahina) (1 3); Tokyo, Mt. Takao, 4.viii.1929 (Asahina) (t 3); Kurm Is.: Sikotan, nr. Akama, 9.ix.1949 (Sérelkov) (1 3) (Zool. Inst. Leningrad). In the British Museum (Natural History) unless otherwise stated. DISTRIBUTION (Text.-fig. 2). The range of this species corresponds approximately to Wallace’s Manchurian Sub-region. 7. Ducetia spatula sp. n. Holotype g, INpo-Cu1nA: South Vietnam, Phanrang Prov., nr. Ca-Na, 700-900 m., 1923 (Poilane). In the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 192 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL DiaGnosis. g. Subgenital plate as in Text-figs. 9 and 26. Cerci as in Text-fig. 36, spatulate apically. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 57. ° unknown. DESCRIPTION. ¢. Fastigium of vertex moderately compressed, sulcate above. Pronotum without lateral carinae. Fore coxae with small spine. Fore femora with about 2-3 external spinules. Mid femora with about 8 external spinules. Hind femora with about 4 external spinules ; terminal dorsal spine absent. Hind tibiae with about 45 external dorsal spinules. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 57. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by about quarter length of latter. Tenth abdominal tergite emarginate posteriorly. Supra-anal plate triangular. Cerci as in Text-fig. 36, spatulate with dorsal and ventral ridge apically. Sub- genital plate as in Text-figs. 9 and 26. Coloration green, with brown markings on vertex, pronotal disc, and stridulatory organ. Apical ridges of cerci darkened. 2 unknown. MEASUREMENTS Male Total length: 31°7. Median length of pronotum: 3°6. Length of hind femur: 20-2. Length of fore wing: 21:9. Discussion. This species may be recognized by the male genitalia. MATERIAL EXAMINED The holotype is unique. 8. Ducetia crosskeyi sp. n. Holotype 3g, NIGERIA: Niger Province, Diko, in house, 9.xii.1958 (Crosskey). In the British Museum (Natural History). Dracnosis. ¢. Subgenital plate as in Text-figs. 10, 25 and 27, with two inwardly-directed apical teeth. Cerci as in Text-fig. 37. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 58. ° unknown. DESCRIPTION. ¢. Fastigium of vertex long, compressed, sulcate above. Pronotum without lateral carinae; lateral lobes with well-developed humeral sinus. Fore coxae unarmed. Femora unarmed. Fore tibiae with about 5-7 external ventral spurs. Mid tibiae with about 10-11 external ventral spurs. Hind femora without terminal dorsal spine. Hind tibiae with about 60-70 external dorsal spines. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 58. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by just under third length of latter. Tenth abdominal tergite much enlarged. Supra-anal plate small, rounded posteriorly. Cerci as in Text-fig. 37. Subgenital plate as in Text-figs. 10, 25, and 27, with two inwardly-directed apical teeth, A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 193 Coloration brown above, mainly green elsewhere. Legs largely brown, but often green basally. Fore wings (and, less often, exposed part of hind wings) usually with some dark brown spots. Cerci darkened towards tip. 2 unknown. MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (9) : 29:I-32°6, mean 30°70. Median length of pronotum (10) : 3°3-3°6, mean 3°43. Length of hind femur (9) : 18-4—20-9, mean 19°38. Length of fore wing (10) : 20-I-22-0, mean 21:02. VARIATION. The tibial spurs and spines vary a little in number. The arrange- ment of the radial branches in the fore wing is often irregular ; when arranged in a normal pectinate fashion, they are usually four in number. There is considerable variation in the shape of the apical part of the cerci: it is three-edged in the holotype (and therefore triangular in cross-section) but is flat and two-edged in some of the other specimens. It is probable that this variation will prove to be of a geographical nature when more material becomes available. Discussion. This species may be easily diagnosed by the male genitalia. The subgenital plate has two inwardly-directed teeth of the type shown by D. chinensis (Brunner), but the two species differ widely in all other respects. MATERIAL EXAMINED ¢ holotype; 1 g paratype, NIGERIA: Niger Province, Diko, in house, 6. xii. 1958 (Crosskey) ; I g paratype, NIGERIA: Niger Province, Diko, 12-15.xii.1958 (Cross- key) ; 1 d paratype, NIGERIA: Niger Province, Diko, nr. Abuja, at light, iv-x.1956 (Crosskey) ; I g paratype, NIGERIA: Niger Province, Minna, at light, vii.1956 (Crosskey) ; 1 § paratype, NIGERIA: Katsina Province, Kankiya, at light, x.1956 (Crosskey) ; 1 g paratype, NIGERIA: Zaria Province, Kaduna, at light, vili.1955 (Crosskey) ; 1 3 paratype, NIGERIA: Ibadan, at light, vi. 1956 (Eastop). GHANA: Yeji, Volta R., at light, 15.xi.1926 ( AFricaA : Ubangi, x.1910 (Talbot) (x 3). All in the British Museum (Natural History). DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 2). Doubtless widespread in West Africa. ) (1 g) ; FRENCH EQUATORIAL g. Ducetia loosi Griffini, 1908 Ducetia loosi Griffini, 1908, Mém. Soc. ent. Belg. 15: 204. Holotype 9, BELGIAN CoNGo: Popocabacca (Loos). In the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels. Diacnosis. ¢. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 59, R with about 5 posterior branches. Subgenital plate as in Text-figs. 11 and 28. Cad as in Text-fig. 38. Q. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 85. 194 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (11) : 45°8-49°8, mean 47°35. Median length of pronotum (13): 4°4—4°9, mean 4°55. Length of hind femur (9) : 26°3—30°7, mean 28-08. Length of fore wing (13) : 32°5-34°9, mean 33°37. Females Total length (5): 46-4—48-2, mean 47°54. Median length of pronotum (11): 4°3-4°9, mean 4:60. Length of hind femur (9) : 24°7-28-6, mean 26-70. Length of fore wing (7) : 32:2-34°8, mean 33°74. Length of ovipositor (11) : 7°3-8-2, mean 7°62. Discussion. This species and D. fuscopunctata Chopard, which may be only sub- specifically distinct (see the discussion of D. fuscopunctata Chopard, p. 195), are the largest African members of the genus, having fore wings usually more than 30 mm. long. Males of D. loosi Griffini may be distinguished from this sex of D. fusco- punctata Chopard by the shape of the subgenital plate. Both species occur in two principal colour varieties, one of which is all brown, and the other green in the female and green with brown and orange dorsum in the male. MATERIAL EXAMINED 2 holotype. BELGIAN ConGo: Eala, 1935-36 (Ghesquiére) (10 3, 3 9) (Mus. Congo Belge) ; Bambesa, 24.1i1.1932 (Vvydagh) (1 2) (Mus. Congo Belge) ; Bambesa, 10.iv.1937 (Vrydagh) (x 2) (Mus. Congo Belge); Bafwarikubi, 12.ix.1912 (Christy) (1 3) (Mus. Congo Belge) ; Kunungu, Réc. Nkele, 1932 (Schouteden) (1 3) (Mus. Congo Belge) ; Tshuapa, Bokungu, 1949 (Dupuis) (1 3) (Mus. Congo Belge) ; Yambata, 20.11.1950 (Laurent) (x 9) (Mus. Congo Belge) ; Kwango, Kiniati-Yasa, 2.x.1952 (Ruelle) (x 2) (Mus. Congo Belge) ; Kivu, Masisi, 1938 (Le Mouwlt) (3 2) (Zool. Inst. Lund) ; UGANDA: Tero Forest, vii.1912 (Gowdey) (1 3) (British Museum (Natural History)). DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 2). D. loosi Griffini probably covers most of the more humid parts of Equatorial Africa. 10. Ducetia fuscopunctata Chopard, 1954 Ducetia fuscopunctata Chopard, 1954, La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. Fasc. II. Pt. Ill. Orthoptéres Ensiféres. Mém. Inst. frang. Afr. noive, 40 (2):35. Holotype 3, GuInEA: Nimba, Yalanzou, ii—vi.1942 (Lamotte). In the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. DiaGnosis. 4. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 60, R with 4—5 posterior branches. Subgenital plate as in Text-figs. 12 and 29. Cerci as in Text-fig. 39. Q. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 86. A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 195 MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (7) : 44°3-50°4, mean 47°37. Median length of pronotum (7): 4°:3-4°9, mean 4:62. Length of hind femur (7) : 26-3-29°0, mean 27°71. Length of fore wing (6) : 29°5-35°4, mean 32°82. Females Total length (I): 44:3. Median length of pronotum (2): 4°6—4°8, mean 4:70. Length of hind femur (I): 27:2. Length of fore wing (2) : 30°7-33°0, mean 31°85. Length of ovipositor (I) : 6:9. Discussion. It is probable that this species represents a western subspecies of D. loosi Griffini, which it resembles closely in all features except the shape of the apical part of the male subgenital plate. The male specimens from Ghana have a narrower stridulatory organ and a markedly swollen base to the media in the fore wings, when compared with the holotype and specimens from Sierra Leone, and it is probable that this will be best regarded as another subspecific distinction when more material is available. No specimens are as yet forthcoming from Nigeria, where it is very likely that this species also occurs ; possibly such material would be intermediate between D. fuscopunctata Chopard and D. loost Griffini in the shape of the male subgenital plate. D. fuscopunctata Chopard shows the same two principal colour varieties as those found in D. loost Griffini. MATERIAL EXAMINED 3 holotype. SIERRA LEONE: Niala, 27.vii.1928 (Hargreaves) (1 3); Njala, 17.x1i.1930 (Hargreaves) (1 3); GuINEA: Nimba Mts., vi.1951 (Holas) (1 3) (Institut Frangais d’Afrique Noire, Dakar) ; Nimba Mts., Ziéla, ix.1956 (Lamotte) (1 9) (Institut Fran- cais d’Afrique Noire, Dakar); GHANA: Tafo, at light, v.1957 (Eastop) (2 3); Tafo, v—vi.1954 (Williams) (1 3); Aburi, 1912-13 (Patterson) (I g); FRENCH West AFRICA: Togo, Misahéhe, v—vi.1894 (Baumann) (1 3, I 9) (Zool. Mus. Berlin). In the British Museum (Natural History) unless otherwise stated. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 2). This species is known only from French West Africa (including Guinea), Sierra Leone, and Ghana, but probably also occurs in Nigeria. 11. Ducetia macrocerca sp. n. Holotype g¢, BELGIAN Conco: Katanga, Kiambi, 20.ii.1911 (Valdonio). In the Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Tervuren. 196 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL Diacnosis. . Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 61, R with 3-4 posterior branches. Cerci long, shaped as in Text-fig. 40. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 13. ° unknown. DESCRIPTION. ¢. Fastigium of vertex sloping steeply to frons, compressed, sulcate above. Pronotum without lateral carinae; lateral lobes with moderately developed humeral sinus. Fore coxae unarmed. Fore femora with about 9 external spinules. Mid femora with about 15-18 external spinules. Hind femora with about 14 external ventral spinules ; terminal dorsal spine absent. Hind tibiae with about 60-70 external dorsal spinules. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 61, R with 3-4 posterior branches ; cross-veins of area R arranged in closely parallel fashion from base of wing to first radial branch. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by about third length of latter. Tenth abdominal tergite enlarged, emarginate posteriorly. Supra-anal plate long, ligulate. Cerci long, shaped as in Text-fig. 40. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 13. Coloration reddish above, mainly green elsewhere. Antennae, femora, and fore tibiae, partly reddish ; mid and hind tibiae brown. Femoral spinules darkened. Tibial spines with dark tip. Fore wings and exposed part of hind wings with some dark brown spots. Cerci darkened towards tip. 2 unknown. MEASUREMENTS Male Total length: 39°5. Median length of pronotum: 4:4. Length of hind femur: 23:4. Length of fore wing: 26°5. Discussion. The relatively long cerci, and the very elongate subgenital plate, with its slender lobes, enable the male of this species to be easily diagnosed. MATERIAL EXAMINED The holotype is unique. 12. Ducetia costata sp. n. Holotype 3, BELGIAN Conco: Nyangwe, iv—v.1918 (Mayné). In the Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Tervuren. Diacnosis. ¢. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 62, R with 5 very prominent posterior branches. Cerci as in Text-fig. 41. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 14. ° unknown. DESCRIPTION. ¢. Fastigium of vertex compressed, sulcate above. Pronotum without lateral carinae. Fore coxae unarmed. Fore femora with about 2-3 external spinules. Mid femora with about 8 external spinules. Hind A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 197 femora unarmed or with about I or 2 ventral spinules ; terminal dorsal spine absent. Hind tibiae with about 40-50 external dorsal spines. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 62, R with 5 very prominent posterior branches. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by half length of latter. Tenth abdominal tergite somewhat enlarged. Supra-anal plate longer than broad. Cerci as in Text-fig. 41. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 14. Coloration probably green, with reddish markings on vertex, antennae, disc of pronotum, parts of legs, and stridulatory organ. Femoral spinules conspicuously black. Tibial spines with black tip. Cerci darkened towards tip. ° unknown. MEASUREMENTS Male Total length: 29-6. Median length of pronotum: 3:1. Length of hind femur: 18-2. Length of fore wing: 17-0. Discussion. The very proximal position of the first branch of the radius in the fore wing is found elsewhere in the genus only in D. ramulosa sp. n., which differs widely from the present species in the shape of the male cerci. MATERIAL EXAMINED The holotype is unique. 13. Ducetia chelocerca sp. n. Holotype 3, SourH AFrica: Transvaal, junction of Crocodile and Marico Rivers, ii. 1918 (Tucker). In the South African Museum, Cape Town. Diacnosis. ¢. Cerci as in Text-fig. 42. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 15. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 63 ; R with 2-4 branches, often arranged in rather irregular fashion. 2 unknown. DESCRIPTION. ¢. Fastigium of vertex moderately compressed, sulcate above. Pronotum without lateral carinae ; humeral sinus of lateral lobes indistinct or absent. Fore coxae unarmed. Fore femora with about o-3 external spinules. Mid femora with about 7-9 external spinules. Hind femora with about 5-9 external spinules ; terminal dorsal spine absent. Hind tibiae with about 55~70 external dor- sal spines. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 63; R with 2-4 branches, often arranged in rather irregular fashion. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by about fifth length of latter. Tenth abdominal tergite somewhat enlarged. Supra-anal plate quadrate. Cerci as in Text-fig. 42. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 15. Coloration green, with red-brown or brown markings on vertex, antennae, and stridulatory organ. Femoral spinules and tibial spines with dark tips. Cerci darkened at tip. ° unknown, 198 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (3) : 30°5—30°9, mean 30°63. Median length of pronotum (3) : 3:2-3:4, mean 3°27. Length of hind femur (2) : 21-8—22-1, mean 21°95. Length of fore wing (3) : 21°7-22:4, mean 21°97. VARIATION. The femoral spinules and tibial spines vary in number. The radial branches in the fore wing tend to be arranged irregularly ; their number and position differed considerably in the three specimens examined. Discussion. This species may be easily recognized by the male genitalia. To- gether with D. parva sp. n., this species has a less deeply bilobed subgenital plate than any other African species of the genus. MATERIAL EXAMINED 3 holotype; 2 g paratypes, same data as holotype (1 in S.A. Mus. Cape Town ; I in British Museum (Natural History)). DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type locality. 14. Ducetia ramulosa sp. n. Holotype 3, NORTHERN RHODESIA: Luano Valley, R. Mulungushi, 16-17.1.1928 (Burr). In the British Museum (Natural History). DiaGNosis. g. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 64, R usually with 6 prominent posterior branches. Cerci as in Text-fig. 43. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 16. ° unknown. DESCRIPTION. ¢. Fastigium of vertex sloping steeply to frons, compressed, sulcate above. Pronotum without lateral carinae; lateral lobes with distinct humeral sinus. Fore coxae unarmed. Fore femora with about 4—7 external spinules. Mid femora with about g-10 external spinules. Hind femora unarmed or with about 1-2 ventral spinules ; terminal dorsal spine absent. Hind tibiae with about 60 external dorsal spines. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 64, R usually with 6 prominent posterior branches. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by about half length of latter. Tenth abdominal tergite enlarged. Supra-anal plate triangular. Cerci as in Text-fig. 43. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 16. Coloration green, with red-brown markings, on vertex, antennae, pronotal disc, stridulatory organ, and posterior margin of fore wings. Sides of thorax, parts of legs, and abdominal tergites, with reddish spots. Femoral spinules black. Tibial spines with black tip. Fore wings with few brown spots, Cerci darkened at tip. 2 unknown, \ A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 199 MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (2) : 35°8-35°8, mean 35°80. Median length of pronotum (2): 3°4—-3°5, mean 3°45. Length of hind femur (2) : 20-0—-21-6, mean 20°80. Length of fore wing (2) : 21°5-21°7, mean 21-60. VARIATION. From the two specimens available it is clear that the femoral spinules vary greatly in number. In the paratype the two most proximal branches of the radius in the right fore wing have a short common stem, so that strictly R has five posterior branches in this wing, the first one dividing again. Discussion. The radius of the fore wing of this species has more posterior branches than any other member of the genus, except for abnormal specimens of D. japonica (Thunberg). MATERIAL EXAMINED 3§ holotype ; 1 g paratype, same data and depository as holotype. DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type locality. 15. Ducetia sagitta sp. n. Holotype g, ANGOLA: Lepi, 390 km. from coast, 3,500 ft. (Robins). In the British Museum (Natural History). Dracnosis. ¢. Cerci as in Text-fig. 44. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 17. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 65, R with 4-5 posterior branches. 2 unknown. DESCRIPTION. ¢. Fastigium of vertex moderately compressed, sulcate above. Pronotum without lateral ‘carinae; humeral sinus of lateral lobes rather in- distinct. Fore coxae unarmed. Fore femora with about 3-5 external spinules. Mid femora with about 8-13 external spinules. Hind femora with variable number of ventral spinules or unarmed ; terminal dorsal spine absent. Hind tibiae with about 45-60 external dorsal spines. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 65, R with 4-5 posterior branches. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by slightly more than third length of latter. Tenth abdominal tergite enlarged, its posterior margin smoothly convex. Supra- anal plate simply ligulate or bilobed apically. Cerci as in Text-fig. 44. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 17. General coloration green. Vertex and antennae with brown markings. Pro- notum with dark spot on each side of anterior part of disc, in centre of disc, on humeral sinus, and sometimes elsewhere. Femoral spinules sometimes darkened. Tibiae sometimes brown. Tibial spines with dark tip. Stridulatory organ and posterior margin of fore wings more or less brown. Fore wings sometimes with dark spots. Cerci darkened at tip. 9 unknown, 200 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (5) : 32-I-40°7, mean 36°36. Median length of pronotum (5): 3°4-4°:4, mean 3°76. Length of hind femur (5) : 19°6—24:2, mean 21°58. Length of fore wing (4) : 22:4-25*7, mean 24:02. VARIATION. The femoral spinules and tibial spines vary in number. In the two specimens from South West Africa the hind femora were quite unarmed, though these limbs bore 8-12 external ventral spinules in the three Angolan specimens. The shape of the supra-anal plate varies from being long and rather pointed apically (northern specimens) to being shorter and truncate or even bilobed (southern speci- mens). The cerci also vary in shape, and the material available suggests that this variation is again of a geographical nature. The brown components of the colora- tion were much more marked in the two most northerly specimens than in the remaining three. Discussion. This species is characterized by the shape of the male cerci. MATERIAL EXAMINED $ holotype; 1 3 paratype, ANGOLA: Huambo, viii.1934 (Pimentel) (British Museum (Natural History)). ANGOLA: Namakunde, ii.1g23 (——) (1 3) (S.A. Mus. Cape Town); SouTH WEsT AFRICA: Otjiverongo, iv.1951 (Brown) (1 g) (British Museum (Natural History)) ; Narebis, iii.1921 (Barnard) (1 g) (S.A. Mus. Cape Town). DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 2). Known only from western Angola and South West Africa. 16. Ducetia biramosa (Karsch, 1888) comb. n. Paura bivamosa Karsch, 1888, Berl. ent. Z. 32: 439. Holotype 92, TANGANYIKA: Usambara, ii-iii, 1886 (Schmidt). In the Zoologisches Museum of the Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin. Isotima biramosa (Karsch), Brunner, 1891, Additamenta zur Monographie der Phaneropteriden, Pp. 54. DiaGnosis. ¢. Cerci gradually tapering to slender point, as in Text-fig. 45. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 66, R with 3-4 posterior branches. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 18. 2. Hind wings rudimentary. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 87. Ovi- positor as in Text-fig. 73. DESCRIPTION OF g. Fastigium of vertex compressed, sulcate above. Pronotum without lateral carinae; lateral lobes with moderately developed humeral sinus. Fore coxae unarmed. Fore femora with about 1-3 external spinules. Mid femora with about 13-17 external spinules. Hind femora with about 9-13 external spinules; terminal dorsal spine absent. Hind tibiae with about 60-70 external dorsal spines, Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 66; R with A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 201 3-4 posterior branches, sometimes rather irregular in their arrangement. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by between quarter and fifth length of latter. Tenth abdominal tergite somewhat enlarged. Supra-anal plate triangular. Cerci gradually tapering to slender point, as in Text-fig. 45. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 18. General coloration green. Fastigium of vertex brown above. Pronotum with dark brown spots on each side of anterior and posterior part of disc. Hind tibiae mostly or entirely brown. Femoral spinules, tibial spines, and cerci, with dark tip. Stridulatory organ with brown markings. Posterior margin of fore wings sometimes brown. Fore wings with few dark brown spots. MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (2) : 33:2-34°4, mean 33-80. Median length of pronotum (2): 3°7-3-9, mean 3°80. Length of hind femur (2) : 23-4-24:4, mean 23°90. Length of fore wing (2): 24:0-24-4, mean 24:20. Females Total length (2) : 25-I-29°I, mean 27°10. Median length of pronotum (2): 4°5-4°6, mean 4°55. Length of hind femur (2) : 21-6-22-1, mean 21°85. Length of fore wing (2) : 21°5-23°5, mean 22°50. Length of ovipositor (2) : 7:5-7°8, mean 7°65. Discussion. This species, in common with D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker) (and probably most of the other East African species of the genus), shows marked sexual dimorphism. Until the present time, the female has been known as Paura biramosa Karsch, and its association with Ducetia Stal has been unsuspected (see p. 172). Careful comparison with the holotype and with the other female listed below leaves little doubt that the two males, which clearly belong to Ducetia Stal, are conspecific with them, and a description of the male sex is given above. The male may be diagnosed by the genitalia, especially the shape of the cerci, and the fore wings, which are relatively broader than those of any of the other African members of the genus. The female may be distinguished from D. puncti- pennis (Gerstaecker) by its longer, more pointed, fore wings. MATERIAL EXAMINED 2 holotype. TANGANYIKA: Dar-es-Salaam, iv.1924 (Cutler) (1 3); Morogoro, on cotton, v.1931 (Agric. Dept. Ent. Lab.) (x 3); Kilosa, 21.iii.1922 (Loveridge) (I 9). All in the British Museum (Natural History). DiIsTRIBUTION. Known only from eastern Tanganyika. 202 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 17. Ducetia punctipennis (Gerstaecker, 1869) Phaneroptera punctipennis Gerstaecker, 1869, Arch. Naturgesch. 35 (1): 215. Holotype 3, Kenya: Mt. Ndara, xii.1862 (Kersten, on von der Decken’s Exp.). In the Zoologisches Museum of the Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin. Paura reticulosa Karsch, Berl. ent. Z. 32: 440. Holotype 9, Kenya: Mombasa, xii.1876 (Hildebrandt). In the Zoologisches Museum of the Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin. Syn. n. Isotima reticulosa (Karsch), Brunner, 1891, Additamenta zur Monographie der Phaneropteriden, P- 55- Telaea quadvipunctata Bolivar, 1922, Voy. M. Rothschild E. Afr. Anim. Art.1:201. Holotype 6, Kenya: Simba. Lost. Syn. n. DiaGnosis. dg. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 19. Venation of fore wings as . in Text-fig. 67, R with 3-6 posterior branches ; right fore wing with small transparent patch in basal region of areas Rand MA. Cerci as in Text-fig. 46. Q. Hind wings rudimentary. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 88. Ovipositor as in Text-fig. 74. MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (4) : 29°8-35-2, mean 31°80. Median length of pronotum (4) : 3:2-3°5, mean 3°37. Length of hind femur (4) : 20-2—24-0, mean 22°30. Length of fore wing (4) : 20°0-22°7, mean 21°18. Females Total length (3) : 23-0-24:2, mean 23°77. Median length of pronotum (3): 4:1-4°8, mean 4°50. Length of hind femur (2) : 20-8-21-6, mean 21:20. Length of fore wing (3) : 18-6—19°6, mean 19:07. Length of ovipositor (3) : 6-3-6-8, mean 6°54. Discussion. The transparent patch at the base of the right fore wing and the shape of the subgenital plate enable males of this species to be easily recognized. The fore wings of this sex tend to be shinier and more translucent and to have fewer radial branches in the more northerly parts of the range. The small brown spots which are present on the fore wings of specimens from southern Kenya are less evident in more northerly specimens and were quite lacking in the specimen from Somalia (except for two small spots at the base of the radial area of the right fore wing). The cerci of the specimen from Somalia were stouter and much less attenuate than those of the more southerly specimens. As a result of kind investigations made by Drs. L. Chopard and E. Morales Agacino, it seems that the holotype of Telaea quadripunctata Bolivar is neither in Paris nor Madrid, and must be presumed to be lost. However, it is abundantly clear from the original description that this name is a synonym of D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker) ; the type localities of the two holotypes are close together in southern Kenya. i i ee ee A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 203 The females of this species are strikingly different from the males. The hind wings are rudimentary and the fore wings bear no resemblance to those of the opposite sex. As in the Acrometopae (see Ragge, 1960, p. 275) this sexual di- morphism also affects the vertex, pronotum, and hind legs. As a result of these intersexual differences the females of this species and D. biramosa (Karsch), when first discovered (Karsch, 1888), were used as the basis of a new genus, Paura Karsch (and new group Paurae!), which was considered by this author to be related to the Acridopezae, Eurypalpae, and Leptoderae, though he noted that the fore femora were of the type found in the Ducetiae. Brunner (1891, p. 54) synonymized this genus with Isotima Brunner, but Kirby (1906, p. 407) gave it separate status again. (It should be noted that Kirby listed Paura Karsch twice in his Catalogue, first (p. 399) as a synonym of Jsot#ma Brunner and second (p. 407) as an independent genus ; the first of these entries was unintentional, as shown by the page reference to it in the index being in square brackets.) Since that time the taxonomic status of Paura Karsch has not been further investigated. The fact that the female sex was unknown in almost all the East African species of Ducetia Stal suggested that these species might show an unusual degree of sexual dimorphism, and that the females might, as a result, have been placed in a different genus. The genus Paura Karsch, based on females only, was an obvious possibility, and a careful comparison of the holotypes of the two species of Pawra Karsch with males of Ducetia Stal from similar parts of East Africa has enabled the two sexes of these two species to be brought together. The male of Paura reticulosa Karsch proved to have been previously described as the present species and this name therefore becomes a synonym. The holotype of Paura biramosa Karsch, which differs from the female of the present species in having longer, more pointed, fore wings, has been associated with two males and a female from Tanganyika ; this specific name remains valid (see p. 172). MATERIAL EXAMINED dg holotype. @ holotype of Paura reticulosa Karsch. KENYA: Mandera distr., Takabba, 03° 25’ N., 40° 12’ E., thorn-bush, 13. xii. 1944 (Kevan) (1 3) ; Moyale distr., Yasere, 03° 30’ N., 38° 35’ E., thorn-bush, 14. vi. 1946 (Kevan) (1 3); Mandera distr., Damassa, 03° 09’ N., 41° 20’ E., desert grass and thorn-bush, 17.xii.1944 (Kevan) (t g); SomaLiA: Lugh-Ferrandi, I1.xi.1953 (Popov) (x 3). All in the British Museum (Natural History). DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 2). This species is probably distributed over most of the semi-desert area of eastern Africa. 18. Ducetia punctata (Schulthess, 1898) comb. n. Pseudisotima punctata Schulthess, 1898, Ann. Mus. Stor. nat. Genova, 39: 199. Holotype 2, Etuiopia: Girma, viii. 1893 (Ruspoli). In the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa. Dracnosis. g. Hind wings rudimentary. Fore wings much reduced, their venation as in Text-fig. 68. Cercias in Text-fig. 47. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 20. 204 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL Q. Hind wings rudimentary. Fore wings reduced to short lobes, their venation as in Text-fig. 89. Ovipositor as in Text-fig. 75. MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (2) : 13°2-14°7, mean 13°95. Median length of pronotum (2) : 3°3-3°8, mean 3°55. Length of hind femur (1): 17°8. Length of fore wing (2) : 9:2—9°8, mean 9°50. Ff emale Total length (to tip of fore wings) : 12:I. Median length of pronotum: 4:0. Length of hind femur: 19:0. Length of fore wing: 6:7. Length of ovipositor: 6-6. Discussion. This species has clearly been derived from D. punctipennis (Ger- staecker) by reduction of the wings, in much the same way as D. javanica (Brunner) has from D. japonica (Thunberg). The two species (punctata and punctipennis) are closely similar in most of their features, and, in spite of the wing-reduction, D. punctata (Schulthess) shows the same development of a transparent patch in the basal region of MA in the right male fore wing as is shown by D. punctipennis (Gerstaecker). The five dark spots on the disc of the pronotum are also common to the two species. MATERIAL EXAMINED KENYA: Moyale, open bush, 15.vi.1946 (Kevan) (2 g, 1 2) (British Museum (Natural History)). DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the vicinity of the north-east frontier of Kenya. 19. Ducetia vitriala sp. n. Holotype J, BRITISH SOMALILAND: Haud, 8° 28’ N., 45° 38’ E., 2,500 ft., night, 22.V.1932 (Taylor). In the British Museum (Natural History). DiAGnosiIs. 4. Fore wings transparent and shiny, their venation as in Text-fig. 69; R with 2-4 posterior branches. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 21. Cerci as in Text-fig. 48. ° unknown. DESCRIPTION. <. Fastigium of vertex moderately compressed, sulcate above. Pronotum without lateral carinae ; humeral sinus poorly developed or absent. Fore coxae unarmed. Fore femora with about 4-7 external spinules. Mid femora with about 8-13 external spinules. Hind femora with about 11-15 external spinules ; terminal dorsal spine absent. Hind tibiae with about 35-70 external dorsal spines. A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 205 Fore wings transparent and shiny, their venation as in Text-fig. 69; R with 2-4 posterior branches, occasionally rather irregular in their arrangement. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by between half and third length of latter. Tenth abdominal tergite somewhat enlarged. Supra-anal plate more or less triangular. Cerci as in Text-fig. 48. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 21. General coloration green. Fastigium of vertex (and sometimes other parts of head) marked with red-brown or brown. Antennae mostly red-brown, brown, or dark brown (basal two segments largely green). Dorsal part of posterior margin of pronotum dark brown or black. Femoral spinules black. Tibial spines brown or black. Stridulatory organ brownish. Wings sometimes suffused with brown, and knees of all three pairs of legs sometimes brown. Cerci with dark tip. ° unknown. MEASUREMENTS Males Total length (11) : 32°5-38-3, mean 34°86. Median length of pronotum (12) : 2°8-4:2, mean 3°47. Length of hind femur (13) : 18-0-25+4, mean 21°35. Length of fore wing (12) : 20°7-24°3, mean 22:18. VARIATION. The femoral spinules vary in number and there is great variation in the number of tibial spines. The coloration varies somewhat, especially in the extent of the brown component. The specimen from Lugh Ferrandi was the only one in which the wings and knees were suffused with brown. Discussion. The high degree of transparency shown by the fore wings of this species is found elsewhere in the genus only in D. parva sp. n., which is very much smaller. The shape of the male subgenital plate is also characteristic. MATERIAL EXAMINED 3g holotype; 10 $ paratypes, same data as holotype. EruiopiaA: Gherlogubi, 1.xi.1953 (Bellehu) (1 g); Somaria: Lugh Ferrandi, II.xi.1953 (Popov) (1 3). All in the British Museum (Natural History). DISTRIBUTION. D. vitriala sp. n. probably occurs over a large part of the semi- desert area of eastern Africa. 20. Ducetia parva sp. n. Holotype J, BritTIsH SOMALILAND: Haud, 8° 28’ N., 45° 38’ E., 2,500 ft., night, 23.v.1932 (Taylor). In the British Museum (Natural History). DiaGnosis. ¢. Small, total length less than 25 mm. Fore wings transparent and shiny, their venation as in Text-fig. 70; R with 3-4 posterior branches. Sub- genital plate as in Text-fig. 22. Cerci as in Text-fig. 49. ° unknown. DEscRIPTION. g. Fastigium of vertex compressed, sulcate above, 206 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL Pronotum without lateral carinae ; humeral sinus rather poorly developed. Fore coxae unarmed. Fore femora with about I or 2 external spinules. Mid femora with about ro external spinules. Hind femora with several very small external spinules ; terminal dorsal spine absent. Hind tibiae with about 65 external dorsal spines. Fore wings transparent and shiny, their venation as in Text-fig. 70; R with 3-4 posterior branches. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by about quarter length of latter. Tenth abdominal tergite unmodified or perhaps very slightly enlarged. Supra- anal plate large, quadrate. Cerci as in Text-fig. 49. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 22. General coloration green. Vertex with red-brown on fastigium and dark brown stripe behind each eye. Antennae red-brown except for basal two segments, which are largely green. Femoral spinules dark-tipped. Stridulatory organ brownish. ° unknown. MEASUREMENTS Male Total length: 23-6. Median length of pronotum: 2:6. Length of hind femur: 15:0. Length of fore wing: 16-7. Discussion. This is the smallest known fully-winged species of Ducetia Stal. It has the general appearance of a small version of D. vitriala sp. n., from which, however, it differs in the shape of the subgenital plate. MATERIAL EXAMINED The holotype is unique. NOIA Walker, 1870 Noia Walker, 1780, Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria, p. 476. Type species, by monotypy, Noia testacea Walker, 1870. Isotima Brunner, 1878, Monographie der Phaneropteriden, p. 112. Type species, by subsequent designation (Kirby, 1906, p. 399), Isotima rufomarginata Brunner, 1878. Syn. n. Isotimula Uvarov, 1940, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 5: 175. Nom. n. for Jsotima Brunner, 1878 (nec Foerstder, 1868). Syn. n. Diacnosis. 9. Hind wings rudimentary. Media of male fore wing dividing very near wing-base, as in Text-fig. 71. Pronotum without lateral carinae ; lateral lobes with distinct angle in antero-ventral region of margin. Fastigium of vertex compressed, sulcate above. Fore tibiae with oval tympanic opening on both sides. Fore coxal spine absent. Discussion. The only character mentioned in the diagnosis above that enables Noia Walker to be separated from Ducetia Stal is the very proximal bifurcation of the media in the male fore wing. This feature is not shown by the female and is certainly not a good basis for a generic separation. As discussed on p. 172, Nowa Walker is given separate status in this revision mainly for reasons of convenience, ae ee oe ne A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL 207 The synonymy of Isotima rufomarginata Brunner with Nova testacea Walker, which results in the synonymy of Jsot##ma Brunner and Isotimula Uvarov with Noia Walker, is mentioned below. DISTRIBUTION. Known only from India. Noia testacea Walker, 1870 Noia testacea Walker, 1870, Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria, p. 476. Holotype 9, N. Inp1a (‘‘ Hindostan ’’). In the British Museum (Natural History). Isotima rufomarginata Brunner, 1878, Mohographie der Phaneropteriden, p. 113. Holotype 6, INDIA: Himalaya (Higel). In the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. Syn. n. DiaGnosis. 3. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 71. Cerci as in Text-fig. 50. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 23. Q. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 90. Ovipositor as in Text-fig. 76. MEASUREMENTS Male Total length: 26-9. Median length of pronotum: 4:6. Length of hind femur: 21:5. Length of fore wing: 22-1. Female Total length (to tip of fore wings) : 32:7. Median length of pronotum: 6:1. Length of hind femur: unmeasurable. Length of fore wing: 25-9. Length of ovipositor : 11-4. Discussion. The affinities of this species are rather obscure. Although regarded as representing a distinct genus by both Walker and Brunner, there are no taxonomic characters which enable this species to be separated from Ducetia Stal. Brunner regarded the form and venation of the fore wings as being of generic value, but there are two other brachypterous species of Ducetia Stal (D. javanica (Brunner) and D. punctata (Schulthess)), and the radius may have lost its pectinate branches as a result of the brachypterism. The shape of the pronotum and fore tibiae, and the male genitalia, are all typical of Ducetia Stal. It is impossible to be quite certain that the male holotype of Isotima rufomarginata Brunner is conspecific with the female holotype of the present species, but the resemblance is so close that I have no hesitation in regarding it as such. MATERIAL EXAMINED 2 holotype. ¢ holotype of Jsotima rufomarginata Brunner. DIsTRIBUTION. Known only from India. The type locality of Jsotima rufo- marginata Brunner suggests the possibility that the species is an alpine one. 208 A REVISION OF THE GENUS DUCETIA STAL REFERENCES Bei-Bienko, G. YA. 1954. Fauna of the U.S.S.R. Orthoptera, 2, Pt. 2. Phaneropterinae Fauna Rossii (New Series), No. 59. BRUNNER VON WATTENWYL, C. 1878. Monographie der Phaneropteriden. Wien: Brockhaus. 1891. Additamenta zur Monographie der Phaneropteriden. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 41 : 1-196. Karscu, F. 1888. Orthopterologische Beitrage. III. Berl. ent. Z. 32 : 415-464. KirBy, W.F. 1906. A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera,2, Pt.1. London: British Museum (Natural History). Racce, D. R. 1960. The Acrometopae of the Ethiopian Region: a revision, with notes on the sexual dimorphism shown by the group (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent. 8 (7) : 269-333. a “Fe: bt we NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA G. DE LOTTO BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 6 LONDON: 10961 _ NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE _ (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA — BY G. DE LOTTO CIO ———$—_—— Pp. 209-238 ; Plates Nos. 20-49 BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 6 LONDON: 1961 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, ts issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Paris will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. Ths paper is Vol. 10, No. 6 of the Entomological series. © Trustees of the British Museum, 1961 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued February, 1961 Price Twenty-five Shillings NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA By G. DE LOTTO THIS paper contains the descriptions of a first batch of thirty new species of Pseudococcidae from Africa south of the Sahara, found during the study of a large amount of material accumulated in the collection of the Scott Agricultural Labora- tories, Nairobi. Many more new species are at hand which together with sundry notes on species already known from the area under review will be dealt with in a further paper to be published at a later date. Many of the species described in the following pages cannot properly be placed in any known genus and their inclusion in the genera Pseudococcus, Trionymus, etc., has therefore to be understood as an entirely provisional measure pending a revision of the family. The nomenclature used in the descriptions is that adopted by the late Prof. G. F. Ferris in his magnificent work on the scale insects of North America. Allococcus aberiae sp. n. (Plate 20) External appearance of living adults not recorded. Mounted specimens elongate to rather broadly elliptical in outline; length up to 2:9 mm. Anal lobe cerarii each with two conical spines surrounded by a fairly close group of 30—40 trilocular pores and six to nine auxiliary setae; area besetting the cerarian spines not chitinized. The spines of the remaining cerarii become more slender and longer anteriorly, where they attain the same size and shape of some of the dorsal body setae and often tend to be set widely apart from each other. Each cerarius has two spines except the preocular cerarii (xvii) each of which at times carries one spine only. Two to eight trilocular pores are associated with each cerarius ; auxiliary setae absent. Ventral side of each anal lobe with an irregularly shaped, poorly defined, elongate chitinized bar, at times much reduced in size due to the absence of the tract between the apical and subapical setae; occasionally the chitinized bar is missing altogether. Apical seta 220-235 yw long; subapical 60-75 #4 Multilocular disc pores set in five groups on the ventral side of the last 1 All measurements in microns refer to the length of the structure for which they are given. ENTOM. I0, 6. Lt 212 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 25-35; (viii) 31-46; (vii) 21-35; (vi) 18-36; (v) 25-36. On the segments anterior to the genital opening they are arranged in linear transverse rows along the distal margin, except on the segment (viii) and—occasionally—on segment (vii) where a few occur near the basal margin. One or two multilocular pores at times occur near the attachment of the front or hind legs. The dorsal tubular ducts with oral rim are few and are arranged in a fairly regular pattern. The marginal series is present singly near each abdominal cerarius anterior to the anal lobes and near each frontal cerarius. Occasionally two ducts occur near each of the penultimate cerarii (ii). Median series extending from the second to the fifth—occasionally seventh—abdominal segments. Ducts of the submedian and submarginal series very irregular in number and arrangement, at times entirely absent. A few ducts are scattered on the dorsal side of the prosoma and along the ventral marginal area of the thorax. Ventral tubular ducts with oral collar crowded on the marginal area of all abdominal segments and, occasionally, on the metathorax ; a small group occurs near each of the thirteenth pair of cerarii; a few more are associated with the transverse rows of multilocular disc pores and are scattered on the prosoma. Trilocular pores not numerous and evenly distributed on both surfaces of the body. Circular disc pores on dorsum smaller than the trilocular pores ; those on venter about the same size as the latter. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles somewhat inconspicuous. Circulus absent Dorsal setae few and short ; ventral ones much longer and more numerous. Legs all well developed but slender; hind tibia with some small translucent pores ; dimensions of legs (iii): trochanter plus femur 285-330 yw; tibia plus tarsus 320- 365 w. Anal ring setae 125-155 w. Beak 130-155 uw. Antennae with eight joints with a pseudoarticulation on the apical one; total length 420-490 yp. Kenya. Nairobi: 12.i1.1941, eight mounted adult females collected on Aberia caffra Hook f. & Harv. (R. H. Le Pelley)—Coll. No. 1493; Nairobi; 24.11.1954, eleven mounted adult females from Aberia caffra Hook f. & Harv. (G. De Lotto)—Coll. No. 1541. Other records of the same species on material not included in the type series, are : KENYA. Nairobi: 5.ix.1954 on Olea europea L. (G. De Lotto); Limuru: I0.ili.1937 on Coffea arabica L. (A. R. Melville) ; Molo: 7.ix.1953 on Pyrus malus L. (T. H. Jackson) ; Nairobi: 29.x.1953 on Acokanthera schimperi (D. C.) Benth. (G. De Lotto). TANGANYIKA. Arusha: 19.x.1937 on Psidium guajava L. (A. R. Melville). This species closely resembles A. guaesitus (Brain) but differs from it-in the number and arrangement of the dorsal tubular ducts with oral rim. In aberiae these ducts are few and are set in a median and marginal series ; in guaesitus they are much more numerous and tend to be arranged in transverse segmental rows. Allococcus meridionalis sp. n. (Plate 21) Living adults not seen. Mounted specimens rather elongate elliptical, up to 2°99 mm. long. Anal lobe cerarii each with two conical spines surrounded by a NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 213 loose group of 30-40 trilocular pores and four or five auxiliary setae ; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized. Spines of the remaining cerarii attaining the same size but tending to be more slender towards the anterior end. Each preanal cerarius carries two spines, except the preocular (xvii) and occasionally the ocular (xvi) cerarius each of which has three spines. Each cerarius is beset by 4-8 trilocular pores but is devoid of auxiliary setae. Ventral side of each anal lobe with.a very small chitinized bar arising from the subapical seta; apical seta 175-180 yw long; subapical one 45-50 #. Multilocular disc pores arranged in seven groups on the ventral side of the last abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 39-44; (viii) 85-100; (vii) 81-109; (vi) 92-99; (Vv) 94-118; (iv) 9-10; (iii) 6-7. On the segments (viii) to (v) the multilocular pores are mostly arranged in transverse rows along the distal margin and a few are scattered near the basal margin ; on segments (iv) and (iii) they are instead crowded in irregular groups near the margin on either side of the body. A few pores occur on the median and submedian ventral areas of the thorax. Dorsal tubular ducts with oral rim few. Marginal series occurring singly near each abdominal cerarius anterior to the anal lobe and between the preocular (xvii) and frontal (xviii) cerarii; ducts of the submarginal, submedian and median series arranged very irregularly. A few ducts are scattered on the thorax, head and along the ventral marginal area of the thorax. Ventral tubular ducts with oral collar crowded on the marginal area of all abdominal segments ; a few are grouped near each of the (xiii) pair of cerarii and with the multilocular disc pores. Trilocular pores not numerous and uniformly distributed over the body. Circular disc pores smaller than the trilocular ones, few and scattered on both surfaces of the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles inconspicuous. Circulus absent. Dorsal setae few, slender and very short; ventral ones much longer. Legs all well developed ; hind tibia with a few very small translucent pores ; dimensions of legs (iii): trochanter plus femur 285-300 w; tibia plus tarsus 305- 330 w. Anal ring setae 120-130. Beak 115 y. Antennae with eight joints with a pseudoarticulation on the apical one ; total length 440-450 p. | SouTH AFrRIcA. Belville: March 1931, three mounted adult females collected on Geranium sp. (C. J. Joubert)—Coll. No. 2462. Very closely allied to aberiae De Lotto but differing from it in the number and arrangement of the multilocular disc pores, which in meridionalis are numerous and extend laterally to the edges of the abdominal segments. In aberiae they are few and restricted to the midregion of the abdomen. Cataenococcus hypogeus sp. n. (Plate 22) Habit of the living adults not recorded. Mounted specimens broadly elliptical to nearly circular in outline ; length up to 2-5 mm. Anal lobe cerarii each provided with eight to fifteen conical spines among which are intermingled some trilocular pores. Remaining cerarii of the abdomen and thorax structurally identical to those of the anal lobes ; on the head the spines tend to be set in a continuous irregular 214 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA series. Ventral side of each anal lobe without chitinized bar; apical seta 185~ 235 #. Multilocular disc pores arranged in groups on the last three abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 15-38; (viii) 35-59; (vii) 23-47. No multilocular pores occur on the ventral prosoma or on the dorsum. Tubular ducts of oral collar type of two sizes. The larger ones are not numerous and are arranged in small groups on the ventral marginal area of the last three or four abdominal segments anterior to the anal lobes. The smaller ones tend to be crowded all along the ventral marginal area, close to the cerarian spines; a few are scattered on both surfaces of the body. Trilocular pores numerous and evenly distributed. Circular disc pores absent. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles inconspicuous, with membranous lips. Circulus transversely elongate. Dorsal setae of the anal segment fairly long, of normal shape ; remaining dorsal setae variable in size, all knobbed on one side near the apex, as shown in the accompanying figure. The ventral setae present no distinctive feature; all are slender. Legs well developed, stout, with some minute translucent pores on the hind coxa ; claw without denticle ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 255-290 BK; ‘tibia plus tarsus 200-220 w. Anal ring entire with six setae measuring 65-80 win length. Beak 220-240 w. Antennae 7- or 8-jointed ; in specimens in which the antennae are reduced to seven joints, one joint may be marked by a pseudoarticulation ; total length 300-350 yp. Kenya. Nairobi: 29.x.1953, eleven mounted adult females collected on roots of Gelonium procerum Prain (G. De Lotto)—Coll. No. 1513. The shape of the dorsal setae clearly differentiates this species from all congeneric ones so far known from Africa south of the Sahara. Cataenococcus jasmini sp. n. (Plate 23) Living adults not seen. Mounted specimens broadly elliptical in outline, up. to 3°5 mm. long. Anal lobe cerarii each with a group of six to twelve robust conical spines surrounded by many trilocular pores; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized ; auxiliary setae missing. All along the margin of the body the cerarian spines are arranged in a continuous, fairly regular series, without interruption. Ventral side of each anal lobe with a prominent, irregularly shaped, elongate chitinized bar enclosing a robust apical seta 140-160 w, supplemented by some shorter ones. Multilocular disc pores present in small groups on the midregion of the last three abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 10-19; (viii) 16-25; (vii)6-10. No multilocular disc pores occur on the ventral prosoma or on the dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts absent. Ventral tubular ducts of oral collar type of two sizes. The large ones are arranged in small groups on the marginal area of the abdomen and thorax and between the antennae ; a few are present on the median area of the last three or four abdominal segments anterior to the genital opening. The small ducts are few and scattered without any particular pattern on the median and submedian areas of the abdomen. Trilocular pores numerous. Circular disc pores noticeably smaller than the trilocular pores, not numerous and scattered on NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 215 both surfaces of the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles well developed ; in young specimens the lips are slightly chitinized. Circulus large, transversely elongate. Dorsal and ventral setae numerous, rather long. Legs all well developed, stout ; hind coxa with some minute translucent pores; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 410-460 7; tibia plus tarsus 340-380 w. Anal ring entire, with six setae 125-145 long. Beak 275-315 w. Antennae with eight joints measuring altogether 505-535 /U. Kenya. Nairobi: 10.xi.1942, ten mounted adult females collected on Jasminum sp. (R. H. Le Pelley)—Coll. No. 236. This species closely resembles C. hypogeus but differs in having a large chitinized bar on the ventral side of the anal lobes ; furthermore in hypogeus the dorsal setae are knobbed at the apex, while in jasmini they are finely pointed, as is usually the case. Dysmicoccus mollis sp. n. (Plate 24) Living adults not seen. Mounted specimens broadly elliptical, nearly circular in outline ; length up to 2.9 mm. Margin of the body with ‘seventeen pairs of cerarii. Anal lobe cerarii each enclosed within a rounded chitinized area and carries two robust conical spines beset by a group of about 50-60 trilocular pores and four to six auxiliary setae. Spines of the remaining cerarii smaller. Normally the spines occur in pairs, except on the metathorax where each of the (xii) cerarii have three spines. The most anterior pairs—(xv) to (xvii)—have three or four, occasionally five, spines. Each cerarius is associated with a small cluster of trilocular pores and two to five slender auxiliary setae. The area about the spines is not chitinized. Ventral side of each anal lobe with an elongate irregularly shaped chitinized bar ; apical seta 125-140 w long; subapical one 40-60. Multilocular disc pores distributed ventrally on the seven ultimate abdominal segments as follows : (ix + x) 32-40; (viii) 54-68 ; (vii) 68-82; (vi) 61-66; (v) 46-59; (iv) 32-36; (iii) 17-22. On the segments anterior to the genital opening the pores are set in transverse rows along the distal margin and on segments (viii) to (vi) a few occur near the basal margin. No multilocular pores occur on the ventral side of the prosoma or on the dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts of oral collar type few and sparsely scattered. Ventral tubular ducts also of oral collar type; they are crowded on the marginal area of all abdominal segments and intermingled with the multilocular disc pores ; others are scattered on the thorax and head, mostly along the marginal and sub- marginal areas. Trilocular pores fairly numerous and evenly distributed. Circular disc pores noticeably smaller than the trilocular pores, few and scattered on both surfaces of the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles well developed with membranous lips. Circulus large. Dorsal setae few, rather short and slender ‘ ventral ones more numerous and somewhat longer. Legs all well developed, fairly stout ; hind tibia with a few minute translucent pores; dimensions of legs (ili) : trochanter plus femur 275-315 “; tibia plus tarsus 285-320 w. Anal ring setae 216 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 145-170 w. Beak 140-155. Antennae with eight joints, measuring together 385-425 y. UGANDA. Serere: 12.vili.1954, ten mounted adult females collected on roots of Arachis hypogea L. (W. R. Ingram)—Coll. No. 1679. Closely allied to D. senegalensis Balachowsky, from which it departs in having eight segments to the antennae and more numerous multilocular disc pores. Eurycoccus glomerulus sp. n. (Plate 25) Habit of living adults not recorded. Mounted specimens broadly elliptical in outline ; length up to 3 mm. Anal lobe cerarii each with two long slender spines set apart from each other, without any grouping of trilocular pores. Area about the cerarian spines not chitinized. Ventral side of each anal lobe without a chitinized bar; apical seta 140-155 ~; subapical one 80-95 w. Multilocular disc pores arranged in transverse rows on the ventral side of the last five or six abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 39-54; (viii) 53-83; (vii) 45-86; (vi) 41-68; (v) 14-28 ; (iv) 0-5. No pores occur on the ventral prosoma or on the dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts entirely absent. Ventral tubular ducts of oral collar type of two sizes. The larger ducts are set in small groups on the marginal area of the last four or five abdominal segments. The smaller ducts are scattered on the ventral side of all abdominal segments. Trilocular pores not numerous and evenly distributed. Circular disc pores smaller than the trilocular pores and scattered on both surfaces of the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles inconspicuous with membranous lips. Circulus very small, rounded. Ventral and dorsal body setae few and slender. Legs well developed ; hind coxa with some minute translucent pores ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 195-235 #; tarsus plus tibia 220-240 w. Anal ring setae 70-80 w. Beak 100-115 w. Antennae with six or seven joints measuring altogether 270-290 p. KrEnyA. Machakos: 4.ii.1956, nine mounted adult females collected on roots of Setaria sphacelata Stapf & Hubbard (G. De Lotto)—Coll. No. 195r. This species comes close to E. coccineus (Newstead) from which it differs in having many more multilocular disc pores and by the absence of the chitinized bar on the ventral side of each anal lobe. Natalensia nana sp. n. (Plate 26) Habit of living adults not recorded. Mounted specimens elongate to broadly elliptical in outline; length up to 1-2 mm. Anal lobe cerarii each with three robust setae about 100 yw long, surrounded by a few trilocular pores; area about the cerarian setae not chitinized. Ventral side of each anal lobe provided with a stout apical seta 140-160 w long; chitinized bar absent. Maultilocular disc pores entirely absent ; except in one specimen in which one pore occurs just in front of the genital NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 217 opening. - Dorsal tubular ducts absent. Ventral tubular ducts of oral collar type set along the distal margin of all abdominal segments anterior to the genital opening ; a few occur on the last abdominal segment and near the attachment of the hind legs.: Trilocular pores few and uniformly distributed. Circular disc pores smaller than the trilocular ones, scattered on either surface of the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles inconspicuous, with membranous lips. Circulus absent. Dorsal and ventral body setae short and slightly knobbed at the apex; very few in number. Legs well developed but slender ; translucent pores entirely missing ; claw without denticle ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 140-150 p ; tibia plus tarsus 150-160 w. Anal ring entire with a few small cells and with six setae attaining 65-80 yw in length. Beak 95-105 w. Antennae with six joints, not geniculate ; three falcate sensory setae are inserted on the apical joint and one on the preapical one ; total length 180-190 yp. - Kenya. Nairobi: 16.xi.1955, three mounted adult females collected on roots of Themeda triandra Forsk. (G. De Lotto)—Coll. No. rgor. Species close to N. fulleri Brain from which it differs in having three setae instead of two on the anal lobe cerarii and in having some tubular ducts on the ventral side of the abdomen, which in fulleri are entirely absent. Phenacoccus alienus sp. n. (Plate 27) Living adults not seen. Mounted specimens elongate to rather broadly elliptical in outline; length up to 2.5 mm. Marginal cerarii recognizable only on the last three or four abdominal segments. Anal lobe cerarii each built up of two lanceolate spines surrounded by a loose group of trilocular pores and four or five minute auxiliary setae. The spines of the remaining cerarii tend to be progressively smaller and more widely separated from each other, without any grouping of trilocular pores. Auxiliary setae absent. Ventral side of each anal lobe without a chitinized bar ; apical seta 145-155 “4; subapical one 20-30 w. Multilocular disc pores arranged in transverse segmental rows on the ventral side of the last three or four abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 22-33; (viii) 20-59; (vii) 5-29; (vi) 0-13. No multilocular pores occur on the ventral prosoma or on the dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts absent. Ventral tubular ducts of the oral collar type few, mostly in association with the multilocular disc pores ; a few are scattered all over the venter. Quinque- locular pores absent. Trilocular pores rather few and uniformly distributed. Cir- - cular disc pores smaller than the trilocular pores, not numerous and scattered on either surface of the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles inconspicuous with membranous lips. Circulus absent. Dorsal setae small and slender, ventral ones somewhat longer, in both cases very few. Legs short otherwise normal, with a small denticle on the claw ; hind legs without translucent pores ; dimensions of legs (iii): trochanter plus femur 175-210 7; tibia plus tarsus 210-255 w. Anal ring setae 75-95 ”. Beak 80-90 y. Antennae with eight joints, with a. well- marked pseudoarticulation on the apical joint ; total length 250-270 yp. - 218 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA SoutH ArFrRicA. Middleburg: January 1954, seven mounted adult females collected on roots of grass (E. E. Anderssen)—Coll. No. 1658. The reduction on the number of marginal cerarii easily distinguishes P..alieea from all species referable to the genus Phenacoccus so far known from Africa south of the Sahara. Phenacoccus trionymoides sp. n. (Plate 28) Habit of living adults not recorded. Mounted specimens elongate elliptical in outline, up to 2 mm. long. Margin of the body with two pairs of cerarii.. Anal lobe cerarii each with two conical spines surrounded by 20-30 trilocular pores and four to six auxiliary setae ; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized. Spines of the preanal cerarii slightly smaller with a group of about 12 trilocular pores and two to three slender auxiliary setae. Ventral side of each anal lobe without chitinized bar; apical seta 100-130 yw long; subapical one 35-45 #. Multilocular disc pores arranged in five groups on the ventral side of the last abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 28-39; (viii) 33-57; (vii) 27-49; (vi) 12-28; (v) 4-12. On all segments anterior to the genital opening the pores are set along the distal margin, except on the (viii) segment on which a few are set near the basal margin. One or two pores occasionally occur near the attachment of the middle and hind legs; a few more pores are present on the dorsal midregion of the last abdominal segments. The dorsal tubular ducts of oral rim type have very indistinct rims. These ducts are set in a fairly regular median and marginal series extending respectively from the penultimate and antepenultimate abdominal segments as far as the head. A few ducts are interpolated between these two series. A few more ducts occur on the ventral marginal and submarginal areas of the abdomen and thorax. Tubular ducts of oral collar type of two sizes. The larger ones are very numerous. On either surface of the abdomen and on the dorsal surface of the thorax they are arranged in transverse segmental rows; on both surfaces of the head and on. the ventral surface of the thorax they tend to be crowded into small irregular groups. Tubular ducts of smaller size, few in number and distributed on either surface of the body in association with those of the larger size. Quinquelocular pores absent. Trilocular pores few. Circular disc pores much smaller than the trilocular pores, few and scattered over both surfaces of the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles inconspicuous with membranous lips. Circulus absent. Dorsal setae few and very small; ventral ones also sparse but longer. Legs all well developed ; claws with a small denticle ; hind tibia with a few translucent pores ; dimensions of legs (iii): trochanter plus femur 235-265 ~; tibia plus tarsus 265-285 w. Anal ring setae 95-110 w. Beak 100-110 w. Antennae 8-jointed with a pene tion on the apical joint ; total length 350-410 p. Kenya. Nairobi: 9.xi.1956, thirteen mounted adult females collected . on Caralluma dummeri (NE. Br.) S. A. Bruce (P. T. O. Bally)—Coll. No. 2099.. NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 219 This species is assigned to the genus Phenacoccus inasmuch as the claws are provided with a tooth. Structurally it appears more closely related to Trionymus sanguineus James than to any African species of the “‘ Phenacoccus group ’’, although in sanguineus the ungual denticles are entirely absent. Planococcus crassus sp. n. (Plate 29) Living adult females at full maturity highly convex, nearly hemispherical, covered by granulate white wax ; lateral and caudal filaments short. Mounted specimens broadly elliptical to nearly circular in outline; length up to 2-9 mm. Anal lobe cerarii each with two conical spines beset by five to seven auxiliary setae and a group of about 40 trilocular pores ; area about cerarian spines not chitinized. Re- maining cerarii each carrying two spines, except for the last five or six pairs anterior to the anal lobes, each of which have three or four spines, often of different size, at times supplemented by one or two small auxiliary setae. Occasionally three spines occur on each of the most anterior cerarii, namely the (xvi), (xvii) and (xviii). Ventral side of each anal lobe with an elongate chitinized bar; apical seta 260- 300 4; subapical one 80-110 w. Multilocular disc pores set in five groups on the ventral side of the last abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 18-34; (viii) 25-38 ; (vii) 27-39; (vi) 16-25; (v) 3-8. On all segments anterior to the genital opening the pores are arranged in transverse rows along the distal margin only. No multilocular pores occur on the ventral side of the prosoma or on the dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts entirely absent. There are a few ventral tubular ducts with an oral collar, arranged in very small groups on the marginal area of the last three or four abdominal segments anterior to the anal lobes. Three to five of these ducts occur on either side of the (x) abdominal segment ; a few more of them are intermingled with the multilocular disc pores. Trilocular pores numerous on either surface of the body. The circular disc pores are of roughly the same size as the trilocular pores, and are arranged in small groups along the dorsal median line of the abdomen anterior to the anal lobe segment ; a few are scattered over the dorsum and. the venter but in no particular pattern. Dorsal setae fairly long, not numerous ; ventral ones longer and more slender. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles prominent. Circulus large, transversely elongate. Legs all well developed ; hind tibia at times with a few translucent pores ; dimensions of legs (ili) : trochanter plus femur 280-310 4; tibia plus tarsus 270-285 w. Beak 175-225 mw. Anal ring setae 100-140 4. Antennae with eight joints, together measuring 415-450“ in length. - Kenya. Nairobi: 12.xii.1955, ten mounted females collected on Ficus sp. (G. De Lotto)—Coll. No. 1944. This species is very close to latipes De Lotto which originally was assigned to the genus Pseudococcus. It differs from /atipes in the absence of multilocular disc pores 220 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA on the dorsum and on the ventral side of the prosoma and in the absence of a chitinized area on the anal lobe cerarii. Planococcus flagellatus sp. n. (Plate 30) Living adults not seen. Mounted specimens fairly broadly elliptical in outline, up to 2-5 mm. long. Anal lobe cerarii each with two conical spines beset by a loose group of 20-30 trilocular pores and two or three auxiliary setae; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized. All remaining cerarii have two spines noticeably longer and more slender than those of the anal lobe cerarii, strongly flagellate and best by 8-12 trilocular pores; auxiliary setae absent. At times one of the abdominal cerarii—usually the (vii)—carries one spine only and in one specimen it was absent altogether on one side of the body. Ventral side of each anal lobe with an elongate chitinized bar ; apical seta 230-250 w long ; subapical one 45-75 yp. Multilocular disc pores arranged in seven groups on the ventral side of the abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 20-37; (viii) 52-67; (vii) 70-107; (vi) 87-134; (v) 52-95; (iv) 31-50; (iii) 11-20. On all segments anterior to the genital opening these pores are mostly set in transverse rows along the distal margin and some are scattered over the same segments. Six to fourteen pores occur near the attachment of the fore legs; four to twelve pores on the head anterior to the mouth parts. A few more are scattered on the ventral prosoma. No multilocular pores occur on the dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts normally absent, except in two specimens in which one duct of the oral collar type occurs on the marginal area of one of the preanal segments. Ventral tubular ducts with oral collar all of the same size and set in groups on the marginal area of the last five to seven abdominal seg- ments; others are associated with the transverse rows of multilocular disc pores or are scattered over the prosoma. Trilocular pores not numerous and uniformly distributed on either surfaces of the body. Circular disc pores slightly smaller than the trilocular ones, sparse, scattered on dorsum and venter, but in no particular pattern. Dorsal setae few, fairly robust ; ventral ones equally sparse, but longer and more slender. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles well developed, with membranous lips. Circulus very small, rounded, set near the distal margin of the (iv) abdominal segment. Legs all well developed; hind coxa and tibia with a few translucent pores ; dimensions of legs (iii): trochanter plus femur 260-290 ; tibia plus tarsus 275-305 w. Anal ring setae 115-130 w. Beak 130-160 y. An- tennae with eight joints, measuring altogether 365-405 ~ in length. In one specimen one of the antennae was ill-formed and had seven joints only. UGANDA. Sebei: 18.ii.1957, seven mounted adult females collected on roots of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern. (D. J. McNutt)—Coll. No. 2144. This species comes close to P. kraunhiae (Kuwana) but in flagellatus the dorsal tubular ducts are normally absent. The circulus is much smaller and set close to the distal margin of the (iv) abdominal segment, whilst in kraunhiae it extends across the intersegmental furrow between the (iv) and (v) segments. NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 221 Planococcus formosus sp. n. (Plate 31) Habit of living adults not seen. The mounted holotype specimen is a rather old adult female, very broadly, elliptical nearly circular in outline, 1-5 mm. long. Anal lobe cerarii each with two stout conical spines enclosed within a large chitinized area and beset by 11-14 trilocular pores and four or five slender auxiliary setae. Spines of all remaining cerarii slightly smaller, often of different size. Most of the preanal lobe cerarii have two spines, but those on the last three to five abdominal segments and the ocular cerarii (xvi) usually have three or four spines. The number of spines on each cerarius of the holotype specimen is as follows: (i) 2-2 ; (ii) 3-4; (iii) 3-3; (iv) 2-3; (v) 2-2; (vi) 2-3; (vii) 2-2; (ix) to (xv) 2-2; (xvi) 3-3; (xvii) 2-2; (xviii) I-2. Each cerarius is surrounded by 2-12 trilocular pores ; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized; auxiliary setae absent. Ventral side of each anal lobe with an elongate chitinized bar ; apical seta 280 ~; subapical one 60 #. Multilocular disc pores very few, set in three groups on the ventral side of the last abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 5; (viii) 7; (vii) 4. Dorsal tubular ducts entirely absent. Ventral tubular ducts of oral collar type arranged in groups of one to four on the marginal and submarginal areas of the last four abdominal segments anterior to the anal lobes ; a few are scattered on the ventral prosoma. Trilocular pores very few and sparsely distributed on both surfaces of the body. Circular disc pores of two sizes. The larger ones attain the same size as the trilocular pores and are arranged in eight groups along the median line of the dorsum; others are distributed along the dorsal marginal area and on the venter. Circular disc pores of smaller diameter are distributed on both surfaces of the body in no particular pattern. Dorsal and ventral body setae few, short and slender, except a few on the ventral side of the head and abdomen which are somewhat longer. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles prominent with moderately chitinized lips. Circulus large, transversely elongate. Legs all well developed, very stout ; hind coxa and tibia with a few translucent pores ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 250 4; tibia plus tarsus 250 w. Anal ring setae go yp. Beak go pw. Antennae with eight joints measuring altogether 360 y. Ucanpa. Kisinga: 22.vii.1955, one mounted adult female collected on Coffea arabica L. (T. J. Crowe)—Coll. No. 1884. Species very close to rotwndatus De Lotto from which it differs in having the anal lobe cerarii enclosed within a large chitinized area and some of the marginal cerarii anterior to those on the anal lobes provided with more than two spines. Planococcus hospitus sp. n. (Plate 32) Living adult female not seen. Mounted specimen holotype broadly elliptical, 1°8 mm. long. Anal lobe cerarii each with two robust conical spines surrounded by about 20 trilocular pores and three or four auxiliary setae; area about the 222 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA cerarian spines not chitinized. All remaining cerarii with two spines, except the (xvi) pair which on one side is reduced to one spine only. Each cerarius is beset by 8-12 trilocular pores but is devoid of auxiliary setae. Ventral side of each anal lobe with an elongate chitinized bar; apical seta 200 w long; subapical one 60 yp. Multilocular disc pores set in four groups on the ventral side of the last abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 16; (viii) 23; (vii) 29; (vi) 7. On all segments anterior to the genital opening the multilocular pores are arranged in transverse rows along the distal margin only. No pores occur on the ventral prosoma or on the dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts entirely absent. Ventral tubular ducts of oral collar type very few on the midregion of the last four abdominal segments anterior to the genital opening ; no tubular ducts occur along the margin of the body. The trilocular pores are not numerous and are evenly distributed. Circular disc pores very large, attaining the same size as the multilocular disc pores. Some of these disc pores are arranged in small irregular groups along the dorsal median line from the preanal segment up to the thorax ; many others are scattered on either surface of the body, but in no particular pattern. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles well developed, having slightly chitinized lips. Circulus rather small, rounded. Dorsal setae small; ventral ones longer, in both cases few in number. Legs all well developed ; translucent pores on hind legs absent ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 220; tibia plus tarsus 200 ~. Anal ring setae 100 p. Beak 145 #. Antennae with eight joints measuring together 345 yw in length. Ucanpa. Kampala: 18.x.1956, one adult female holotype collected on tubers of Eulophia sp. (A. G. P. Michelmore)—Coll. No. 2421. Very close to rotundatus De Lotto but differing from it in the absence of tubular ducts on the ventral marginal area of the abdomen and by the size of the circular disc pores which in votundatus are much smaller in diameter. Furthermore in hospitus the multilocular disc pores are more numerous. Planococcus nigritulus sp. n. (Plate 33) Living adults not seen. Mounted specimens broadly elliptical to nearly circular in outline, up to 2-5 mm. long. Anal lobe cerarii each with two robust conical spines surrounded by a loose group of 20-25 trilocular pores and one or two short auxiliary setae; area about cerarian spines not chitinized. All remaining cerarii have two spines of the same size as those of the anal cerarii, beset by 6-12 trilocular pores, without auxiliary setae. One of the thoracic cerarii—usually the (xi)— carries only a single spine. Ventral side of each anal lobe with an elongate chitinized bar ; apical seta 220-290 ys ; subapical one 60-go w. Multilocular disc pores present ventrally on five or six ultimate abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 41-53; (viii) 44-71 ; (vii) 48-80; (vi) 45-73; (v) 29-41; (iv) 0-3. On all abdominal segments anterior to the genital opening most of the pores are arranged in transverse rows along the distal margin, but a few are scattered over the segment ; two to four pores occur on the head anterior to the mouth parts; one to three more pores NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 223 occur on the dorsal marginal area between the (xvi) and (xv) pairs of cerarii. No multilocular disc pores are associated with the stigmatic opening or near the attach- ment of the legs. Dorsal tubular ducts entirely absent. Ventral tubular ducts of oral collar type of two sizes. The larger ones are set in small groups on the ventral marginal area as far as the head. They are absent, however, on the last abdominal segment. The smaller ducts are very sparse and are associated with the transverse segmental rows of multilocular disc pores. Trilocular pores numerous and evenly distributed on both surfaces of the body. The circular disc pores are somewhat larger than the trilocular pores ; they are set in five to seven groups on the dorsal side of the thorax and on the first to third abdominal segments along the median line. Other circular pores are scattered on both surfaces of the body. Dorsal setae very small; ventral ones longer and more slender; in either case they are few. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles prominent with membranous lips. Circulus rather large, transversely elongate. Legs all well developed, fairly stout; hind coxa and tibia with some translucent pores; dimensions of legs (11): trochanter plus femur 260-305 ~; tibia plus tarsus 250-285 w. Anal ring setae 95-II0 yp. Beak 155-175 #. Antennae with eight joints, measuring together 350-380 yw. BELGIAN Conco. Katana: 15.x.1941, fifteen mounted adult females collected on Pheonix canariensis L. (F. L. Hendrick)—Coll. No. 1499. This species is very close to citri (Risso) from which it differs in the total absence of tubular ducts on the ventral side of the last abdominal segment ; furthermore the body content of nigritulus is very dark brown, almost black, while in citri it is light pinkish. Pseudococcus bruguierae sp. n. (Plate 34) Living adult not seen. Mounted female holotype elliptical in outline, 2-1 mm. long Margin of the body with a series of seventeen pairs of cerarii. Anal lobe cerarii each with two conical spines surrounded by a group of 30-40 trilocular pores and four or five auxiliary setae; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized. Each of the remaining cerarii also with two spines, slightly smaller, except for the frontal cerarii (xvii) which both have three spines, and the ocular cerarii (xvi), one of which carries four spines, the other six. Each cerarius is beset by 10-15 trilocular pores and is devoid of auxiliary setae. Ventral side of each anal lobe with an ill-defined slightly chitinized elongate bar; apical seta 225 yp; subapical one 60 w. Maultilocular disc pores set in six groups on the ventral side of the last abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 29; (viii) 53; (vii) 39; (vi) 44; (v) 42; (iv) 14. On the segments anterior to the genital opening all pores are arranged in transverse rows along the distal margin, except on the (viii), (vii) and (vi) segments on which a few pores are scattered along the basal margin. There are very few dorsal ducts of the oral collar type. On one side of the body one duct occurs near the (iv) cerarius and two near the (ix) ; on the opposite side two ducts are associated with the (ii) and (iii) cerarii. Ventral tubular ducts very numerous 224 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA: and crowded on the marginal area, forming a nearly continuous band from the last abdominal segment as far as the head. A few ducts, slightly smaller in size, are associated with the multilocular disc pores. Trilocular pores few and uniformly » distributed. Circular disc pores noticeably smaller than the trilocular pores, very few. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles rather inconspicuous, with membranous lips. Circulus fairly large. Dorsal setae small, few ; ventral ones longer and more numerous. Legs all well developed ; translucent pores apparently absent ; dimen- sions of legs (ii) : trochanter plus femur 285 ~; tibia plus tarsus 260 uw. Beak 95 #. Anal ring setae 145 w. Antennae with eight joints, measuring together 410 u in length. ; KrnyA. Mombasa: 30.ix.1957, one mounted adult female holotype collected on Bruguiera gymnorliza (L.) Lam. (R. H. Le Pelley)—Coll. No. 2234. This species bears a very close resemblance to burnerae Brain, but departs from it in having much more numerous ventral tubular ducts along the marginal area of the body; the multilocular disc pores are also more numerous and are set in six groups instead of five as is the case in burnerae ; furthermore in the latter the dorsal tubular ducts are much less numerous. Pseudococcus cryophilus sp. n. (Plate 35) Living adults not seen. Mounted specimens elongate elliptical in outline ; length up to 3-5mm. Margin of the body with two pairs of cerarii only. Anal lobe cerarii each with four to eight robust conical spines of different size, among which are intermingled a few trilocular pores and one to three robust auxiliary setae; the spines are surrounded by an ill-defined chitinized area. Preanal cerarii similar to those of the anal lobes but the area about the cerarian spines is not chitinized and the number of spines is reduced to one to four. Ventral side of each anal lobe without a chitinized bar; apical seta 130-190 u long. Multilocular disc pores scattered on both surfaces of the body. Tubular ducts with oral collar or oral rim entirely absent. They are replaced by small ducts as shown in the accompanying figure. These ducts are very numerous on both surfaces of the body. Trilocular pores very sparse and irregularly scattered on the dorsum and venter. Circular disc pores smaller than the trilocular pores, fairly numerous all over the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles inconspicuous with membranous lips. Circulus absent. Dorsal and ventral body setae not numerous, rather short and slender. Legs well developed; claws without denticle; hind femur and tibia with some minute translucent pores; dimensions of legs (iii): trochanter plus femur 225— 260 4; tibia plus tarsus 235-280 w. Anal ring entire with six setae attaining 150- 180 w in length. Beak 100-125 w. Antennae with seven joints, except in two specimens in which one of the antennae was reduced to six joints; total length of the 7-jointed antennae 260-315 y. Kenya. Mt. Kenya: 15.i1.1951, twenty mounted adult females collected at about 16,000 ft. altitude on Festuca pilgert St. Ives (R. H. Le Pelley)—Coll. No. 1083. NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 225 Pseudococcus occiduus sp. n. (Plate 36) Habit of living adults not recorded. Mounted specimens rather elongate elliptical, up to 3-2 mm. long. Margin of the body with seventeen pairs of cerarii. Anal lobe cerarii each with two robust conical spines surrounded by numerous trilocular pores and four or five auxiliary setae; chitinized area large, elongate. Each of the remaining cerarii normally carries two spines, except the (xii), (xv) and (xvii) pairs each of which has three ; four or five spines occur on the ocular cerarii (xvi). The spines tend to become progressively smaller anteriorly. Each cerarius is associated with a cluster of trilocular pores, three to five slender auxiliary setae, and is enclosed within a rounded chitinized area. Ventral side of each anal lobe with an irregularly-shaped elongate chitinized bar ; apical seta 160-190 yw long ; subapical one 90-110 #. Multilocular disc pores occurring in five groups on the ventral side of the last abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 23-59; (vii) 46-102; (vii) 41-97; (vi) 15-36; (v) 5-22. On the segments anterior to the genital opening the pores are arranged along the distal margin, except on the (vii) and—occasionally —on the (vii) segments on which a few are present near the basal margin ; two or three pores at times occur on the dorsal side of the preanal abdominal segment. Dorsal tubular ducts of oral rim type small, rather numerous and crowded near each marginal cerarius, except on the anal lobes where they are absent. A few ducts are scattered over the dorsum and along the ventral marginal areas of the head, thorax and first two or three abdominal segments. Ventral tubular ducts with oral collar arranged in groups on the marginal area of all abdominal segments; a few are associated with the multilocular disc pores and are scattered over the prosoma. Trilocular pores not numerous and uniformly distributed. Circular disc pores much smaller than the trilocular pores, very few and scattered on both surfaces of the body. Anterior dorsal ostioles inconspicuous ; posterior ones well developed ; both having membranous lips. Circulus large, transversally elongate. Dorsal setae fairly long, not numerous; ventral ones much longer and more numerous. Legs all well developed, slender ; hind tibia with a few translucent pores ; dimen- sions of legs (iii): trochanter plus femur 460-540 # ; tarsus plus tibia 505-635 y. Anal ring setae 170-220 w. Beak 125-145 w. Antennae with eight joints, measuring together 610-750 yw in length. Ucanpa. Entebbe: 2.vii.1954, eleven mounted adult females collected on Coffea robusta Lind. (W. R. Ingram)—Coll. No. 1677. Other records of the same species on material not included in the type series, are : BELGIAN Conco. Elizabethville: January 1930 on Coffea sp. (C. J. Joubert.) Kenya. Kiambu: 4.vi.1953 on Coffea arabica L. (D. J. McCrae); Kisii: 18 .ii.1937 on Coffea arabica L. (A. R. Melville) ; Nairobi: 2.ix.1951 on Acokanthera schimperi (D. C.) Benth. (G. De Lotto) ; 19.vi.1937 on Nerium oleander L. (A. R. Melville) ; Ruiru: 31.x.1953 on Sapium ellipticum Pax. (G. De Lotto). TANGANYIKA. Arusha: 29.x.1937 on Coffea arabica L. and Psidium guajava L. (A. R. Melville). UGanpDA. Toro: 14. iii.1951 on Coffea arabica L. (D. J. McCrae). ENTOM. 10, 6. 15 226 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA The large number of small dorsal tubular ducts with oral rim associated with the marginal cerarii clearly distinguishes this species from all others of the genus Pseudococcus as recently restricted by Ferris. Pseudococcus percrassus sp. n. (Plate 37) Living adults not seen. Mounted specimens nearly circular in outline; length up to 2°8 mm. Margin of the body with a series of eighteen pairs of cerarii. Anal lobe cerarii each with four or five conical spines surrounded by many stout auxiliary setae and several trilocular pores. All remaining cerarii are similar to those of the anal lobes, except on the thorax and head where the cerarian spines are reduced to two to four. Ventral side of each anal lobe with an irregularly-shaped chitinized bar ; apical seta 175-220 w. Multilocular disc pores set in transverse rows on the ventral side of the last five abdominal segments. The number of pores in the holotype specimen is as follows: (ix + x) 69; (viii) 80; (vii) 134; (vi) 113; (v) 78.1 On the three segments anterior to the vulvar opening some of the multilocular pores are arranged along the basal margin. No multilocular disc pores occur on the ventral prosoma or on the dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts absent. Ventral tubular ducts of oral collar type few ; they occur on the penultimate (viii) and antepenulti- mate (vii) abdominal segments in association with the multilocular disc pores. Trilocular pores very numerous on both surfaces of the body. Circular disc pores rather variable in size, mostly somewhat smaller than the trilocular pores, not numerous and scattered all over the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles very conspicuous with moderately chitinized lips. Circulus transversely elongate. Dorsal setae short, very numerous; ventral ones slightly longer, slender, also numerous. Legs all well developed, stout ; hind coxa with some minute translucent pores ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 410-450 4; tibia plus tarsus 350-360 w. Anal ring setae 115-130 w. Beak 210-225 w. Antennae with eight joints measuring together 550-620 p. UGANDA. Kampala: 8.xi.1956, two mounted adult females collected on Cyperus papyrus L. (F. M. Kasaija)—Coll. No. 2403. Pseudococcus pulcherrimus sp. n. (Plate 38) Living adults not seen. Mounted specimens elongate elliptical in outline; anal lobes prominent ; length up to 1-3 mm. Marginal cerarii reduced to six pairs, two of which occur on the last two abdominal segments and four pairs on the head and thorax. The anal lobe cerarii each carries a group of nine to twelve robust conical spines surrounded by a large chitinized area which in part extends to the ventral side of each lobe; among the cerarian spines are intermingled some trilocular 1In the paratype specimen the ventral abdominal area was distorted so that the number of multi- locular disc pores on the various segments could not be satisfactorily counted. NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 227 pores; auxiliary setae entirely absent. All remaining cerarii are structurally identical with those of the anal lobes except that the chitinized area is smaller. The ventral side of each anal lobe has a small apical seta 65-75 yw long and no chit- inized bar.: On the ventral side of the body the multilocular disc pores are arranged in transverse groups on all abdominal segments. In five specimens the number of pores occurring on each segment was found as follows: (ix + x) 76-114; (viii) 90-136 ; (vii) 111-134; (vi) 114-163 ; (v) 88-144; (iv) 86-121 ; (iii) 37-68. Other multilocular pores are scattered over the head and thorax, mostly along the marginal area of the body. Dorsal tubular ducts small, devoid of oral collar or oral rim. They occur in two compact groups near the margin of the body, one on the meso- thorax, the other much larger and elongate in shape, extends from the metathorax to the first three or four abdominal segments. Each group of these ducts is bordered by numerous multilocular disc pores set close to one another in a continuous regular line. The ventral tubular ducts are also devoid of oral rim or oral collar, and partly project from the integument of the body. A single duct occurs on the submedian area of all abdominal segments anterior to the genital opening ; a few are scattered over the thorax. Circular disc pores absent. Trilocular pores very few. Dorsal ostioles and circulus absent. Dorsal setae conical or slightly lanceolate in shape. One fairly large lanceolate seta occurs on the submedian area of the three or four abdominal segments anterior to the anal lobes ; other setae, smaller in size, are set in pairs or in small groups as shown in the accompanying figure. Ventral setae normal, slender and very few. Legs unusually long and slender; claw without a denticle ; translucent pores entirely absent; dimensions of legs (iii): trochanter plus femur 360-410 ww; tibia plus tarsus 480-550 w. Anal ring entire with six setae measuring II5-140 w in length. Beak two-segmented, 80-90 w long. Antennae of nine long slender joints, measuring together 670-735 pu. Kenya. Mombasa: 7.xi.1956, eight mounted adult females collected on leaves of Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. (R. H. Le Pelley)—Coll. No. 2089. This peculiar mealybug appears to have no relationship to any other known to the writer. Its inclusion in the genus Pseudococcus is purely provisional. Pseudococcus spinulosus sp. n. (Plate 39) Living adults not seen. Mounted specimens elliptical, up to 2:1 mm. long. Margin of the body with seventeen pairs of cerarii. Anal lobe cerarii each with two conical spines surrounded by a group of about 40-50 trilocular pores and four to six auxiliary setae ; area about the spines not chitinized.1_ The remaining cerarii have each two spines, except the (x) and the (xv) which are usually reduced to one spine only ; the (xii) to (xiv), (xvi) and (xvii) cerarii normally have three spines. The spines are more slender than those of the anal lobes and often are of different size. Each cerarius is beset by a small group of trilocular pores, but without auxiliary setae. Ventral side of each anal lobe without chitinized bar ; apical seta 1 In one specimen one of the anal lobe cararii was missing. 228 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA robust, 240-265 4; subapical one 50-65 4“. Multilocular disc pores set in three or four groups on the ventral side of the last abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 14-20; (viii) 19-23; (vii) 2; (vi) o-1. Dorsal tubular ducts with oral rim normally absent, except in one specimen in which on one side of the body one duct is associated with the (vi) cerarius and on the opposite side one duct occurs near the (vii) cerarius. Ventral tubular ducts with oral collar tend to be crowded along the marginal area of all abdominal segments, and are set in transverse rows along the distal margin of the (iv) to (vii) abdominal segments. Trilocular pores fairly numer- ous and uniformly distributed on either surface of the body. Circular disc pores some- what smaller than the trilocular pores, numerous and scattered at random all over the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles well developed, with membranous lips. Circulus absent. Dorsal setae fairly numerous, very robust and long ; ventral ones shorter and slender, except for one seta inserted on the marginal area of each abdominal segment anterior to the anal lobes which is as stout as those of the dorsum. Legs well developed ; translucent pores absent ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 340-360 w; tibia plus tarsus 370-380 w. Anal ring setae 110-130 yw Beak 150-160 w. Antennae with eight joints, measuring together 395-415 /. UcanpDA. Kampala: 21.xii.1953, three mounted females collected of roots of Saccharum officinarum L. (A. G. P. Michelmore)—Coll. No. 1813. This species comes close to P. muraltiae Brain, but differs from it in having the multilocular disc pores arranged in three groups instead of five, and in having very long robust dorsal setae ; furthermore in spinulosus the dorsal tubular ducts with oral rim are normally absent. Rhizoecus perprocerus sp. n. (Plate 40) Living adults not seen. Mounted specimens elongate elliptical, membranous at maturity ; length up to 17 mm. Anal lobe cerarii each with three setae about 75 long, surrounded by a few trilocular pores ; area about the cerarian setae not chitinized. Multilocular disc pores rather numerous on the dorsum and venter. Tubular ducts with oral collar small; they are few and scattered on both surfaces of the body. Trilocular pores rather numerous and evenly distributed. Circular disc pores absent. Tritubular ducts fairly large in size; on the dorsum they are arranged in a marginal and median series; on the venter they are set in a sub- marginal and submedian series on the abdomen only ; one or two ducts occur near each stigmatic opening and one is inserted in front of the mouth parts. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles small with slightly chitinized lips. Circulus and ventral cephalic plate absent. Dorsal setae small; ventral ones longer and more numerous. Legs well developed, with ungual digitules finely pointed ; hind legs without trans- lucent pores ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 145-160 yw; tibia plus tarsus 155-175 w. Anal ring set close to the abdominal extremity, entire, with six setae measuring about 60 uw in length. Beak 85-095 yw. Antennae short, stout, geniculate, with six joints measuring altogether 185-205 yw in length; apical joint with two falcate sensory setae ; one falcate seta occurs on the preapical joint. NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 229 SouTH AFRIcA. Hexriver: July 1930, four mounted adult females collected on roots of an unknown plant (C. J. Joubert)—Coll. No. 2496. Very close to R. immsi James but differs from it by the absence of the circulus and the small chitinized area about the setae of the anal lobe cerarii. Ripersia speciosa sp. n. (Plate 41) Living adults not seen. Mounted specimens rather broadly elliptical in outline, up to2-3mm.long. Marginal cerarii recognizable on the last six abdominal segments only. Anal lobe cerarii each with four conical spines of different size, surrounded by a loose group of about 30 trilocular pores and three to four auxiliary setae ; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized. Preanal cerarii each with three spines, slightly smaller in size. All remaining cerarii carry two spines which tend to become progressively longer and more slender anteriorly. Each cerarius is beset by a few trilocular pores and is devoid of auxiliary setae. Ventral side of each anal lobe without chitinized bar ; the apical setae were all broken off in the specimens at hand ; subapical one 45-50 long. Multilocular disc pores arranged in two groups on the ventral side of the last abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 7-11; (viii) 4-8. Tubular ducts with oral rim set singly or in pairs in a fairly regular series along the dorsal and ventral marginal areas of the body; a few more are scattered in no apparent pattern. Ventral tubular ducts of oral collar type set in loose transverse rows on the last five abdominal segments. Trilocular pores not numerous and uniformly distributed. Circular disc pores large, attaining the same size of the trilocular pores. They are fairly numerous on both surfaces of the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles inconspicuous with membranous lips. Circulus trans- versely elongate. Dorsal setae short, few ; ventral ones longer and more numerous. Legs all well developed ; hind tibia with a group of large translucent pores, having a heavily chitinized thick rim; dimensions of legs (iii): trochanter plus femur 260-270 w; tibia plus tarsus 305-315u. Anal ring setae 100-110 w. Beak 125- 155. Antennae small, not geniculate, of six joints, which together attain a length of 350-365 yw. BELGIAN Conco. Nyatja: October 1941, three mounted adult females collected on roots of Coreopsis sp. (F. L. Hendrick)—Coll. No. 1504. Very closely allied to R. glandulosa James but differing from it in having two groups of multilocular disc pores and four and three spines on the anal and preanal ceraril respectively. Spilococcus commiphorae sp. n. (Plate 42) Habit of living adults not recorded. Mounted specimens broadly to very broadly elliptical in outline; length up to 2°8 mm. Margin of the body with seventeen pairs of cerarii. Anal lobe cerarii each with two robust conical spines surrounded 230 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA by a loose group of about a dozen trilocular pores and five to seven auxiliary setae ; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized. All the remaining cerarii are provided with two spines, except the frontal (xvii) and ocular (xvi) cerarii which carry three, four or five spines, and the (xv) which occasionally has three spines. The spines are somewhat longer and more slender than those of the anal lobes and are beset by 3-8 trilocular pores; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized ; auxiliary setae absent. Ventral side of each anal lobe with a well-marked elongate chitinized bar ; apical seta 210-240 w ; subapical one 80-110 w. Multilocular disc pores fairly numerous and arranged in transverse rows on the ventral side of the last five abdomi- nal segments. The number of pores occurring on each segment could not be accur- ately ascertained because on the marginal area of the body the pores near the distal margin are not clearly separated from those set close to the basal margin of the preceding segment. A few more pores are scattered on the marginal area of the thorax and occasionally one or two pores occur on the dorsal side of the abdomen. Tubular ducts with oral rim somewhat variable in size, but always smaller in diameter than the multilocular disc pores. On the dorsal side of the postsoma the ducts are numerous and tend to be set in irregular transverse segmental rows ; on the prosoma they are much fewer and are widely scattered. Fairly numerous ducts occur on the venter, mostly along the marginal area. Tubular ducts with oral collar few and scattered on both surfaces of the body. Trilocular pores few and evenly distributed. Circular disc pores slightly smaller than the trilocular pores, few and scattered all over the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles inconspicuous. Circulus large, transversely elongate. Dorsal setae fairly numer- ous, stout; ventral ones slender but longer. Legs all well developed without translucent pores on the hind pair ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 320-380 w; tibia plus tarsus 360-415 w. Anal ring setae 140-170 w. Beak 145- 170 w. Antennae with eight joints, except in two specimens in which one of the antennae was found with seven joints only; the total length of the 8-jointed an- tennae is 490-630 yu. SouTH Arrica. Zebedelia: 6.ii.1957, twelve mounted adult females collected on Commiphora sp. (G. De Lotto)—Coll. No. 2186. Related to S. perforatus De Lotto, but easily distinguishable from it in having a complete series of seventeen pairs of marginal cerarii and eight joints to the antennae. Spilococcus diversus sp. n. (Plate 43) Habit of living adults not recorded. Mounted specimens elongate to broadly elliptical in outline; length up to 2 mm. Margin of the body with seventeen pairs of cerarii. Anal lobe cerarii each provided with two conical spines beset by a group of 30-40 trilocular pores and nine to ten auxiliary setae ; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized. The remaining cerarii carry two spines, except on the thorax and head where at times one or two of the cerarii have three—seldom four—spines. Each cerarius is surrounded by a few trilocular pores; auxiliary setae absent. NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 231 The spines of the abdominal cerarii tend to become progressively smaller and more slender anteriorly ; on the thorax and head they are even more slender but become longer, attaining the same size and shape of some of the dorsal body setae. Some- times they tend to be widely apart from each other. Ventral side of each anal lobe with a small poorly marked chitinized bar; in one specimen the bar is entirely absent. Apical seta robust, 235-255 w long; subapical one about 80y. Multi- locular disc pores set in transverse segmental rows on the ventral side of the last five abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 23-33; (viii) 24-31; (vii) 11-19; (vi) 9-14; (v) 6-11. On all segments anterior to the genital opening the pores are arranged along the distal margin, except on the (viii) where a few pores occur near the basal margin. No multilocular pores occur on the ventral prosoma or on the dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts with oral rim very variable in number and arrangement ; one to three ducts at times occur on the ventral marginal area of the thorax. Ventral tubular ducts with oral collar crowded near the marginal area of all abdominal segments and near each frontal cerarius (xvii). They are also associated with the multilocular disc pores. A few more are scattered on the thorax and head. Trilocular pores numerous on both surfaces of the body. Circular disc pores somewhat smaller than the trilocular ones and distributed on the dorsum and venter without any particular pattern. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles well developed with membranous lips. Circulus transversely elongate. Dorsal seta not numerous, rather robust; ventral ones longer and more slender. Legs all well developed; hind tibia with rather numerous minute translucent pores ; dimensions of legs (iii): trochanter plus femur 285-345 w; tibia plus tarsus 330- 385 w. Beak 125-135 w long. Anal ring setae 135-145 w. Antennae with eight joints measuring altogether 370-480 y. UcanpDA. Kampala: 9g.vi.1958, four mounted adult females collected on Solanum sp. (G. De Lotto)—Coll. No. 2366. Other records on material not included in the type series are : KENYA. Nairobi: 25.ii.1954 on roots of Leonotis mollissima Guerke (G. De Lotto). UcanpaA. North Bugisu: 27.ii.1957 on roots of Dichrocephala integrifolia D. C. (G. De Lotto). Very close to Pseudococcus erigeroni James but easily separable from it by the presence in diversus of the circulus. Spilococcus kajiadoensis sp. n. (Plate 44) Habit of living adult not recorded. Mounted holotype specimen elongate elliptical in outline, 2-5 mm. long. Margin of the body with seventeen pairs of cerarii. Anal lobe cerarii each with two conical spines surrounded by numerous trilocular pores and eight to ten auxiliary setae; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized. Each of the remaining cerarii is provided with two spines which tend to become progressively smaller and more slender towards the anterior end ; each cerarius is 232 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA surrounded by a few trilocular pores but is devoid of auxiliary setae. Ventral side of each anal lobe without a chitinized bar; apical seta fairly robust, about 300 uw long ; subapical one 90 #. Multilocular disc pores set in five groups on the ventral side of the last abdominal segments as follows: (ix plus x) 60; (viii) 79; (vii) 54; (vi) 7; (v) 3. On the segments anterior to the genital opening the pores are arranged in transverse linear rows along the distal margin, except on the (viii) segment where a few occur near the basal margin. No multilocular pores occur on the ventral prosoma or on the dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts of oral rim type few. The marginal series occur singly near each abdominal cerarius anterior to the anal lobes and near each frontal (xvii) cerarius; the median series extends from the (viii) to (vi) abdominal segments. The submedian and submarginal series are present only on the first abdominal segments as shown in the accompanying figure. A few more ducts are scattered on the dorsal prosoma and on the ventral marginal area of the thorax. Ventral tubular ducts with oral collar crowded on the marginal area of all abdominal segments and extending in irregular transverse rows in association with the multilocular disc pores ; a small group of ducts occurs on the head, close to each of the frontal cerarii (xvii). Trilocular pores fairly numerous and evenly distributed. Circular disc pores somewhat smaller than the trilocular ones, sparsely scattered on both surfaces of the body. Anterior dorsal ostioles inconspicuous; posterior ones fairly well developed; in both instances their lips are membranous. Circulus large, transversely elongate. Dorsal setae fairly long and slender ; ventral ones slightly longer but somewhat stouter. Legs all well developed; hind tibia with many minute translucent pores; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 560 w; tibia plus tarsus 660 w. Anal ring setae 200 #. Beak 175 wu. Antennae with eight joints, measuring together 715 w in length. KENYA. Kajiado: 30.vi.1957, one mounted adult female collected on Croton sp. (G. De Lotto)—Coll. No. 2204. Other records are : KrenyA. Kiambu: 20.x.1929 on Datura sp. (R. H. Le Pelley). These specimens are in too poor a condition for their inclusion in the type series. Resembling Pseudococcus burnerae Brain from which it differs in having much more numerous multilocular disc pores and dorsal tubular ducts with oral rim, and in the absence of a chitinized bar on the ventral side of the anal lobes. Spilococcus limuricus sp. n. (Plate 45) Living adult not seen. Mounted specimen holotype rather elongate elliptical, 2-4 mm. long. Margin of the body with seventeen pairs of cerarii. Anal lobe cerarii each built up with two conical spines beset by several trilocular pores and about a dozen auxiliary setae ; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized. The spines of all remaining cerarii are missing ; from the number of the spine sockets it seems that each of the abdominal cerarii is formed with two spines, while on the NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 233 thorax and head some of the cerarii are built up with three—seldom four—spines. On one side the (x) and (xi) cerarii are not recognizable. Each cerarius is surrounded by a group of about a dozen of trilocular pores, but devoid of auxiliary setae. Ventral side of each anal lobe without a chitinized bar ; apical seta of both anal lobes broken away ; subapical one 125 w long. Maultilocular disc pores arranged in transverse groups on the ventral side of the last three abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 46; (viii) 52; (vii) 32. Dorsal tubular ducts of oral rim type, few. Marginal series almost continuous from the penultimate abdominal segment as far as the frontal cerarius, except those near the (xi), (xii), (xiv) and (xv) cerarii which are missing ; submarginal, submedian and median series arranged rather irregularly as shown in the accompanying figure. A few ducts are scattered on the dorsal prosoma and on the ventral marginal area of the thorax. Ventral tubular ducts of oral collar type crowded on the marginal area of all abdominal segments ; a few more occur on the midregion of the last four abdominal segments anterior to the genital opening. Trilocular pores rather numerous and uniformly distributed. Circular disc pores noticeably smaller than the trilocular pores, they are not numerous and are scattered on both surfaces of the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles well developed with membranous lips. Circulus transversely elongate. Dorsal setae slender; ventral ones longer and rather robust. Legs prominent ; hind tibia with a group of unusually large translucent pores which attain the same diameter or are slightly larger than the trilocular pores and are provided with a thick heavily chitinized rim ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 590 vy ; tibia plus tarsus 725 w. Anal ring setae 180. Beak 200m. Antennae with eight joints measuring altogether 790 vy. Kenya. Limuru: I1.iii.1937, one mounted adult female collected on Coffea arabica L. (A. R. Melville)—Coll. No. 135. This species bears a very close resemblance to S. kajiadoensis but departs from it in having the multilocular disc pores arranged in three groups instead of five as is the case of kajiadoensis ; in limuricus the translucent pores on the hind tibia are very large, while in kajiadoensis they are minute and without chitinized rims. Spilococcus pusillus sp. n. (Plate 46) Habit of living adults not recorded. Mounted specimens elongate to very broadly oval in outline ; length up to 3-5 mm. Margin of the body with only ten pairs of cerarii, extending forwards from the anal lobes to the eleventh pair; the tenth pair being absent. Each of the anal lobe cerarii carries two conical spines sur- rounded by 35-45 trilocular pores and three or four auxiliary setae; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized. Each preanal cerarius bears two spines which become progressively smaller and more slender anteriorly and are beset by a few trilocular pores ; auxiliary setae absent. Ventral side of each anal lobe without chitinized bar ; apical seta robust 175-205 ; subapical one 60-70 yw. Multilocular disc pores set in transverse groups on the ventral side of the last seven abdominal 234 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA segments as follows: (ix -+ x) 25-51; (viii) 34-64; (vii) 30-63; (vi) 39-67; (v) 25-54; (iv) 9-17; (ii) 6-13. On all segments anterior to the genital opening the pores are mostly crowded near the distal margin and a few occur close to the basal one. A few multilocular pores are scattered on the ventral median and sub- median areas of the thorax. Dorsal tubular ducts of the oral rim type tend to be arranged in a median and submarginal series on the abdomen and thorax; a few are scattered on the head and on the ventral marginal area of the thorax. The number and arrangement of these ducts is very variable, and in some specimens not included in the type series they are occasionally entirely absent. Ventral tubular ducts with oral collar rather numerous and crowded on the marginal area of all abdominal segments and in association with the multilocular disc pores. A few are scattered on the thorax and head. Trilocular pores numerous on either surface of the body. Circular disc pores variable in size, the largest attaining the same size of the trilocular pores ; they are distributed on both surfaces of the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles well developed with membranous lips. Circulus trans- versely elongate. Dorsal setae not numerous, rather short and robust; ventral ones longer and more slender. _Legs all well developed with a few minute trans- lucent pores on the hind tibia; dimensions of legs (iii): trochanter plus femur 255-305 w; tibia plus tarsus 285-320 w. Beak 135-155. Amal ring setae 95- 125 #. Antennae with eight joints measuring altogether 350-400 yw in length. Kenya. Nairobi: 6.viii.1959, seven mounted adult females collected on roots of Bidens pilosa L. (G. De Lotto)—Coll. No. 2479. Other records on specimens not included in the type series are : Kenya. Kakusi: March 1930 on roots of Indigofera sp. (T. W. Kirkpatrick) ; Nairobi: November 1940 on roots of Solanum tuberosum L. (R. H. Le Pelley) ; Nyeri: 4.iv.1951 on roots of Ipomoea batatas Poir (G. M. Lavers). Closely related to diversus De Lotto but differing from it in having a reduced number of marginal cerarii and a larger number of multilocular disc pores. Trionymus longipilosus sp. n. (Plate 47) Living adults not seen. Mounted specimens very broadly elliptical to nearly circular in outline; length up to 2-5 mm. Cerarii confined to a single pair on the anal lobes, each of which is formed with two conical spines surrounded by 10-12 trilocular pores and two to three auxiliary setae; area about the cerarian spines not chitinized. Ventral side of each anal lobe with an elongate chitinized bar ; apical seta 255-315 w long; subapical one 100-115 w. Multilocular disc pores arranged in transverse rows on the ventral side of the last five abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 15-27; (viii) 16-25; (vii) 22-29; (vi) 19-27; (v) 9-16. No multilocular disc pores occur on the ventral prosoma or on the dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts absent. Ventral tubular ducts with oral collar crowded all along the marginal area of the body and tending to become progressively fewer anteriorly ; a few ducts are associated with the multilocular disc pores and scattered on the thorax NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 235 and head. Trilocular pores not numerous and evenly distributed. Circular disc pores somewhat smaller than the trilocular pores, scattered on dorsum and venter. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles fairly prominent, with membranous lips. Circulus irregularly shaped, sometimes transversely elongate, sometimes rounded. Dorsal setae fairly numerous, very long and robust. From the penultimate ab- dominal segment as far as the head, pairs of robust very long setae are inserted along the margin of the body. The ventral setae are more slender and much shorter, not numerous. Legs all well developed, but rather short and stout ; claw without denticle ; translucent pores on hind legs entirely missing ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 255-285 ~; tibia plus tarsus 255-275 #. Anal ring entire with six setae measuring 125-160 yw. Beak 110-115. Antennae constantly 8-jointed, measuring altogether 395-445 yu in length. KeEnyA. Mombasa: 12-13.viii.1937, twenty-two mounted adult females collected on Annona sp. (A. R. Melville)—Coll. Nos. 139 and 141. Other records are : Kenya. Mombasa: 5.xi.1956 on Peliostigma thonningit (Schum.) H. Redhead (R. H. Le Pelley). Trionymus pygmaeus sp. n. (Plate 48) Habit of living adults not recorded. Mounted specimens broadly to very broadly elliptical in outline; length up to 1-5 mm. Margin of the body with five—occa- sionally six—pairs of cerarii occurring on the last abdominal segments. Anal lobe cerarii each built up with two conical spines beset by 15-25 trilocular pores and two to four auxiliary setae; area about the spines not chitinized. Spines of the remaining cerarii tend to be more slender and on the most anterior pair they are at times set somewhat apart from each other ; the spines are beset by a few trilocular pores, but the auxiliary setae are missing. Ventral side of each anal lobe without a chitinized bar; apical seta 205-225 ~; subapical one 60-70 4. Multilocular disc pores arranged in four groups on the ventral side of the last abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 34-39; (viii) 43-58; (vii) 26-43; (vi) 6-11. Dorsal tubular ducts entirely absent. Ventral tubular ducts of oral collar type not numerous and crowded on the marginal area of the last three or four abdominal segments; a few ducts are associated with the multilocular disc pores. Trilocular pores fairly numerous and uniformly distributed. Circular disc pores noticeably smaller than the trilocular pores, few in number. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles incon- spicuous, with membranous lips. Circulus absent. Dorsal setae fairly robust ; ventral ones slender and somewhat longer. Legs all well developed without trans- lucent pores; dimensions of legs (iii): trochanter plus femur 205-220 4; tibia plus tarsus 220-235 yw. Anal ring setae 95-105 w. Beak 135-145 w long. Antennae with seven joints, except in one specimen in which one antenna has five, and the other six, joints ; the total length of 7-jointed antennae is 285-315 y. KENyA. Nairobi: 16.xii.1955 and 31.v.1956, three mounted adult females 236 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA collected on roots of Themeda triandra Forsk. (G. De Lotto)—Coll. Nos. 1900 and 2030. Close to Ripersia hypoestis James from which it differs by the absence of the circulus and in having a larger number of multilocular disc pores. Trionymus viator sp. n. (Plate 49) Living adult not seen. Outline of the holotype specimen elongate elliptical, I-g mm. long. Margin of the body with two pairs of cerarii only. Anal lobe cerarii each with two robust conical spines surrounded by seven to eight auxiliary setae and a loose group of about 50 trilocular pores ; area about the cerarian spines not chit- inized. Preanal cerarii similar to those of the anal lobes but devoid of auxiliary setae. Ventral side of each anal lobe without a chitinized bar; apical seta 160 w long ; subapical one 30 w. Multilocular disc pores arranged in four groups on the ventral side of the last abdominal segments as follows: (ix + x) 33; (viii) 612; (vii) 39; (vi) 7. Two or three more multilocular pores occur on the dorsal side of the penultimate and antepenultimate abdominal segments. Dorsal tubular ducts with oral rim distributed in a marginal and median series from the penultimate abdominal segment as far as the head. On the head, thorax and first abdominal segments some ducts are interspersed between the two series. A few more occur on the ventral marginal areas of the thorax and abdomen. Tubular ducts with oral collar of three different sizes. The largest ones are very numerous and are crowded on the ventral marginal area of the abdomen, extending in transverse irregular rows on the (iv) to (vii) abdominal segments; small groups of pores also occur on the ventral marginal area of the thorax and head. On the dorsal surface a large number of ducts are arranged in groupings on the thorax as shown in the accompanying figure. The ducts of median size are distributed over the ventral midregion of the abdomen ; a few occur on the dorsal side of the penultimate and antepenultimate abdominal segments. The smallest ducts are few and are intermingled with the largest ones on the marginal area of the abdomen. Trilocular pores fairly numerous and evenly distributed. Circular disc pores much smaller than the trilocular ones, few and scattered on both surfaces of the body. Anterior and posterior dorsal ostioles well developed, with membranous lips. Circulus absent. Dorsal setae few, small ; ventral ones more numerous, somewhat longer. Legs all well developed; hind tibia with a grouping of small translucent pores; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 335; tibia plus tarsus 365 4. Anal ring setae 125 yw. Beak 145 ~ long. Antennae with eight joints with a pseudoarticulation on the apical one ; total length 480 yp. KENYA. Nairobi: 22.iii.1941, one adult mounted female intercepted from South Africa on Pyrus malus L. (R. H. Le Pelley)—Coll. No. 1494. This species is closely allied to T. lownsburyi (Brain) but differs from it in the presence of large groupings of tubular ducts with oral collar on the dorsal side of the thorax. NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA 237 The holotype and paratype specimens used for the description of the new Pseudo- coccidae dealt with in this paper have been deposited as follows : Type series B.M.* U.S.A. S.A. E.S. S.A.L. Allococcus aberiae . : 19 8 4 — 7 A. meridionalis ‘ . 3 I — — I I Cataenococcus iateiies 7 II 5 3 —_ 3 C. jasmini " F 10 4 2 — —_ 4 Dysmicoccus mollis . 7 10 ‘4 2 — P — 4 Eurycoccus glomerulus 9 4 2 — — 3 Natalensia nana : 3 I I — — I Phenacoccus alienus : 7 2 I 2 —_ 2 P. trionymoides : : 13 6 3 — — 4 Planococcus crassus . : 10 4 2 —_— —_ 4 P. flagellatus . P ; M4 3 I — — 3 P. formosus . ‘ , I I —_ — —_— — P.hospitus. ‘ ; I I —_ — — — P. nigritulus . ; ; 15 6 3 —_— —_ 6 Pseudococcus bruguierae . I I — —_— —_— — P. cryophilus . ‘ ‘ 22 be) 5 — —_— 7 P.occiduus . : : II 4 2 — — 5 P. percrassus . 2 I —_ — — I P. pulcherrimus 8 3 2 — — 3 P. spinulosus . 3 I I —_— I Rhizoecus perprocerus 4 I I — I I Ripersia speciosa ‘ 3 2 —_ — I Spilococcus commiphorae . 12 4 2 2 —_ 4 S. diversus 4 2 I — — I S. kajiadoensis I I — —_ — —_ S. limuricus I I — — — — S. pusillus 7 3 I — == 3 Trionymus longipilosus 22 Io 5 _ _ 1 | T. pygmaeus ; 3 I I —_ _— I T. viator I I _— _— _ —_— *B.M. = British Museum (Natural History), London. Inclusive of holotype. U.S.A. = U.S. National Collection of Coccidae, Washington, D.C. S.A. = South African National Collection of Insects, Pretoria. E.S. = Elsenburg-Stellenbosch Agricultural College, Stellenbosch, South Africa. S.A.L. = Scott Agricultural Laboratories, Nairobi, Kenya. REFERENCES Baracuowsky, A. S. (1953). Sur un Dysmicoccus nouveau (Hom. Coccoidea-Pseudococcini) nuisible au Casuarina en A.O.F. Buill. Inst. frang. Afr. noire, 15 : 1046-1050. De Lotro, G. (1954). Three apparently new mealy bugs from Kenya. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 23 : 110-114. (1955). Three new Coccids (Homopt. : Coccoidea) attacking coffee in East Africa. Bull. ent. Res. 46 : 267-273. (1957). The Pseudococcidae (Hom. : Coccoidea) described by H. C. James from East Africa. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent. 5 : 185-232. (1958). The Pseudococcidae (Hom. : Coccoidea) described by C. K. Brain from South Africa. Ibid. 7 : 79-120. 238 NEW PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM AFRICA Ezzat, Y. M. & McConneELL, H. S. (1956). A classification of the mealybug tribe Plano- coccini (Pseudococcidae, Homoptera). Univ. Maryland Agric. exp. Sta., Bull. A-84. Ferris, G. F. (1950). Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, 5. Stanford Univ. Press. —— (1953). Jbid.6. Stanford Univ. Press. (1955). On some genera of the Pseudococcidae. Microentomology, 20: 1-19. Wit.iams, D. J. (1958). The mealy-bugs (Pseudococcidae : Homoptera) described by W. M. Maskell, R. Newstead, T. D. A. Cockerell and E. E. Green from the Ethiopian Region. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent. 6 : 205-236. (1958). The mealy-bugs (Pseudococcidae : Homoptera) described by W. J. Hall, F. Laing and A. H. Strickland from the Ethiopian Region. Ibid. 7: 1-37. Bull, B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 6 PLATE 20 PLATE 20, Allococcus aberiae sp. n. ENTOM. 10, 6, 16 PLATE a1 10, 6 Bull. B.M, (N.H.) Entom. Allococcus meridionalis sp. n, Plate 21. Bull, B.M. (N.H.) Entom., 10, 6 PLATE 22 O Plate 22. Cataenococcus hypogeus sp. n, PLATE .23 10, 6 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. Sr ee eer eg Cataenococcus jasmini sp.n, Plate 23. PLATE 24 10, 6 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 0. % ° 00™,.00 fat «| Os. © mS Tee) “WOg °¢ ~ Dysmicoccus mollis sp. n. Plate 24. PLATE 25 ane > ee . ea 10, 6 Eurycoccus glomerulus sp. 1. Plate 25. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. PLAT E:26 10, 6 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. Natalensia nana sp. Nn. Plate 26. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 6 Plate 27. Phenacoccus alienus sp. n. PLATE 27 Ss ) Bull. B.M.(N.H.) Entom. 10, 6 PA As B25 ©) Plate 28. Phenacoccus trionymoides sp. n, Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 6 PLATE 29 Plate 29. Planococcus crassus sp. n, Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 6 PLATE 30 Plate 30. Planococcus flagellaius sp. Nn. Bull. B.M.(N.H.) Entom. 10, 6 PLATE 31 Plate 31. Planoccccus formosus sp. n. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 6 PEALE. 32 Plate 32. Planococcus hospitus sp. n. PLATE 33 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 6 Planococcus nigritulus sp. n. Plate 33. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 6 PLATE 34 O Plate 34. Pseudococcus bruguierae sp. n, PLATE 35 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 6 Pseudococeus eryophilus sp. n. Plate 35. PLATE 36 Bull, B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 6 SRE lle eA Soe —— OS a eee ee Plate 36 Pseudococcus occiduus sp. n. ENTOM. 10, 6. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom., to, 6 PLATE 37 Plate 37 Pseudococcus percrassus sp. n, Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 6 PLATE 38 ) a ; yee) ~>s : i p Plate 38. Pseudococcus pulchervimus sp. n, Bull, B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 6 PLATE 39 ° a fe = ae aN , ashe ee f: Re Ree oe: E PAE hie. SP eed ?, te C/ han ea vA ee Py ~~ - a Slee ol eS S ae a ae, eget aS “te ae Re aN Werte ice Mees CR ape eae 578 fun gee * LP ote 4 Wy: Py Pe ore? eee 7 Te toe gh 2m ite: cel ake SIN Cisne . Oa ied laa aL A a Nea remit lei caiey ee x Cer ares oe ~ nae Piscete) oS wm ett is A. . 2) {/ ee ® ns \) le erste =A oe, 0 ne ¢ ris ea ’ ° vee ary PAY ee er Ye Sor: . Kecrerin 2s aN cat oe Pay, ea) . ? ay ts wee 5 oe Es 5 ak ony BA ye . < - he . . j Siieis 6 fat en haley we fi feneat: Ot ge! re ° eg ee ate! PN Wie - als . MNS ¥ 4 ee rh gis tN Mines ge ;; nace | sJoe . CRs ey Rie ' 1 Roe oiee e pate 2 - ' ; wey = BW Ae AO oe Rts ae ' H Ro ess of SD (ae et ee ee rant, Hy /a¥ Pe es § ar os ' ' a . ° 76° of 2) 8 7 - 4 AS - TA (id Seg oc Lael. ot 3° co ERG acl ex (omoree Par Pn eh Pie PhiWee thy te it ey, EAN Suu gl? ’ AGE Spelee se - ] se ee fore ne < Pay ea ee ZA. A » fe F ad deol, Vs 4 . ° . . 5 ¢ Pop ge NE Plate 39, Pseudococcus spinulosus sp. n. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 6 Plate 40. Rhizoecus perprocerus sp. n. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 6 PLATE 41 ee Ss ee ; | ~ 4 , . NN es \ a = thE ve N Wise oe See Jee See y 7 Veen Wie ae aaa tee ~. scan acca: | (i Ret ee a eo of . . ° . ~ ty Ge ict Saal Me eine 6 aS a . ee . . yy, N Sete a4 : i} ee ee , a we ep as sale Neeeoe tet Bea ae f ye e ae .6 . i SES Gere 4 aA Peas y fees \s \ aS BA eC ei LO eM hee O a a paige Nees ie ot) Rene a ° DRT ae ay i asic 6 Pe a j es site so °o, ro] ec : - of Piate 41. Ripersia speciosa sp. n. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 6 PEA eea2 Plate 42. Spilococcus commiphorae sp. n. Bull .B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 6 PLATE 43 O Plate 43. Spilococcus diversus sp. n. PLATE 44 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 6 A oe) Fou" d, _ Dwr’ * ay + * Lf 8s $3 aon estan Plate 44. Spilococcus kajiadoensis sp. n. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom., 10, 6 PLATE 45 4 Py é <4 Os =a 4 ~ Plate 45. Spilococcus limuricus sp. n. PLATE 46 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 6 Spilococcus pusillus sp. 0. Plate 46. PLATE 47 Bull, B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 6 Trionymus longipilosus sp. n. Plate 47. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 6 PLATE 48 Plate 48. Tvionymus pygmaeus sp. n, PLATE 49 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 6 Trionymus viatoy sp. 0, Plate 49. Fe? ewes * A CATALOGUE OF THE TYPES AND OTHER SPECIMENS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS, LEPIDOPTERA : ZYGAENIDAE W. G. TREMEWAN BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 7 LONDON : 1961 A CATALOGUE OF THE TYPES AND OTHER SPECIMENS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS, LEPIDOPTERA : ZYGAENIDAE <4 ay ie *D 1 2 APRI96; Z ~ BY W. G. TREMEWAN Pp. 239-314; Plates 50-04 BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 7 LONDON: 1961 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper 1s Vol. 10, No. 7 of the Entomological series. © Trustees of the British Museum, 1961 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued March, 1961 Price Forty Shillings A CATALOGUE OF THE TYPES AND OTHER SPECIMENS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS, LEPIDOPTERA: ZYGAENIDAE By W. G. TREMEWAN THE object of the following work has been to establish the types and select lectotypes where necessary of the genus Zygaena Fabricius. There are some types that cannot be traced ; for instance, one or two of the original specimens from the Boisduval collection cannot be found although they should be preserved in the British Museum collections. Many of the Tutt types are missing ; this is not surprising as apart from his collection having been sold in 1911-12 he had the habit of naming specimens in other collections or even applying a name to a figure where this depicted an actual specimen (vide Brit. Lep. 1 : 487, trifoltt ab. obscura Tutt). The Rothschild collections were acquired by the British Museum in 1939. The Zygaena collection, which was until recently housed at Tring, was built up from many sources and contained the Oberthiir collection (which in itself incorporated the collections of Boisduval, de Graslin and Guenée), the Ragusa collection from Sicily, and specimens from Groum-Grschimailo, Holl and others of less importance. According to Horn & Kahle (1935-37) part of the Freyer collection was acquired by Rothschild ; I can, however, find only one Zygaena type described by Freyer. The Frey collection was acquired by the British Museum in 1880 followed by the Zeller collection in 1884. Each type is illustrated, together with additional specimens where necessary. The original photographs were enlarged approximately x2 and the plates have been reduced by a half to appear natural size. The genitalia of each specimen have been examined but are only illustrated where the type is of the nominate race. As an addendum I have included examples of paratypes and cotypes contained in the British Museum collections. This was thought advantageous as the types are scattered in various private and museum collections on the Continent. In expressing the synonymy I have followed the system used by J. F. Gates Clarke (1955). The data on the pin labels have been included exactly as they were written. The data of each label are contained within inverted commas. The reference to each description is preceded by the name of the species, sub- species or aberration as originally quoted by the author. It will be realized that, under the present classification, changes have been made and where a race was described as a species, it may now be considered a subspecies or even an aberration. There are also changes in the synonymy, much of which has already been published, ENTOM. 10, 7. 18 242 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Reiss & Tremewan (1960). The following terms are employed: (1) ssp. = sub- species or geographical race ; (2) f.t. = forma tempestatis meaning a seasonal form ; (3) f. loc. = forma alicuius loci which is a form confined to one particular locality within the range of a subspecies ; (4) ab. = aberration. These terms are based on the classification of Rothschild & Jordan (1903). About twenty subgenera have been erected within the genus Zygaena, but here I have only used three, viz., Mesembrynus Hiibn., Agrumenia Hiibn., and Zygaena Fabr. This follows the classification of Reiss (1958), who has grouped the species under these three subgenera. This classification is based on the genital structure, wing pattern and biology of the species. The larvae of the species in the subgenus Mesembrynus feed on plants of the families Umbelliferae, Compositae and Labiatae ; the larvae of the species in subg. Agrumenia feed mostly on hard-leaved Papilio- naceae, while those in subg. Zygaena feed on soft-leaved Papilionaceae. It is interesting to note that the species classified according to foodplants, also show affinities in wing pattern and genital structure within each subgenus. Following this classification the species erebus Stdgr. (mana Kirby), gallica Obthr., nevadensis Ramb. and dalmatina Boisd. (scabiosae auct.) are now removed from the subgenus Silvicola Bgff. and placed in the subgenus Zygaena. The subgenus Silvicola, which contained these four species and immediately followed the subgenus Mesembrynus, is now considered synonymous with subg. Zygaena. The structure of the genitalia of the four species show that they belong in Zygaena, although the fore wings normally have the streaked pattern of some species of Mesembrynus. According to Reiss (1958), the species of subg. Mesembrynus are the most primitive. Z. rubicundus Hiibn., with completely red fore wings, is placed at the head of the list, followed by six-spotted species such as cambysea Led. and rubricollis Hamps., etc. These are followed by the streaked species such as favonia Frr., erythrus Hiibn. and purpuralis Briinn., etc. Next is subg. Agrwmenia, where the species are usually six-spotted, the spots in most species are encircled with yellow, cream or white. Many species and subspecies have red or yellow abdominal rings. The red colour in the fore wing spots in Agrumenia began from the centre in the more primitive species. The yellowish or whitish ring then appeared as the remainder of the former colour of the fore wing spots, which are in the more primitive species of Mesembrynus unicoloured white, yellow, orange, light red or carmine red. Z. cocandica Ersch. and its subspecies banghaasi Bgff. are good examples. Finally, subg. Zygaena where the species are five- or six-spotted, the majority without the abdominal ring and all without the lighter colour surrounding the spots. It will be realized that the species in subg. Zygaena are considered to be the most recent and have lost the cream or white rings around the fore wing spots. It is interesting to note that a specimen of filipendulae L. taken in Italy has faint cream rings around the spots of the fore wings (Reiss, 7m lit.). Apparently this form only occurs now as an extremely rare aberration and is very rarely captured. For full details of this classification see Reiss (1958). The normal red coloration of the spots and hind wings may be replaced by orange or yellow; where this occurs in specimens with an abdominal ring, this colour replacement takes place in the ring as well. The genetics of the yellow aberrations THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 243 have been worked out in very few species, but it is highly probable that, where the yellow form occurs as a rare aberration, it is a simple recessive. However, it appears to be the dominant factor in some races, such as tvansalpina Esp. ssp. albana Beff. from Mte. Albano, Italy, where the whole of the race is yellow and the red form occurs only as a rare aberration. The wing pattern of the species may be divided approximately into three groups : (1) fore wings with three longitudinal streaks ; (2) fore wings with six spots, each spot surrounded by a yellowish or cream ring ; (3) fore wings with five or six spots without the yellowish or cream rings. All types of variation occur; aberrant specimens having the streaks reduced or interrupted and forming spots, others having the spots coalescing and forming streaks. In normally five-spotted species an extra spot (spot 6) may occur, or in six-spotted species spot 6 may be reduced or absent. This is found not only as an individual aberration but may be found in a whole or a greater percentage of a large population, constituting a subspecies. I have had the pleasure of discussing this work with Mr. Hugo Reiss, Stuttgart, to whom I am most grateful for his helpful suggestions and the interest he has taken. I must thank him also for his painstaking care in checking the whole of this work while in manuscript. Regarding the illustrations my thanks are due to the staff photographers of the British Museum (Natural History), in particular to Messrs. C. Horton and N. Tanti who produced the excellent photographs of the specimens, and Mr. J. Brown who is responsible for the photomicrographs of the genitalia. REFERENCES GaTEs CLARKE, J. F. 1955. Catalogue of the Type Specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick, Vol. 2, et seq. Horn, W. & KauHLE, I. 1935-37. Entomologische Beihefte. Reiss, H. 1958. Versuch der Darstellung von Entwicklungsreihen bei der Gattung Zygaena F. (Lep.). Z. wien. ent. Ges. 43 : 140-147, 155-163, 181-183. Reiss, H. & TREMEWAN, W. G. 1960. On the synonymy of some Zygaena species, with descriptions of a new species and subspecies from Morocco, Lep., Zygaenidae. Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent. 9, (10) : 459-468. ROTHSCHILD, W. & JorDAN, K. 1903. A revision of the Lepidopterous Family Sphingidae. Novit. zool. 9, Suppl. Subg. MESEMBRYNUS Hiibner Zygaena rubicundus Hiibner Sphinx rubicundus Hiibner, [13th. March 1814]-[31st. December 1817], Europ. Schmett. 2, pl. 30, fig. 137. Zygaena rubicundus Hiibn. ab. pseudofaitensis Stauder Zygaena rubicundus Hiibn. f. pseudofaitensis Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43: 6. (Pl. 50, fig. 3) Lectotype: ¢ 24 mm. “Italia mer. penins. Sorrento Mte. Falto 21.6.1928 H. Stauder 1000 m”’; “‘rubicundus f. pseudofaitensis Stdr. Type”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 436. 244 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM There are two additional specimens, one labelled “ type’, from the same locality and with the following dates: “3” and “5.7.1928.”’. The specimens originated from Mte. Faito, erroneously spelt Mte. Falto on the pin label. Zygaena rubricollis Hampson Zygaena rubricollis Hampson, 1900, J. Bombay. nat. Hist. Soc. 13 : 224, pl. B, fig. 9. (Pl. 50, fig. 8) Type: 236mm. “Shishi Kuh Valley. Chitral. VII & VIII. 91.9.000-14.000 ft. G. H. Colomb. 99-65.’ ; “‘ Zygaena rubricollis, Hmpsn. type 2 ”’. Slide No. 222, Pl. 64, figs. 1, 2. Zygaena cuvieri Boisduval Zygaena cuviert Boisduval, 1829, Mon. Zyg., p. 53, pl. 3, fig. 6. (Pl. 50, fig. x) Type: ¢ 40mm. “Cuvieri. B. persia” ; ‘““ EX. MUSAEO Dris. BOISDUVAL ” ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. The abdomen is badly damaged, especially on the underside ; the genitalia are missing. | There is some doubt concerning the locality on the pin label. Boisduval stated that the species was taken “‘ ... aux environs d’Amaden, en Perse, par feu Olivier.”’ This is probably Amadia, which is in Iraq and which should be taken as the type locality. Referring to the history of Iraq, the country was constantly at war with Persia. In the first period of the nineteenth century Iraq was still claimed by the Persians who were finally defeated in 1823. The status of Iraq was then restored but the boundary with Persia was not agreed upon until 1847 at the Treaty of Erzurum. Boisduval stated that the species was taken by the Jate Olivier, so that when the specimen was captured, Amadia was probably still considered to be in Persian territory. Zygaena cuvieri Boisd. ab. confluens Oberthiir Zygaena cuvieri ab. Confluens Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20: 46, pl. 7, fig. 112. (Pl. 50, fig. 2) Type: 3 37 mm. “ Mésopotamie”’; “ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 7 No. 112”’; “coll. Ch. Oberthir.”. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 489. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 245 Zygaena corsica Boisduval Zygaena corsica Boisduval, 1829, Mon. Zyg. p. 81, pl. 5, fig. 2. (Pl. 50, fig. 4) Lectotype: ¢ 23 mm. “Corsica BD.”; “ EX. MUSAEO Dris. BOISDUVAL ” ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 463, Pl. 58, figs. 1, 2. The species was described from the mountains of Corsica. Zygaena aurata Blachier Zygaena aurata Blachier, 1905, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., p. 213. Zygaena aurata Blach. ssp. blachieri Rothschild Zygaena aurata blachieri Rothschild, 1931, Novit. zool. 36 : 199. (Pl. 50, fig. 5) Type: 3 30 mm. “ Tizi-n-Tichka, Gt. Atlas, 2450 m. 12 July 1930. (Hartert & Young).” ; “‘ Zygaena aurata blachieri Rothsch. Type N.Z. Vol. 36.”. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 451. I consider aurata Blach. to be a species distinct from favonia Frr., but Alberti (1958, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 34: 332) considered it a subspecies. ‘Reiss (1930, Seitz, Macrolep., Suppl., 2 : 13) treated aurata as a separate species, and stated that it differs from favonia flying in the same locality. Zygaena loyselis Oberthiir Zygaena Loyselis Oberthiir, 1876, Et. d’Ent. 1: 34. (Pl. 50, fig. 6) Lectotype: ¢ 29mm. ‘‘ Lambessa R. Oberthiir 1875’ ; ‘“ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 446, Pl. 58, figs. 3, 4. Zyganea loyselis Obthr. ssp. occidentis Burgeff Zygaena loyselis var. occidentis Burgeff, 1926, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges. 16:25 (new name for occidentalis Obthr. [preoccupied]). Zygaena Loyselis var. occidentalis Oberthiir, 1916, Lép. Comp. 12 : 208. (Pl. 50, fig. 7) Lectotype: ¢28mm. “ Algérie Géryville 10-26 Mai 1886 Lt. Lahaye.” ; a photo- graph of the specimen on the reverse side of which is written “ figuré XIIIe liv’on Etud. Entom. pl. 8. fig. 76.”"; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 447. 246 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena loyselis Obthr. ssp. fracticingulata Rothschild Zygaena loyselis fracticingulata Rothschild, 1925, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 15 : 679. (Pl. 50, fig. 9) Type: 230mm. “Grand Atlas Hte Réraya Alluaud 133”; “‘ Z. loyselis fracti- cingulata Rothsch. Type”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”; ‘ Original zur Abbildung des Z. fracticingulata 2 im Seitz, Suppl., Bd. 2, Tafel 11 1930. H. Reiss.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 448. Zygaena loyselis Obthr. ssp. olivacea Rothschild Zygaena loyselis olivacea Rothschild, 1925, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 15: 680. (Pl. 50, fig. 10) Type: 931 mm. “Taza, Maroc, (P. Rotrou).’’; “ Z. loyselis olivacea Rothsch. Type”; “ Original zur Abbildung des Z. olivacea 2 im Seitz, Suppl., Bd. 2, Tafel 11 1930. H. Reiss.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 449. Zygaena loyselis Obthr. ssp. montana Rothschild Zygaena ungemachi montana Rothschild, 1925, Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc. 5: 140. (Pl. 50, fig. 11) Type: ¢ 26 mm. “Nr. Azrou, Maroc, Middle Atlas, 1300 m. 14. V. 24. (Hartert & Young). ; ‘‘ Z. ungemachii montana Rothsch. Type”; “ Original zur Abbildung des Z. montana ¢ im Seitz, Suppl., Bd. 2, Tafel 1k 1930. H. Reiss.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 450. Zygaena favonia Freyer Zygaena Favonia Freyer, 1845, Neue Beitr. zur. Schmett. 5 : 76, pl. 428, fig. 1. Zygaena favonia Frr. ab. flava Rothschild Zygaena favonia ab. flava Rothschild, 1917, Novit. zool. 24 : 336. (Pl. 50, fig. 12) Type: g¢ 25 mm. “ Djebel Djeloud Tunis 31.3.12” ; ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 454. “e >? 335 Zygaena favonia Frr. ssp. vitrina Stdgr. ab. powelli Oberthiir Zygaena Favonia-Powelli Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 29, fig. 175. (Pl. 50, fig. 13) Type: 2 26 mm. “ Khenchela (Prov. Constantine) H. Powell juin 1908” ; “ Zygaena favonia 15.6. 08 Khenchela’”’; ‘A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 247 Genéve, pour la Ile livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXIX 175’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 453. Zygaena favonia Frr. ssp. borreyi Oberthiir Zygaena Favonia var. Borreyi Oberthiir, 1922, Lép. Comp. 19: 157, pl. 535, figs. 4453, 4454- (Pl. 50, fig. 14) Lectotype: 232mm. “ Maroc Harold Powell Chabat-el-Hamma fer juin 1921 ”’ ; “var Borreyi”’; “coll. Ch. Oberthur.’”’; a figure of the specimen numbered «e 4453 ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 455. Zygaena favonia Frr. ssp. cadillaci Oberthiir Zygaena Cadillaci Oberthiir, 1921, Lép. Comp. 18 (1) : 62, pl. T, fig. 2. Zygaena Cadillaci Oberthiir, 1922, Lép. Comp. 19 : 158, pl. 535, figs. 4450, 4451, 4452. (Pl. 50, fig. 15) Type: 2 30 mm. “ Maroc Forét d’Azrou Moyen Atlas Harold Powell Juillet 1920”; ‘‘ Zygaena cadillaci, Obthr’’; ‘‘ A servi de modéle pour la photographie de la Pl. T Vol. XVIII Etudes de Lépidoptérologie comparée.” ; a figure of the specimen numbered “ 4450’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 456. Zygaena favonia Frr. ssp. maroccensis Reiss Zygaena favonia var. maroccensis Reiss, 1930, in Seitz, Macrolep. Suppl. 2 : 13 (new name for intermedia Roths. [preoccupied)]). Zygaena favonia aurata f. dimorph. intermedia Rothschild, 1917, Novit. zool. 24 : 336. (Pl. 50, fig. 17) Type: ¢ 23 mm. “‘Tizi Gourza, Atlas, Marocco, up to 12,400’.vii. (Meade- Waldo)”; “ Z. favonia intermedia Rothsch. Type”; “ Original zur Abbildung des Z. maroccensis ¢ im Seitz, Suppl., Bd. 2, Tafel 11 1930. H. Reiss.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 458. Zygaena favonia Frr. ssp. littoralis Rothschild Zygaena favonia littoralis Rothschild, 1917, Novit. zool. 24 : 336. Zygaena loyselis ungemachi Le Cerf, Roths. nec Le Cerf, ab. cingulata Reiss, 1943, Z. wien. ent. Ges. 28 : 353. Syn. nov. (littoralis] (Pl. 50, fig. 16) Type: ¢28mm. “ Mogador Marokko ”’ ; “ Z. favonia littoralis Rothsch. Type”’ ; 248 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM “ Original zur Abbilding des Z. littoralis J im Seitz, Suppl., Bd. 2, Tafel 11 1930. H. Reiss.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 457. [cingulata] (Pl. 57, fig. 8) Lectotype: 230mm. “ Rabat, Maroc, 20.v. 1927. (Hartert & Young).”. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 658. Reiss applied the name cingulata to two specimens of favonia ssp. littoralis Roths. which had been incorrectly determined by Rothschild as loyselis ssp. ungemachi Le Cerf. The name cingulata can only be treated as a synonym of favonia ssp. littoralis Roths. Zygaena sarpedon Hiibner Sphinx sarpedon Hiibner, 1790, Beitr. zur Geschichte der Schmett. 2 : 85, pl. Ic. Zygaena sarpedon Hiibn. ssp. carmencita Oberthiir Zygaena Carmencita Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4: 457. (Pl. 50, fig. 18) Lectotype: ¢ 29 mm. “ Pyr. Orient. Vernet-les-Bains R. Oberthiir VII, VIII, 1906”’; “‘carmencita Obthr. g Lepid. comparée, IV”; “sarpedon, Herrich- Schaeffer. Zyg. Europ. Tab. 7, no 51.” ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. | ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 459. Zygaena sarpedon Hiibn. ssp. carmencita Obthr. ab. flava Oberthiir Zygaena Sarpedon ab. flava Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20: 43, pl. 8, fig. 142. (Pl. 50, fig. 20) Type: g 28 mm. “ Vernet-l-Bains R. Oberthiir Juillet 1885.” ; ‘“ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8 No. 142”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 460. Zygaena sarpedon Hiibn. ssp. carmencita Obthr. ab. vernetensis Oberthiir Zygaena Sarpedon var. Vernetensis Oberthiir, 1884, Et. d’Ent. 8 : 28. (Pl. 50, fig. 19) Lectotype: g 26mm. “ Vernet R. Oberthiir” ; “coll. Ch. Oberthir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 667. The name vernetensis Obthr. has priority over carmencita Obthr., but the form can only be treated as an aberration, as although described as a “‘ var.’’, Oberthiir stated that it was analagous with rhadamanthus Esp. ab. kiesenwetterit H.-S. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 249 Zygaena sarpedon Hiibn. ssp. balearica Boisduval Zygaena balearica Boisduval,.1829, Mon. Zyg., p. 39, Dl. 2, BS. 5. I have been unable to find the type of balearica Boisd., neither can I find any specimens answering to the description. It was described from the Balearic Islands and the South of Spain. Zygaena contaminei Boisduval Zygaena contaminei Boisduval, 1834, Icones, 2: 48, pl. 53, figs. 4, 5. (Pl. 50, fig. 21) Lectotype: ¢ 28 mm. “ Contaminei’”’; ‘“‘ EX. MUSAEO Dris. BOISDUVAL ” ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 630, Pl. 58, figs. 5, 6. The type was described from Baréges, Hautes Pyrénées. Zygaena contaminei Boisd. ssp. (?ab.) penalabrica Fernandez Zygaena perialabrica Fernandez, 1929, Mem. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. 15 : 599, figs. 7, 8. (Pl. 50, fig. 22) Type: g 29 mm. “ Pefia Labra 30-vii-27”; “Typus”; “Type”; “484”; “ Zygaena contaminei Bsd. v. pefialabrica Frndz.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 462. There are slight differences in the genitalia of pewalabrica and contaminer which I believe to be subspecific. Further material is required to ascertain the subspecific status with certainty. Zygaena punctum Ochsenheimer Zygaena punctum Ochsenheimer, 1808, Schmett. Europa, 2 : 36. Zygaena punctum Ochs. ssp. faitensis Stauder Zygaena punctum ssp. faitensis Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 30. (Pl. 50, fig. 23) Type: ¢27mm. “Italia mer. penins. Sorrento Mte. Falto 23.6. 1928 H. Stauder Collo f. 950 m.”’; “ faitensis ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 437. The specimen was described from Mte. Faito, erroneously spelt Mte. Falto on the pin label. Zygaena punctum Ochs. ssp. faitensis Stdr. ab. pseudorubicundus Stauder Zygaena punctum ssp. faitensis ab. pseudorubicundus Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 30. 250 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (Pl. 50, fig. 24) Type: 227mm. “Italia mer. penins. Sorrento Mte. Falto 2.7. 1928 H. Stauder 950m”; “ Type 3796”’; “ pseudorubricundus ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 438. The specimen was described from Mte. Faito, erroneously spelt Mte. Falto on the pin label. Zygaena zuleima Pierret Zygaena Zuleima Pierret, 1837, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 6 : 22, pl. 1, fig. 8. Zygaena zuleima Pierr. ab. flavescens Rothschild Zygaena zuleima ab. flavescens Rothschild, 1917, Novit. zool. 24 : 334. (Pl. 50, fig. 25) Type: ¢ 22mm. ‘“ Djebel Ressas Tunis 9,3. 1912’; “ 328”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 445. The type was erroneously described as a female. Zygaena erythrus Hiibner Sphinx erythrus Hiibner, [July 1803]-[15th. November 1806], Europ. Schmeitt. 2, pl. 18, fig. 87. Zygaena erythrus Hiibn. ssp. albipes Verity Zygaena erythra [sic] var. albipes Verity, 1916, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., p. 289. (Pl. 50, fig. 26) Lectotype: ¢ 36 mm. “Sicilia Monotella 10/6 Fuge”; “Sicily, coll. E. Ragusa.” ; “ Z. erythrus razza albipes Vrty’”’ ; “ erythrus minos Bd ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 490. Zygaena erythrus Hiibn. ssp. albipes Vrty. ab. erythraeformis Verity Zygaena rubicunda [sic] var. erythraeformis Verity, 1916, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., p. 289. ; (Pl. 50, fig. 27) Lectotype: § 27 mm. “Sicily, coll. E. Ragusa.” ; ‘“‘Erythrus Hb.” ; “56”; “ Z. rubicundus razza erythraeformis Vrty spec. typicum $”’; “erythrus minos Bd (esengl. nano) ’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 491. Until now the name erythraeformis has been used to describe an aberration of rubicundus Hiibn. An examination of the type material showed that these specimens are small aberrant examples of evythrus Hiibn. Zygaena diaphana Staudinger Zygaena pilosellae var. diaphana Staudinger, 1887, Berl. ent. Z. 31 : 31. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 251 Zygaena diaphana Stdgr. ssp. sareptensis Rebel ab. citrina Oberthiir Zygaena eythrus ab. citrina Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 424. (Pl. 50, fig. 28) Type: 937mm. “ab. citrina Ch. Obthr..” , “ Ex. Musaeo A KUWERT 1894” ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 432. An examination of the genitalia of the type showed that the specimen is conspecific with diaphana Stdgr. Although the specimen is without data I place it under ssp. sareptensis Rebel because of its size. Zygaena purpuralis Briinnich Sphinx purpuralis Briinnich, 1763, Pontoppidan’s Danske Ailas, 1 : 686, pl. 30. Zygaena purpuralis Briinn. ab. separata Tutt Anthrocera purpuralis ab. separata Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1 : 434. The type is not in the British Museum. It is not certain to which subspecies Tutt applied the name separata and I place it under the nominate race. Zygaena purpuralis Brinn. ssp. segontii Tremewan Zygaena purpuralis ssp. segontii Tremewan, 1958, Ent. Gaz. 9 (4) : 188. (Pl. 50, fig. 29) Holotype: ¢ 28 mm. “ Abersoch June 1902 C. F. Johnson.” ; ‘‘ Zygaena pur- puralis ssp. segontii J Holotype sel. W. G. Tremewan, 1958.”’; “ex coll. Tutt.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 439. Zygaena purpuralis Briinn. ssp. segontii Trmn. ab. obscura Tutt Anthrocera purpuralis ab. obscura Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1 : 434. (Pl. 50, fig. 30) Tutt applied the name to three specimens which were taken in Caernarvonshire by Blagg in 1891 (Weir, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., p. xxxi). The specimen that I figure here is not the type. It has the following data: ‘‘ Abersoch, N. Wales, June (beg.), 1908. F.C. Woodforde.”’. ex Bankes collection. Slide No. 565. Zygaena purpuralis Briinn. ssp. hibernica Reiss ab. lutescens Tutt Anthrocera purpuralis ab. lutescens Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 434. Tutt applied the name /wtescens to a specimen in the Allen collection which was later sold at Steven’s. The specimen, which I have been unable to trace, was taken at Galway according to Tutt (vide Ent. Rec. 5: 217). 252 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena purpuralis Briinn. ssp. hibernica Reiss f. loc. sabulosa Tremewan Zygaena purpuralis ssp. hibernica Reiss f. loc. sabulosa Tremewan, 1960, Ent. Gaz. 11 (4) : 186. (Pl. 50, fig. 31) Holotype: ¢ 30 mm. “ Ballyvaughan co. Clare Ireland. vi. 1913.”; “ Z. purpuralis ssp. hibernica Reiss f. loc. sabulosa Tremewan. Holotype ¢ det. W. G. Tremewan, 1959.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 587. Zygaena purpuralis Briinn. ssp. heringi Zeller Zygaena Heringi Zeller, 1844, Stettin. ent. Zig. 5 : 42. (Pl. 50, fig. 32) Lectotype: ¢ 29 mm. “Stettin Hering 10.41”; ‘“ Zyg. Heringi Z. n.sp? ent. Ztg.”’. ex Zeller collection. Slide No. 92. The original designation of the lectotype was published in 1958, Ent. Gaz. 9 (4): 184. Zygaena purpuralis Briinn. ssp. lathyri Boisduval Zygaena lathyri Boisduval, 1829, Mon. Zyg., p. 32, pl. 2, fig. 1. I consider lathyri Boisd. to be the subspecies of purpuralis Briinn. from Ragusa (Dalmatia). I have been unable to find the type. Zygaena purpuralis Brinn. ssp. hellena Burgeff Zygaena purpuralis var. hellena Burgeff, 1926, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges. 16: 14 (new name for graeca Tutt [preoccupied)]). Zygaena purpuralis var. graeca Tutt, 1895, Ent. Rec.6: 273. (Pl. 51, fig. 1) Lectotype: g¢ 33mm. “ Minos v. graeca Parnass Stdg lit. 5/2 69.”’. ex Zeller collection. Slide No. 433. Zygaena purpuralis Briinn. ssp. pseudodiaphana Tremewan Zygaena purpuralis ssp. pseudodiaphana Tremewan, 1958, Ent. Gaz. 9 (4) : 184. (Pl. 51, fig. 2) Holotype: 231 mm. “ Karacabey Brussa, As. min. 930 V/2 Ajtai’; “ Zygaena purpuralis ssp. pseudodiaphana Holotype ? sel. W. G. Tremewan, 1958.”. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 153. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 253 Subg. AGRUMENIA Hiibner Zygaena cocandica Erschoff Zygaena cocandica Erschoff, 1874, in Fedtshenko, Lep. Turkestan, p. 28, pl. 2, fig. 22. Zygaena cocandica Ersch. ssp. pamira Sheljuzhko Zygaena cocandica pamira Sheljuzhko, 1919, N. Beitr. syst. Insektenk. 1 : 130. Zygaena avinofi Hampson, 1919, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., p. 433. [avinofhi] (Pl. 51, fig. 3) Type: 3 26 mm. “W. Turkestan Pamir. Koitesek 4000 m. 19. VI. 1g09.” ; “A. Avinoff. 1913-191”; ‘‘ Zygaena avinoffi Hmpsn. type 3.’’. Slide No. 5or. Zygaena afghana Moore Zygaena afghana Moore, 1858/9, Cat. Lep. Ind. Mus. 2 : 286, pl. 7a, fig. 1. (Pl. 51, fig. 4) Type: 9 28 mm. “Griffith”; “Ind. Mus. 79,64.” ; “‘ Zygaena afghana Moore Type”. Slide No. 271, Pl. 64, figs. 5, 6. Described from Afghanistan. Hampson (1892, Fauna Brit. India, 1 : 231) gives Quetta as a further locality. Zygaena rothschildi Reiss Zygaena rvothschildi Reiss, 1930, in Seitz, Macrolep., Suppl., 2 : 22. (Pl. 51, fig. 5) Type: ¢ 26mm. “R. Yagnob”; “ Mtes Hissar.” ; ‘‘ Ulaxs Capa 24. vii. 92”’ ; “ Coll. Groum-Grschimailo.” ; ‘“‘ Original zur Abbildung des Z. rothschildi ¢ im Seitz, Suppl., Bd. 2, Tafel 2i 1930. H. Reiss.” ; a label in Rothschild’s hand : “Z. haematina Koll.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 415, Pl. 59, figs. 1, 2. Zygaena rothschildi Reiss ab. latecincta Reiss & Tremewan Zygaena vothschildi ab. latecincta Reiss & Tremewan, 1960, Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent. 9 (10) : 462, pl. 22, fig. ro. (Pl. 51, fig. 6) Holotype: ¢ 27 mm. “ Ulaxs capa 24. vii. 92”; “Mtes Hissar:”; “R. Yagnob.” ; ‘‘ Coll. Groum-Grschimailo.” ; “‘ H. Type ¢ rothschildi ab. latecincta Reiss et Trem. 1959 H. Reiss.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 371. 254 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena olivieri Boisduval Zygaena olivieri Boisduval, 1829, Mon. Zyg., p. 98, pl. 6, fig. 4. (Pl. 51, fig. 7) Lectotype: 2 27 mm. “ olivieri. B. Cauc.” ; ‘“ EX. MUSAEO Dris. BOISDUVAL ” ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 500, Pl. 64, figs. 3, 4. The specimen is labelled ‘‘ Cauc.” but I believe this to be false as Boisduval described the species from Syria. The lectotype does not agree with the race from the Caucasus, but agrees with the subspecies from Beyrut, Syria, which is considered to be the nominate race. Zygaena optima Reiss Zygaena optima Reiss, 1939, Ent. Z. 53 : 118 (new name for nobilis Reiss [preoccupied]). Zygaena nobilis Reiss, 1933, Ent. Rdsch. 50: 144, figs. Zygaena optima Reiss ab. tricolor Reiss Zygaena nobilis ab. tricolor Reiss, 1935, Int. ent. Z. 28 : 542. (Pl. 51, fig. 8) Type: 229 mm. “Cauc. c. or. Daghestan Petrovsk 3000 m. Juni”; “‘ Type 2 nobilis Reiss ab. tricolor Reiss 1934 H. Reiss.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 504. According to Holik & Sheljuzhko, (1956, Mitt. munchen ent. Ges. 46: 106) the specimen originates from Berg Tarki, which is approximately 1000 m. in height, not 3000 m. as stated on the pin label. ; Zygaena fraxini Ménétries Zygaena fraxini Ménétries, 1832, Cat. Rais., p. 260. Zygaena fraxini Mén. ssp. oribasus Herrich-Schaffer Zygaena Ovibasus Herrich-Schaffer, 1844, Schmett. Europa, 2, pl. 4, figs. 31-34. Zygaena vognada Boisduval, 1848, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. (2) 6 : xxx. [rognada] (Pl. 51, fig. 9) Type: @ 31 mm. “ Rognada. K. Russ. m.”; ‘EX. MUSAEO Dris. BOIS- DUVAL”’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 503. Described from Odessa. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 255 Zygaena felix Oberthiir Zygaena Faustina ? Ochs. (Felix Obr. in Mus) Oberthiir, 1876, Et. d’Ent. 1 : 36. (Pl. 51, fig. 10) Neotype: ¢ 25 mm. “Sebdou 274 18-5-81”; ‘“‘ Sebdou (Oran) Dr Codet 1880- 1882”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 506, Pl. 59, figs. 3, 4. In 1887, Staudinger (Berl. ent. Z. 31 : 38) relegated the type race to the neighbour- hood of Sebdou, because Oberthiir had described the unbelted, as well as the belted form. We should therefore take the population from Sebdou as the nominate race. In 1888, Oberthiir mentioned Magenta, Sebdou and Lambessa as the locality for felix. As no syntype material can be found in the Oberthiir collection I designate the specimen with the data quoted above as a neotype. Zygaena excelsa Rothschild Zygaena marcouna [sic] excelsa Rothschild, 1917, Novit. zool. 24 : 340. (Pl. 51, fig. 11) Type: g 29 mm. “ Djebel Mekter, 1600-1800 m., nr. Ain Sefra, 10. May 1913 (W. R. & E. H.)”; “ Zygaena marcouna excelsa Rothsch. Type ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 516, Pl. 59, figs. 5, 6. Zygaena marcuna Oberthiir Zygaena Marcuna Stdgr. (in litteris) Oberthiir, 1888, Et. d’Ent. 12 : 27. Zygaena marcouna auctorum. | (Pl. 51, fig. 12) Lectotype : 3g 28 mm. “ Marcuna Stgr. Lambéze Staud. 1887 Marcouna, mi ~ mai”; “4/5”; “ Etud. d’Entom. XIIIe liv’on pl. 7. fig. 58.”, on the reverse side of the latter label is a photograph of the specimen ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 517, Pl. 60, figs. I, 2. The original designation of the lectotype was published in 1960, vide Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent. 9 (10) : 463. ry ° -Zygaena alluaudi Oberthiir Zygaena Alluaudi Oberthiir, 1922, Lép. Comp. 19 : 159, pl. 545, figs. 4583, 4584. (Pl. 51, fig. 13) Lectotype: ¢ 27 mm. “ Bou Angher 2000 m Alluaud 82”; “ Zygaena alluaudi n.sp.” ; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”. Also a figure of the specimen numbered “ 4584 ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 515, Pl. 60, figs. 3, 4. The original designation of the lectotype was published in 1960, vide Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent. 9 (10) : 463. ENTOM. I0, 7. 19 256 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena hilaris Ochsenheimer Zygaena hilaris Ochsenheimer, 1808, Schmett. Europa, 2: tor. Zygaena hilaris Ochs. ssp. galliae Oberthiir Zygaena hilaris-Galliae Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 602 (with reference to Et. d’Ent. 12, pl. 7, figs. 48a, b, c). (Pl. 51, fig. 14) Lectotype: ¢27mm. “ Pyrénées Orientales Env. de Vernet-l-B. René Oberthiir Eté 1886.” ; “a servi de modéle 4 D’Apreval 1887”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 499. Zygaena hilaris Ochs. ssp. galliae Obthr. ab. bicolor Oberthiir Zygaena hilaris ab. bicolor Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 7, fig. 130. (Pl. 51, fig. 15) Type: 230mm. “ Pyrénées Orientales Vernet-les-Bains R. Oberthiir Eté 1889 ”’ ; “ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 7 No 130’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 497. Zygaena hilaris Ochs. ssp. galliae Obthr. ab. unicolor Oberthiir Zygaena hilaris ab. unicolor Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 7, fig. 131. (Pl. 51, fig. 16) Type: 229mm. “ Pyrénées Orientales Vernet-les-Bains R. Oberthtir Eté 1889 ”’ ; ‘“ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 7 No. 131’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 408. Zygaena hilaris Ochs. ssp. galliae Obthr. ab. confluens Oberthiir Zygaena hilaris ab. confluens Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 7, fig. 129. (Pl. 51, fig. 17) Type: 927mm. “ Pyrénées Orientales Env. de Vernet 1. B. Eté 1887 Ch. & R. Oberthiir.” ; ‘‘ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 7 No. 129”’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 496. Zygaena hilaris Ochs. ssp. ononidis Mill. ab. tricolor Oberthiir Zygaena hilaris-tricolor Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 29, fig. 180. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 257 (Pl. 51, fig. 18) Type: 927mm. “ Moulinet vii—o6 hilaris ab.” ; “‘—tricolor type”; ‘‘ A servi de Modeéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXIX fig. 180”’ ; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 492. Zygaena hilaris Ochs. ssp. ononidis Mill. ab. foulquieri Oberthiir Zygaena hilaris-Foulquieri Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 29, fig. 179. (Pl. 51, fig. 19) Type: g¢ 26mm. “Saint-Pons prés Gémenos (B. du. Rh) 12 Juillet 1903 Foul- quier”’; ‘‘ Foulquieri type’; ‘‘ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIle livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXIX fig. 179” ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 494. Zygaena hilaris Ochs. ssp. ononidis Mill. ab. aurantiaca Oberthiir Zygaena hilaris ab. aurantiaca Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 603. (Pl. 51, fig. 20) Type: ¢ 27mm. “ Moulinet VII-06 Hilaris ab. flava’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 495. This specimen was labelled “ ab. flava ’’ by the collector. Zygaena hilaris Ochs. ssp. escorialensis Oberthiir Zygaena hilaris var. Escorialensis Oberthiir, 1884, Et. d’Ent. 8 : 33. (Plos7; fig. 21) € Lectotype: 2 25 mm. “Escorial (Espagne) L. Bleuse 29, 30/7 1879”; “ var. Escorialensis Obtr.”; ‘‘ Vu par Staudinger Catalogue 1900”’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 493. Zygaena algira Duponchel Zygaena algiva Duponchel, 1835, Hist. des Lép., Suppl. 2 : 86, pl. 7, fig. 6. Zygaena Bachagha Oberthiir, 1916, Lép. Comp., 12 : 226. (Pl. 51, fig. 22) Duponchel’s description does not agree with his figure, and Oberthiir took the figure as valid and not the description. Oberthiir then gave the name bachagha to the insect figured by Herrich-Schaffer under the name of. algira, which is also the insect described by Duponchel. However, Duponchel’s description is valid, and the name bachagha is a synonym. This has already been accepted by Rothschild (1917, Novit. zool. 24 : 338) and Reiss (1930, Seitz, Macrolep., Suppl. 2 : 25). 258 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM The specimen I figure here is a male, and one that Oberthiir illustrated. It has the following data: “ Alger’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.” ; and a photograph of the specimen, on the reverse side of which is written “ Etud. d’Entom. XIIIe liv’on pl. 7. fig. 59’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 514, Pl. 60, figs. 5, 6. Zygaena algira Dup. ab. concolor Oberthiir Zygaena Algiva ab. Concolory Oberthiir, 1881, Et. d’Ent. 6: 68, pl. 2, fig. 4. The name concolor was applied by Oberthiir to an aberration of algira in the collection of G. Allard, which is now in the Pasteur Institut, Paris. There are no examples of this aberration in the British Museum collection which I could figure here. Zygaena algira Dup. ab. bicolor Holl Zygaena algiva ab. bicolor Holl, 1912, Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Afr. N. 4 (6) : 119. (Pl. 51, fig. 23) Type: 227mm. “ Bainen Alger 19.7. 04”; “ Type décrit Bul. S.H.N. de l’Afr. du Nord No. 6 du 15.6. 12 page 119.”’ ; ‘‘ Collection Capt. HOLL.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 512. Zygaena algira Dup. ab. aurantiaca Holl Zygaena algiva ab. aurantiaca Holl, 1912, Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Afr. N. 4 (6): 119. (Pl. 51, fig. 24) Type: 2 27 mm. “ Bainen Alger. 10.6. 04”; ‘“‘ Type décrit Bull. S.H.N. de l Afr. du Nord No. 6 du 15.6. 12 page 119”; “ Collection Capt. HOLL.”. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 513. Zygaena fausta Linnaeus Sphinx fausta Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, p. 807. Zygaena fausta L. ssp. apocrypha Le Charles ab. tricolor Oberthiir | Zygaena fausta ab. tricolor Oberthiir, 1904, Lép. Comp. 1: 52, pl. 3, figs. 28, 29. (Pl. 51, fig. 25) Lectotype: ¢ 26mm. “ Basses-Alpes Digne A. Coulet 1900”; “ Zygaena fausta- tricolor Ch. Obthr. Lépid. comparée, Pl. III No. 28.” ; “coll. Ch. Oberthir.”. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 510. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 259 Zygaena fausta L. ssp. agilis Reiss ab. brunnea Oberthiir Zygaena fausta-brunnea Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 29, fig. 178. (Pl. 51, fig. 26) Type: $23mm. “ fausta thuringen.” ; ‘‘ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXIX fig. 178”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 511. “ thuringen ’’ on the pin label probably refers to Thiiringen in Germany. Zygaena fausta L. ssp. junceae Oberthiir Zygaena fausta var. Junceae (Milli¢re) Oberthiir, 1884, Et. d’Ent. 8 : 32. (Pl. 51, fig. 27) Lectotype: g 25 mm. “ Vernet-l-Bains Pyrénées Orientales Ch. Oberthiir Aotit 1880 ”’ ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 509. Apparently junceae Mill. was a manuscript name until published by Oberthiir, who, in addition to quoting Vernet-les-Bains, gave Hyéres as another locality. One of the two specimens from the Guenée collection mentioned by Oberthiir, and now in the British Museum, is labelled Hyéres, but I have not selected this specimen _as the lectotype as the population from Southern France is considered to be the nominate race. IJ designate as lectotype a specimen from Vernet-les-Bains ; if I had selected the Guenée specimen, junceae Obthr. would have become a synonym of fausta L. and the Pyrenean race would be without a name. Zygaena fausta L. ssp. fortunata Ramb. ab dupuyi Oberthiir Zygaena fausta-Dupuyi Oberthiir, 1907, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 76: 45. (PILL 51, fig. 28) Type: 226mm. “Charente Angouléme R. Oberthiir 4-5. VI. 1906.” ; ‘“‘ Zygaena fausta-Dupuyi Obthr. type”; ‘‘ A servi de Modéle 4 J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXII fig. 109”’ ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 508. Zygaena fausta L. ssp. fortunata Ramb. ab. melusina Oberthiir Zygaena fausta-melusina Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 22, fig. 108. (Pl. 51, fig. 29) Type: 924mm. “Charente Angouléme R. Oberthiir 4-5. VI. 1906.” ; “ Zygaena fausta-melusina Obthr. type’’; “ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour 260 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM la IIIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXII fig. 108 ”’ ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 507. Zygaena orana Duponchel Zygaena ovana Duponchel, 1835, Hist. des Lép., Suppl. 2: 145, pl. 12, fig. 8. Zygaena orana Dup. ab. oberthuri Bethune-Baker Zygaena Oberthiivi Bethune-Baker, 1888, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., p. 118. (Pl. 51, fig. 30) Type: 2 23 mm. “Sebdou Algeria Pech 1886”; “ Oberthuri”; “Type” ; “50”; “G. T. B.-Baker Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927—360.”’. ex Bethune-Baker collection. Slide No. 505. Although described as a species, an examination of the genitalia showed the specimen to be conspecific with orana Dup. Zygaena orana Dup. ab. barbara Herrich-Schaffer Zygaena Barbara Herrich-Schaffer, 1844, Schmeitt. Europa, 2, pl. 4, figs. 29, 30. Zygaena Barbara Herrich—Schaffer, 1846, Schmett. Europa, 2: 47. Zygaena Nedroma (Austaut) Oberthiir, 1881, Et. d’Ent. 6: 68, pl. 3, fig. 3. [nedroma] (Pl. 51, fig. 31) Type: 2 25 mm. “ Zygaena ... Nedroma Prov. d’Oran (Austaut)”; “ Typi- cum Specimen ”’’, the latter label is printed in red type. “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 532. . Zygaena orana Dup. ssp. limitans Rothschild Zygaena carniolica limitans Rothschild, 1917, Novit. zool. 24 : 341. (Pl. 51, fig. 32) Type: ¢ 22mm. “ Bone Constantine 9 Mai 1g11”’; “ Z. orana limitans Rothsch. Type ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 531. Zygaena orana Dup. ssp. lahayei Oberthiir Zygaena ovana-Lahayei Oberthiir, 1890, Et. d’Ent. 13 : 24, pl. 7, fig. 53. (Pl. 51, fig. 33) Type: g 24 mm. “ Algérie Géryville 10-26 Mai 1886 Lt. Lahaye.’’; “ Etud. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 261 d’Entom. XIIle liv’on pl 7. no 53’, on the reverse side of the latter label is a figure of the specimen ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 519. Zygaena orana Dup. ssp. lahayei Obthr. ab. powelli Oberthiir Zygaena ovana ab. Powelli Oberthiir, 1911, Lép. Comp. 5 (1) : 320, pl. 63, fig. 592. (Pl. 51, fig. 34) Type: 36 23 mm. “ Algérie Region de Géryville Mai 1910 Harold Powell”’ ; “ Zygaena orana Lépid. comparée Vol. V. pl. LXIII fig. 592 Ab. Powelli. Obthr.” ; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’ ) ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 529. Zygaena orana Dup. ssp allardi Oberthiir Zygaena Allardi Oberthiir, 1878, Et. d’Ent. 3: 41 (Suppl.), pl. 5, fig. 5. (Pl. 51, fig. 35) Type: g 23 mm. “ Marcouna (Allard)’’; ‘‘ Zygaena allardi, Oberthiir (Etudes d’Entomol. IIe liv’on, pl. v, fig. 5. pages 41, 42—specimen typicum—” ; ‘“ Vu par Staudinger Catalogue 1900 ”’ ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 518. An examination of the genitalia showed allardi Obthr. to be conspecific with orana Dup. Zygaena orana Dup. ssp. contristans Oberthiir Zygaena orana var. contristans Oberthiir, 1922, Lép. Comp. 19 : 158, pl. 535, fig. 4456. (Pl. 51, fig. 36) Lectotype: 922mm. “ Maroc Mrassine H. Powel Avril 1921 ’’, there is only one “1” in “ Powel” on the pin label, apparently due to an error of the printer. “ Zygaena orana contristans Obthr.”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.” ; a figure of the specimen with the number “ 4456”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 530. Zygaena orana Dup. ssp. hajebensis Reiss & Tremewan Zygaena orana ssp. hajebensis Reiss & Tremewan, 1960, Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent. 9 (10) : 464, pl. 22, figs. 11, r2. (Pl. 51, fig. 37) Holotype: g 23 mm. “El Hajeb, W. slopes of Middle Atlas, Maroc, 17.iv. 1929. (E. Hartert).”; ““H. Type ¢ hajebensis Reiss et Tremewan 1959 H. Reiss ” ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 528. : 262 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena youngi Rothschild Zygaena youngi Rothschild, 1925, Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc. 5 : 338. Zygaena ovana media Rothschild, 1925, Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc. 5 : 338. Zygaena orana var. vothschildiana Reiss, 1930, in Seitz, Macrolep., Suppl. 2: 26 (new name for media Roths. [preoccupied)). [youngi] (Pl. 51, fig. 38) Type: g 23 mm. “Above Azrou, Middle Atlas, 1800 m. I.vi. 25. (Hartert & Young).”; “‘Zygaena youngi Rothsch. Type”; “ Original zur Abbildung des Z. youngi ¢ im Seitz, Suppl., Bd. 2, Tafel 3a 1930. H. Reiss.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 340, Pl. 61, figs. 1, 2. [media] (Pl. 51, fig. 39) Type: g 22 mm. “Lake Sidi Ali, Middle Atlas, 2250 m. 8.VI. 25. (Hartert & Young.)” ; “‘ Z. orana media Rothsch. Type ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 535. A study of the genitalia of the type of media showed it to be conspecific with yyoungi Roths. (vide Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent. 9 (10) : 464). Zygaena harterti Rothschild Zygaena harterti Rothschild, 1925, Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc. 5 : 338. (Pl. 52, fig. 1) Type: ¢ 26mm. “ Azrou, Middle Atlas, 1800 m. 29.V. 25. (Hartert & Young).”’ ; “ Zygaena harterti Rothsch. Type’’; “ Original zur Abbildung des Z. harterti 3 im Seitz, Suppl., Bd. 2, Tafel 3a 1930. H. Reiss.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 339, Pl. 61, figs. 3, 4. Zygaena maroccana Rothschild Zygaena carniolica maroccana Rothschild, 1917, Novit. zool. 24 : 342. (Pl. 52, fig. 2) Type: 2 31 mm. “ Mogador Marokko’”’; “ Z. carniolica maroccana Rothsch. Type”; “ Original zur Abbildung des Z. maroccana 2 im Seitz, Suppl., Bd. 2, Tafel 20 1930. H. Reiss.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 407, Pl. 64, fig. 7. The genitalia were badly damaged before dissection, and only the ostium remains. Zygaena occitanica de Villers Sphinx Occitanica de Villers, 1789, Carol. Linn. Entomol. 2: 114, pl. 4, fig. 21. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 263 Zygaena occitanica de Vill. ab. bicolor Oberthiir Zygaena carniolica-bicolor Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 22, fig. 114. (Pl. 52, fig. 3) Type: g 27 mm. “ Basses-Alpes Env. de Digne Juillet 1904 Victor Cotte” ; “A servi de Modéle 4 J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIIe livraison de Lépidoptéro- logie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXII fig. 114’ ; “‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir. ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 537. An examination of the genitalia showed this specimen to be an aberration of occitanica de Vill. Zygaena carniolica Scopoli Sphinx Carniolica Scopoli, 1763, Ent. carniol., p. 189. Zygaena carniolica Scop. ssp. diniensis H.-S. ab. melusina Oberthiir Zygaena carniolica-melusina Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 22, fig. 119. (Pl. 52, fig. 4) Lectotype: 2 27 mm. “ Basses-Alpes Env. de Digne Victor Cotte 1904”; “ Z. carniolica-melusina, Obthr. type 119”; ‘‘A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour le IIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXII fig. 119’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 542. Zygaena carniolica Scop. ssp. diniensis H.-S. ab. dupuyi Oberthiir Zygaena carniolica-Dupuyi Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 22, fig. 110. (Pl. 52, fig. 5) Type: 2 29 mm. “Chasseurs de Digne Juillet 1897’’; “ Zygaena carniolica Dupuyi, Obthr. type.” ; ‘‘ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la Ifle livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXII fig. 110”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 541. Zygaena carniolica Scop. ssp. modesta Bgff. ab. detschi Oberthiir Zygaena carniolica-Detschi Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 636, pl. 51, fig. 442. (Pl. 52, fig. 6) Type: ¢ 29 mm. “Stuttgart (Alois Detsch) fin Juillet 1909”; “ab. Detschi, Obthr. Lépidopt. compar. Pl. LI. Vol. IV.’’, on the reverse side of the latter label is a figure of the specimen with the number “‘ 442”’; “coll. Ch. Oberthir.”. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 540. 2644 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena carniolica Scop. ssp. valesiae Bgff. ab. amoena Staudinger Zygaena carniolica ab. amoena Staudinger, 1887, Berl. ent. Z. 31 : 39. Zygaena carniolica ab. tricolor Oberthiir, 1904, Lép. Comp. 1: 52, pl. 3, fig. 30. [tricolor] (Pl. 52, fig. 7) Type: 9 30 mm. “ Juillet, Martigny”’; ‘“‘ Recu de Wullschlegel de Martigny (Valais)”’; ‘‘ Zygaena carniolica ab. tricolor, Obthr. Lépid. comparée, pl. III fig. 30” ; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 539. Zygaena carniolica Scop. ssp. valesiae Bgff. ab. weileri-tricolor Oberthiir Zygaena Carniolica ab. Weitleri tricolor, Oberthiir, 1904, Lép. Comp. 1: 52, pl. 3, fig. 32. (Pl. 52, fig. 8) Type: 3g 28 mm. “ Juillet/Martigny”’; “‘ Regu de Wullschlegel de Martigny (Valais)””; ‘“‘ Zygaena carniolica transitus inter tricolor & Weileri—Lepid. comp. pl. III. fig. 32’; “coll. Ch. Oberthir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 703. Zygaena carniolica Scop. ssp. onobrychis Esp. ab. totirubra Seitz Zygaena carniolica ab. totirubra Seitz, 1910, Macrolep. 2 : 30, pl. 8f. (Pl. 52, fig. 9) Type: g 25 mm. “Hungary”; “478”; ‘“totirubra Seitz (ab.)”; “type Seitz ’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 536. Zygaena carniolica Scop. ssp. onobrychis Esp. ab. asymetrica Oberthir Zygaena carniolica-asymetrica Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 22, fig. 118. | (Pl. 52, fig. 10) Type: 228mm. “Ofen”; ‘ 466”; ‘‘ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXII fig. 118”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 538. Zygaena carniolica Scop. ssp. hedysari Hiibn. ab. apenina Oberthiir Zygaena Carniolica ab. Apenina Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 633 (with reference to Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 7, fig. 114). The type figured in Etudes d’Entomologie, 20, pl. 7, fig. 114 cannot be found and I assume that it is lost. The aberration is transitional to ab. apennina Turati. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 265 However, the specimen figured pl. 7, fig. 117, is in the Oberthiir collection and is ssp. hedysari Hiibn. ab. pseudoberolinensis Burgeff. Both specimens were described from Piedmont. Zygaena carniolica Scop. ssp. siciliana Reiss Zygaena carniolica var. siciliana Reiss, 1921, Int. ent. Z. 15 : 39. Anthocere [sic] carniolica sicilica Ragusa, 1924, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici. 18 : 94. [sicilica] (Pl. 52, fig. 11) Lectotype: gj 28 mm. “ Prov. Messina. Local. ... Data 25.6. 1919. coll. E. Ragusa”’; “ Sicily, coll. E. Ragusa.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 672. Zygaena carniolica Scop. ssp. praestans Oberthiir Zygaena carniolica race praestans Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 637. (Pl. 52, fig. 12) Lectotype: 2 32 mm. “Syrie, Akbés Ch. Delagrange Eté 1890’; ‘‘ praestans Obthr. Lépid. comparée IV-rg1o.” ; “‘ Lépidoptére figuré dans la X Xe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 7 No. 116”; ‘‘coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 543. Zygaena exulans Reiner & Hohenwarth Sphinx exulans Reiner & Hohenwarth, 1792, Botan. Reisen, p. 265, pl. 6, fig. 2. Zygaena exulans R. & H. ab. pallida Tutt Zygaena exulans ab. pallida Tutt, 1897, Ent. Rec. 9: 14. (Pl. 52, fig. 13) The type is not in the British Museum. The specimen I figure is a female and is labelled “ Grausou, 1895. ex coll. Tutt.” ; “ab. pallida, Tutt. (cotypes) N. Hist. Brit. Lep. I. p. 449”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 665. This specimen could possibly be from syntype material, but Tutt did not mention Grauson, erroneously spelt ‘‘ Grausou ”’ on the pin label, in his description. Zygaena exulans R. & H. ab. clara Tutt Zygaena exulans ab. clara Tutt, 1894, Ent. Rec. 5 : 266. The type is not in the British Museum. The aberration, which was described from the Swiss Alps, is well scaled and brightly coloured in both sexes ; the females are without the whitish markings on the thorax and veins of the fore wings. 266 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena exulans R. & H. ssp. subochracea White Zygaena exulans var. subochracea White, 1872, Scot. Nat. 1: 174. Zygaena exulans var. rubbedaria Tutt, 1894, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., p. xxvii. {subochracea] (Pl. 52, fig. 14) Lectotype: ¢ 25mm. ‘“ Braemar, 1871 ex coll. Tutt.” ; “ type from F. B. White (Braemar 1871) ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 440. According to the data, this specimen was sent to Tutt by Buchanan White, and I have no hesitation in taking it as an original specimen. [rubbedaria]| This name was applied by Tutt to subdiaphanous specimens of the Scottish race subochracea White, which in my opinion were worn ; consequently I treat it as a synonym. Zygaena exulans R. & H. ssp. altaratensis Le Charles ab. striata Tutt Zygaena exulans ab. striata Tutt, 1896, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., p. xli. Zygaena exulans ab. confluens Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 482. [striata] (Pl. 52, fig. 15) Lectotype: 927mm. “Le Lautaret, 1-6. Aug. 1896. ex coll. Tutt.” ; “ Extreme form ab. striata ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 441. [confluens| (Pl. 52, fig. 16) Type: 230mm. ‘“ Ex. Musaeo Ach. Guenée”’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthir.”. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 656. In his description, Oberthiir stated that the specimen came from the Simplon. Zygaena exulans R. & H. ssp. altaratensis Le Charles ab. pulchra Tutt Anthrocera exulans ab. pulchra Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 448. (Pl. 52, fig. 17) Type: 931 mm. “Le Lautaret, 1-6. Aug. 1896. ex coll. Tutt.” ; “ab. pulchra Tutt N. Hist Brit Lep. 1.448 type. unique Le Lautaret Aug 6. 96”. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 442. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 267 Zygaena exulans R. & H. ssp. altaratensis Le Charles ab. minor Tutt Anthroceva exulans ab. minor Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 449. | (PL. 52, fig. 18) - Lectotype: g¢ 22mm. “Le Lautaret, 1-6 Aug. 1896. ex coll. Tutt.” ; ‘‘ ab. minor. Tutt (cotypes) Nat Hist. Brit Lep. 1.449 ”’ ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 443. Zygaena exulans R. & H. ssp. altaratensis Le Charles ab. flavilinea Tutt Zygaena exulans var. flavilinea Tutt, 1894, Ent. Rec. 5 : 267. (Pl. 52, fig. 19) The type is not in the British Museum. The specimen I figure here is a female, and is labelled “ Le Lautaret, 1-6 Aug. 1896. ex coll. Tutt.”; “ab. flavilinea Tutt. (Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep. 1 : 448 (types) ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 664. Although labelled “ types ”’ by Tutt, the specimen was Sparel after the descrip- tion was published. Zygaena exulans R. & H. ssp. altaratensis Le Charles ab. flava Oberthiir Zygaena exulans ab. flava Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20: 43, pl. 8, fig. 141. (Pl. 52, fig. 20) Type: §¢ 28mm. “Lautaret Emm. Martin” ; “ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8, No 141’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 444. Zygaena loti Schiffermtller & Denis Sphinx loti Schiffermiiller & Denis, 1775, Wien. Verz., p. 45. Zygaena loti S. & D. ssp. miniacea Oberthiir Zygaena achilleae race miniacea Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4: 462. (Pl. 52, fig. 21) Lectotype: ¢ 31 mm. “ Charente-Inférieure Dompierre-sur-Mer P. Boulé 8-15. VI. 1907’ ; “ miniacea Obthr. Lépid. compar. [V—1g10 ”’ ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 465. Zygaena loti S. & D. ssp. miniacea Obthr. ab. flava Oberthiir Zygaena achilleae ab. flava Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20 : 43, pl. 8, fig. 140. 268 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (Pl. 52, fig. 22) Lectotype: ¢ 32 mm. “EX. MUSAEO Dris BOISDUVAL”; “ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8 No. 140”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 464. The lectotype has no locality label but according to Oberthiir the specimen came from Bondy, near Paris. As stated by Oberthiir, there are seven specimens in the collection. Five of these specimens are from the Bellier collection, four of which are labelled “‘ Paris’. One specimen is from the de Graslin collection and is labelled “vy. bellis Becker”? and ‘“‘achilleae’’, while the specimen selected as lectotype originated from the Boisduval collection as stated above. Zygaena loti S. & D. ssp. achillalpina Burgeff Zygaena achilleae var. achillalpina Burgeff, 1926, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges. 16 : 34 (new name for alpina Obthr. [preoccupied)). Zygaena achilleae race alpina Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4: 466. (Pl. 52, fig. 23) Lectotype: ¢ 31 mm. “Env. de Digne A. Coulet 1901”; “alpina Obthr. Lépidopt. comparée achilleae, Bdv. Icones, Pl. 53. fig. 6.” ; “‘coll. Ch. Oberthir.”. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 466. Zygaena loti S. & D. ssp. janthina Boisduval Zygaena janthina Boisduval, 1829, Mon. Zyg., p. 45, pl. 8, fig. 7. (PJ. 52, fig. 24) Type: ¢ 28 mm. “ Janthina”; “EX. MUSAEO Dris. BOISDUVAL”; “Vu par Staudinger Catalogue 1900”; “‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”, and a label in Oberthiir’s hand ‘“‘ Janthina Boisduv. type—Essai Monogr. Zygén. Pl. VIII. fig. 7—Obthr. Lépid. compar. IVe liv’on 1910 ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 470. Described from Oysans and the Alps of Provence. Zygaena loti S. & D. ssp. wagneri Mill. ab. sermacula Dziurzynski Zygaena wagneri {. sexmacula Dziurzynski, 1908, Berl. ent. Z. 53 : 22. Zygaena achilleae wagneri ab. quadrimaculata Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 471. [quadrimaculata] (Pl. 52, fig. 25) Lectotype: ¢ 33 mm. “ Alpes-Maritimes Decoster, 1907 Mt Pacanaglia 10-18 Juin”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 467. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 269 Zygaena loti S. & D. ssp. tristis Oberthiir Zygaena Achilleae var. tristis Oberthiir, 1884, Et. d’Ent. 8 : 29. (Pl. 52, fig. 26) Lectotype: 3 31 mm. “ Hautes-Pyrénées Cauterets R. Oberthiir Juillet 1883 ”’ ; “var. tristis Obtr.’’; “Vu par Staudinger Catalogue 1900”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 468. Zygaena loti S. & D. ssp. tristis Obthr. ab. brunnea Oberthiir Zygaena Achilleae var. tristis ab. brunnea Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4: 464. (Pl. 52, fig. 27) Type: ¢ 30 mm. “ Hautes-Pyrénées Env. de Cauterets 28 Juin—r1 Juill. 99 Charles Oberthiir.” ; “‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 469. Zygaena loti S. & D. ssp. aspera Beff. f.t. italica-aestivalis Oberthir Zygaena achilleae race italica-aestivalis Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 662. (Pl. 52, fig. 28) Lectotype: ¢ 25 mm. “Italie méridionale Roccaroso et Palena fin Juillet et Aoit 1907 Fabresse”’; “‘ Achilleae italica-aestivalis Obthr. IV liv., Lépidopt. comparée (addenda) ”’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 471. The correct name is ttalica-aestivalis Obthr. and not aestivalis auct. Zygaena loti S. & D. ssp. castellana Stauder Zygaena achillea [sic] ssp. castellana Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 79. (Pl. 52, fig. 29) Type: 933mm. “ Teriol. m. Seiseralpe 30/7. 1928 1500 m H. Stauder”’ ; “ achil- * eae ss. castellana Stdr. Type’”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 472. Zygaena loti S. & D. ssp. restricta Stauder Zygaena achilleae restricta Stauder, 1915, Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 11: 71. Zygaena hybr. f. punctachilleae Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 30. Zygaena hybr. f. punctmeliloti Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 31. Zygaena hydr. f. melilorestricta Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 31. [punctachilleae] 270 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (Pl. 52, fig. 30) Lectotype: ¢ 28mm. “Italia mer. penins. Sorrento Mte Faito 10.6. 1921 1000 m. H. Stauder”’ ; “6829”’; “ Type Zygaena hybr. punctachilleae Stdr. ex punctum x achilleae ’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 688. There are two further specimens, one from the same locality as the lectotype, labelled ‘“‘ Ital. mer. pen.—Sorrentina 10.6. 1913 H. Stauder’’; ‘‘ Type hybr. Zyg. punctachilleae Stdr. Produkt ex punctum x achilleae’’; ‘‘ 8289’’. The third specimen is labelled “‘ Litorale austr. Repentabor Altipiano 14.6. 1912. H. Stauder’’; “ Zyg. hybr. punctachilleae Stdr. ex. punctum x achilleae Type ’’. [punctmeliloti] (Pl. 52, fig. 31) Lectotype: g¢ 29 mm. “Italia mer. penins. Sorrento Mte. Falto 5.7. 1928 H. Stauder collo f. 950 m’’; “Type hybr. punctmeliloti Stdr.’”’; “6821”’. Erroneously described as a female. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 689. There are two further specimens, one labelled “ Litorale austr. Repentabor Altipiano 14.6. 1912. H. Stauder’’; ‘‘ 6823’’; “‘ hybr. punctmeliloti Stdr. Type.”’. This specimen was erroneously stated to be a female in the description. The third specimen is labelled “‘ Italia mer. penins. Sorrento. Mte. Falto. Collo f. 950 m. 30.6. 1928. H. Stauder’’; ‘ 6822 ”’. Mte. Faito is erroneously spelt “‘ Mte. Falto ’’ on the pin labels. [melilorestricta] (Pl. 52, fig. 32) Lectotype: g 28 mm. “Italia mer. penins. Sorrento Mte Falto 2.7. 1928. H. Stauder Collo f. 950 m’’; “ 6832’’; “ hybr. melilorestricta Stdr.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 475. There are three further specimens taken at the same locality but dated “ 28.6. 1928’ and additionally labelled “‘ 6830’’ ; “6831’’; “ 6833”’. Mte. Faito is erroneously spelt ‘‘ Mte Falto ’’ on the pin labels. / All the supposed hybrids.of Stauder were captured wild and were not bred. I have examined the genitalia and find them quite normal and I consider the specimens normal. As the specimens do not differ from the normal race in superficial characters I treat all the names as synonyms. Subg. ZYGAENA Fabricius Zygaena graslini Lederer Zygaena Graslini Lederer, 1855, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 5: 197, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 271 Zygaena graslini Led. ab. confluens Oberthiir Zygaena Graslini ab. confluens Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20: 46, pl. 7, fig. 128. (Pl. 52, fig. 33) Type: ¢28mm. “Syrie Akbés 1891 ’’ ; ‘‘ Lépidoptére figuré dans la X Xe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol Pl. 7 No. 128’’ ; “‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 479. Zygaena anthyllidis Boisduval Zygaena anthyllidis Boisduval, 1829, Mon. Zyg., p. 78, pl. 4, fig. 8. (Pl. 52, fig. 34) Lectotype: ¢ 35 mm. “Anthyllidis. B.D.’’; “EX. MUSAEO Dris BOIS- DUVAL ’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 477, Pl. 61, figs. 5, 6. ' The species is not found in Southern Spain as stated by Boisduval. Baréges in the High Pyrenees should be taken as the type locality as this was mentioned by Boisduval in 1834, Icones, 2 : 69. Zygaena rhadamanthus Esper Sphinx rhadamanthus Esper, 1793, Die Schmett. Suppl. 2 (2) : 13, pl. 40, figs. 1, 2. Zygaena rhadamanthus Esp. ssp. stygia Beff. ab. quinquemaculata Oberthiir Zygaena rhadamanthus ab. quinquemaculata Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4: 595 (with reference to Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 29, figs. 181, 183). (Pl. 52. fig. 35) Lectotype: g 30 mm. “Alpes-Maritimes, Mont Pacanaglia 7-8-10 Juin 1906 R. Powell’’; “‘ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IITe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXIX fig. 183’’; ‘“‘ Zygaena Rhada- manthus Kiesenwetteri, H-S. no 96”’ ; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 481. a Zygaena rhadamanthus Esp. ssp. stygia Bgff. ab. obscura Oberthiir Zygaena rhadamanthus ab. obscura Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 595. (Pl. 52, fig. 36) Type: ¢28mm. “ Alpes-Maritimes La Turbie-Laghet 6-8 Juin 1906 R. Powell ”’ ; “ Ab. obscura, Obthr. Lépid. compar. IV—1g10’’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 482. ENTOM, I0, 7. 20 272 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena rhadamanthus Esp. ssp. grisea Oberthiir Zygaena Rhadamanthus-grisea Oberthiir form cingulata Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 29, fig. 187. (Pl. 53, fig. 1) Type: 9 29 mm. ‘“Chasseurs de Digne Juin 1897’’; “A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXIX fig. 187’’; “‘ Zygaena Rhadamanthus-grisea Obthr. forma: cingu- lata.’’; ‘‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir. ’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 484. It is unfortunate that Oberthiir, when publishing the name grisea, figured the aberration cingulata, as this will have to be taken as the typical form of the race and the name cingulata, which has no nomenclatural status, must be disregarded. Zygaena rhadamanthus Esp. ssp. grisea Obthr. ab. guenéei Oberthiir Zygaena Rhadamanthus-Guenéei Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 29, figs. 185, 186 (with reference to Guenée, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 1870, pl. 7, fig. 12). Zygaena Rhadamanthus ab. Guenéei Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 587. (Pl. 53, fig. 2) Type: ¢25mm. “ Celles les Bains ’’ and a label in Guenée’s hand “ la trés curieuse aberration No 5 a été prise par moi a Celles, sortant de la chrysalide or je n’ai vu un second individu dont je n’ai pum’emparer. Jel’ai publié dans les annales ’’; ““ Ex. Musaeo Ach. Guenée’”’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 483. When publishing the name guenéet, Oberthiir figured two specimens from Digne, and at the same time referred to Guenée’s specimen. In 1910 (Lép. Comp. 4 : 587), he described the aberration attributing the name to this specimen. From this evidence I consider the Guenée specimen to be the type. Zygaena rhadamanthus Esp. ssp. alfacarensis Reiss ab. flava Oberthiir Zygaena Rhadamanthus-flava Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 29, fig. 184. (Pl. 53, fig. 3) Type: ¢ 28 mm. “ Tijola (Alméria) Escalera t900’’; “A servi de Modéle a J. Pulot de Genéve, pour la IIIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908—1909 Cl. XXIX fig. 184’; ‘coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 480. Zygaena rhadamanthus Esp. ssp. barcina Vrty. ab. kiesenwetterii Herrich- Schaffer THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 273 Zygaena kiesenwetterit Herrich-Schaffer, 1851, Schmett. Europa, 2, pl. 14, figs. 97, 98. Zygaena Kiesenwetterit Herrich-Schaffer, 1852, Schmett. Europa, 6 : 46. Zygaena staechadis Boisduval, 1834, Icones, 2: 71, pl. 55, fig. 4, (preoccupied). [staechadis] (Pl. 53, fig. 4) Type: ¢ 30 mm. “Barcelone’’; “ Staechadis. O.B. Lavandulae. H.”’; ‘“‘ EX. MUSAEO Dris. BOISDUVAL ”’ ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 485. Boisduval described staechadis as a good species and did not confuse it with the stoechadis of other authors. It is, however, preoccupied by stoechadis Borkh., 1793, and the name kiesenwetterit H.-S. must be used. Zygaena oxytropis Boisduval Zygaena oxytropis Boisduval, 1829, Mon. Zyg., p. 89, pl. 5, fig. 7. (Pl. 53, fig. 5) Type: $ 24 mm. “ Oxytropis. B.D.’ ;. “EX. MUSAEO Dris BOISDUVAL ”’ ; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 478, Pl. 62, figs. 1, 2. Boisduval gave no indication of the exact locality in his description but stated that the species was found at Piedmont and Italy and that specimens had been taken in the neighbourhood of Rome and Tuscany. In 1834 (Icones, 2 : 70), Bois- duval stated that specimens were found in the neighbourhood of Florence, in Tuscany. The subspecies from Tuscany, above Florence, should be considered the nominate race as it agrees well with Boisduval’s description and the type, vide Verity, 1920 (Ent. Rec. 32 : 159). Zygaena theryi de Joannis Zygaena Theryi de Joannis, June 1908, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., p. 203. Zygaena lavandulae nisseni Rothschild, August 1908, Entomologist, 41: 185. [nisseni|] (Pl. 53, fig. 6) Type: ¢28mm. “Type gZ. lav. nisseni Entomologist Aug. 1908 p. 185 Hamman R’Irha 26.5. 1908 ’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 488, Pl. 62, figs. 3, 4. Originally described by Rothschild as a subspecies of /avandulae Esp., but has since proved to be a good species. However, the name misseni falls in synonymy under theryi de Joannis, which was published two months earlier. De Joannis described theryi from a female specimen taken in the neighbourhood of Philippeville. 274 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena lavandulae Esper Sphinx lavandulae Esper, 1783, Die Schmett. 2: 221, pl. 34, fig. 2. Zygaena lavandulae Esp. ab. siepii Oberthiir Zygaena lavandulae-Siepiit Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 28, fig. 162. (Pl. 53, fig. 7) Type: ¢ 32mm. “ Vallons de St. Pons Dr. Siepi 11 Juin 1906.’’; “ acheté par R. Oberthiir en mai 1907 dix jours avant son arrestation ’’ ; ‘‘ Zygaena lavandulae- Siepii Obthr. type’”’; “‘ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIle livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXVIII no 162’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 486. Zygaena lavandulae Esp. ab. powelli Oberthiir Zygaena lavandulae ab. Powelli Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4: 586. (Pl. 53, fig. 8) Type: ¢ 32mm. “ Alpes-Maritimes-Entre le Laghet et les moulins Gaetti. 1906. 13 juin Harold Powell.” ; ‘‘ Ab. Powelli, Obthr. [Ve Vol. Lépid. compar. i910.” ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 487. Zygaena ephialtes Linnaeus Sphinx Ephialtes Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, p. 806. Zygaena ephialtes L. ab. wullschlegeli Oberthir Zygaena Ephialtes-Wullschlegeli Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 29, fig. 176. (PI. 53, fig. 9) , Type: 3d 33 mm. “ Zygaena Ephialtes, 24/7 1go07—Plancerisier. Martigny (Valais) ex/Wullschlegeli (Obthr) type’’; ‘‘ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Geneve, pour la IIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXIX fig. 176’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 721. Zygaena ephialtes L. ab. falcatae Oberthiir Zygaena ephialtes ab. falcatae Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4: 572 (with reference to Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 7, fig. 113). Zygaena ephialtes-falcatae Hiibn., Obthr. nec Hiibn., 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 7, fig. 113. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 275 (Pl. 53, fig. ro) Type: 2 38 mm. “ Vernet-l-Bains R. Oberthiir Juillet 1885.’’; ‘‘ Lépidoptére figuré dans la X Xe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 7 No. 113”; “‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 724. This aberration differs from the falcatae of Hiibner in having the outer spots of the fore wings tinged with carmine. Hiibner’s falcatae is a synonym of medusa Pallas. Zygaena ephialtes L. ab. scheveni Oberthiir Zygaena ephialtes ab. Scheveni Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4: 570. (Pl. 53, fig. rz) Lectotype: 9 35 mm. “ Zyg. var. sophiae 9 Aott/Martigny.”’; ‘“ Recu de Wull- schlegel de Martigny (Valais) ’’; ‘‘ Scheveni Obthr. IV.-Lépid. compar. 1910 ”’ ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 725. As quoted above, there is a label on which is written “‘ var. sophiae’’ ; this is in Wullschlegel’s hand. Zygaena ephialtes L. ab. esperi Oberthiir Zygaena ephialtes ab. Esperit Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 570. (PL §3; fig. 12) Lectotype: 2 37 mm. “ Zyg. ephialtes 9. Aott Martigny.’’; “‘ Esperi Obthr. IV-Lépid. compar. 1910’’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 722. Zygaena ephialtes L. ab. pallens Oberthiir Zygaena ephialtes ab. pallens Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4: 576. (Pl. 53, fig. 13) Type: $31 mm. “Digne V. Cotte 1908’’; “‘ pallens, Obthr. Lépid. comparée IV-—Mai 1910’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 723. Zygaena ephialtes L. ssp. athamanthae Esp. ab. pallida Oberthiir Zygaena ephialtes ab. pallida Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 576. (Pl. 53, fig. 14) Type: $35 mm. “W. Philipp. Austr. inf. Wachau VII/o7’’; “ pallida, Obthr., Lépid. comparée [V—Mai rg10’’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 694. 276 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena ephialtes L. ssp. athamanthae Esp. ab. adalberti Oberthiir Zygaena ephialtes ab. Adalberti Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 574. (Pl. 53, fig. 15) Oberthiir applied the name adalberti to the specimen illustrated by Seitz in 1910 (Seitz, Macrolep. 2, pl. 6b). I figure a specimen labelled adalberti by Oberthiir, which has the following data : ‘“W. Philipp Austr. inf. Wachau VII 07.’’; ‘‘ Adalberti, Obthr. icterica (par erreur) Seitz-Zygaena 6.b.’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 695. Zygaena ephialtes L. ssp. meridiei Bgff. ab. decolorata Stauder Zygaena ephialtes ssp. meridionalis Bgff. f. decolorata Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43: 80 (meridiei Bgff. new name for meridionalis Bgff. [preoccupied)]). (Pl. 53, fig. 16) Type: 238mm. “ Teriol. m. Castelrotto 800 m. 4/8. 1928 H. Stauder’’; “ f.n.de- colorata Stdr.’’; ‘‘ 6811 ’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 696. Zygaena transalpina Esper Sphinx transalpina Esper, 1782, Die Schmett. 2: 142, pl. 16, figs. Zygaena transalpina Esp. ssp. maritima Oberthiir Zygaena maritima Oberthiir, 1898, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., p. 22. Zygaena xanthographa helvetica Rothschild & Bethune-Baker, 1920, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., p. xlix. [maritima] (PI. 53, fig. 17) Lectotype: ¢ 33 mm. “ Alpes-Maritimes Nice (Turbie) V. Cotte Juin 1897 ”’ ; “maritima, Ch. Obthr. Bull. Sté. Ent. France No 2—1808, p. 22-23’ ; “ Vu par Staudinger Catalogue 1900 ’’; “‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 716. [helvetica] (Pl. 53, fig. 18) >»? Lectotype: ¢ 37mm. ‘“ Moulinet’’; ‘504 ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 720. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 277 Zygaena transalpina Esp. ssp. maritima Obthr. ab. trimacula Reiss Zygaena transalpina ssp. maritima ab. trimacula Reiss, 1930, in Seitz, Macrolep., Suppl., 2 : 39 (new name for trimaculata Obthr. [preoccupied)). Zygaena transalpina-maritima-3 maculata Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 30, fig. 189. Zygaena transalpina-maritima ab. trimaculata Oberthiir, 1912, Lép. Comp. 6: 188. (Pl. 53, fig. 19) Type: 237mm. “ Alpes-Maritimes Nice (Turbie) V. Cotte Juin 1897 ’’ ; ‘“‘ Zygaena transalpina-maritima Obthr. 3-maculata XXX. 189’’; ‘‘ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IITe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXX fig. 189’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 717. Zygaena transalpina Esp. ssp. alpina Boisduval Zygaena Alpina Boisduval, 1834, Icones 2 : 66, pl. 53, fig. 9. Zygaena angelicae Ochs., Boisd. nec Ochs., 1834, Icones, 2: 65, pl. 53, fig. 9. This subspecies of tvansalpina was described from Grenoble (Isére) in the Alps. I cannot find the type in the Boisduval collection and assume that it is lost. Zygaena transalpina Esp. ssp. alpina Boisd. ab. flava Oberthiir Zygaena transalpina-alpina-flava Oberthiir, 1907, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 76 : 39. (Pl. 53, fig. 20) Type: ¢ 36mm. “ Digne Coulet 1906’”’; “ alpina-flava. Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1907.p.39.’; “‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 715. The specimen figured in Léep. Comp., 3, pl. 30, fig. 200 was captured after the pub- lication of the name and cannot be taken as the type. Zygaena transalpina Esp. ssp. alpina Boisd. ab. grisescens Oberthiir Zygaena transalpina-grisescens Oberthiir, 1920, Lép. Comp. 17 : 62, pl. 507, fig. 4248. (Pl. 53, fig. 21) Type: ¢ 31mm. “ Argentiére aotit 1907’; “ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot, pour le No 4248 de la Pl. DVII Vol. XVII, Etude de Lépidoptérologie comparée.”’ ; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 697. Zygaena transalpina Esp. ssp. sorrentina Stdgr. ab. impar Oberthiir Zygaena transalpina ab. impar Oberthiir, 1911, Lép. Comp. 5 (1) : 206, pl. 62, figs. 569, 571. 278 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (PI. 53, fig. 22) Lectotype: ¢31mm. “ Italle Central (Formia) Avril rgto. Métres 50’’ ; ‘‘ Zygaena Transalpina Maritima ADFLATA Turati’’; ‘“ Lépidoptérol. comparée V— Pl. LXII fig. 569’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 7109. Although the specimen is labelled ““ADFLATA”’, it is one of the specimens to which Oberthiir applied the name impar. The “ADFLATA”’ label is printed and was prob- ably assigned to the specimen by the collector. Zygaena transalpina Esp. ssp. sorrentina Stdgr. ab. aurantiaca Oberthiir Zygaena transalpina ab. aurantiaca Oberthiir, 1911, Lép. Comp. 5 (1) : 208, pl. 62, fig. 583. (Pl. 53, fig. 23) Type: 2 35 mm. “S. Angelo g00 m. 29/6/07’’; ‘‘ Italie méridionale Fr. Zickert 1907’’; ‘‘ Lépidoptérolog. comparée V—Pl. LXII fig. 583.’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 718. Erroneously recorded in the description as having been captured ‘‘ 29 mai 1907’. Zygaena transalpina Esp. ssp. altitudinaria Turati f.t. aestivalis Oberthiir Zygaena Transalpina-aestivalis Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 663. (Pl. 53, fig. 24) Lectotype: ¢ 28mm. “ Italie méridionale Roccaroso et Palena fin Juillet et Aoat 1907 Fabresse’’; “ transalpina-aestivalis, Obthr-Lépid. comparée; Vol. IV; (Addenda) p. 663’; “‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 714. Zygaena transalpina Esp. ssp. athicaria Burgeff Zygaena transalpina var. athicaria Burgeff, 1926, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges. 16 : 79. Zygaena transalpina ssp. costazzina Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43: 81. [costazzina | (PL. 53, fig. 25) Type: ¢ 30mm. “ Teriol. m: Seiseralpe 1600 m. 2/8. 1928 H. Stauder’’; “ Type ssp. costazzina Stdr.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 608. Zygaena hippocrepidis Hiibner Sphinx hippocrepidis Hiibner, [1796]-[24th December 1799], Europ. Schmett. 2, pl. 17, fig. 83. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 279 Zygaena hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. centralis Oberthiir Zygaena hippocrepidis-centralis Oberthiir, 1907, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 76: 40. (Pl. 53, fig. 26) Lectotype: 3 30 mm. “Lardy Seine-&-Oise Lhotte 1896’’; ‘ Zygaena hippocrepidis-centralis, Obthr. Ann. Soc. ent. France 1907 p. 40, 41, 48’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 707. Zygaena hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. centralis Obthr. ab. nigricans Oberthiir Zygaena Hippocrepidis ab. nigricans Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 8, fig. 146. (Pl. 53, fig. 27) Type: § 28 mm. “Lardy 1886.’’; “ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8 No. 146’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 708. Zygaena hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. centralis Obthr. ab. flava Oberthiir Zygaena Hippocrepidis ab. flava Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 8, fig. 144. (Pl. 53, fig. 28) Type: ¢ 30mm. “ Lardy (Seine & Oise) Emman. Martin.’’; ‘‘ Lépidopteére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8 No 144’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 712. Zygaena hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. provincialis Oberthiir Zygaena hippocrepidis-provincialis Oberthiir, 1907, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 76: 45. Zygaena Transalpina f. Meridionalis Oberthiir, 1911, Lép. Comp. 5 (1) : 213. [provincialis] (Pl. 54, fig. 1) Lectotype: 2 27 mm. “ Var Montrieux prés Méounes 17-23 Septembre 1906 R. Powell’’; ‘“‘ hippocrepidis-provincialis. Ann. Soc. ent. France I907—p. 45- 48”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 710. [meridionalis | (Pl. 54, fig. 2) ' Lectotype: g¢ 26mm. “ Var Montrieux prés Méounes du 23 septembre au 4 octobre 1906 H. Powell’’; ‘‘ Zygaena hippocrepidis-provincialis, Obthr XXX—19g2”’ ; 280 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM “ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIle livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXX fig. 192’’; “‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 711. Zygaena hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. occidentalis Oberthiir Zygaena hippocrepidis-occidentalis Oberthiir, 1907, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 76: 41. (PI. 54, fig. 3) Lectotype: ¢g 31 mm. ‘“ Charente-Infre. Dompierre-sur-Mer P.Boulé Fin mai 1906.” ; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 702. I would have preferred, if it were possible, to have selected as the lectotype, the female figured by Oberthiir in Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 30, fig. 203. However, this specimen was taken after the publication of the name occidentalis. Zygaena hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. occidentalis Obthr. ab. micingulata Oberthiir Zygaena hippocrepidis-occidentalis ab. micingulata Oberthiir, 1907, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 76: 42. (Pl. 54, fig. 4) Lectotype: 2 33 mm. “ Dompierre-sur-Mer (Charente-Infre.) 30 Mai 1899 Th. Vigé’’; “‘Z. hippocrepidis-micingulata ; Ann. Soc. ent. France 1907. p. 42.’’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 709. Again, I would have preferred to have selected as the lectotype the specimen figured by Oberthiir in Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 30, fig. 207. However, this specimen was taken in June, 1907, after the publication of the name. Zygaena hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. occidentalis Obthr. ab. pallidior Oberthiir Zygaena hippocrepidis-occidentalis ab. pallidior Oberthiir, 1907, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 76: 43. (Pl. 54, fig. 5) Lectotype: 9 23 mm. “ Dompierre-sur-Mer (Charente-Infre.) 17 Sept. 1900 Th. Vigé’’; “‘ Z. hippocrepidis pallidior—Ann. Soc. ent. France. 1907. p. 43."’; “A servi de Modéle 4 J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXX fig. 202’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 705. Zygaena hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. occidentalis Obthr. ab. rosea Oberthiir Zygaena hippocrepidis-occidentalis ab. vosea Oberthiir, 1907, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 76 : 43. (Pl. 54, fig. 6) Lectotype: g 29 mm. ‘“ Dompierre-sur-Mer (Charente-Infre.) 25 Mai 1899 Th. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 281 Vigé’’; ‘‘ Z. hippocrepidis rosea—Ann. Soc. ent. France. 1907. p. 43’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 706. Zygaena hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. occidentalis Obthr. ab. vigei Oberthiir Zygaena hippocrepidis-occidentalis ab. Vigei Oberthiir, 1907, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 76 : 43. (Pl. 54, fig. 7) Lectotype: @ 30 mm. “ Charente-Inférieure Dompierre-sur-Mer’’; “ 1896 ”’ ; ‘“Z. hippocrepidis Vigéi,—Ann. Soc. ent. France 1907. p. 43.”’; “A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909. Pl. XXX fig. 201’’; “‘ Zygaena hippocrepidis-occident. Vigéi, Obthr. XXX. 201’’; ‘‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 704. Zygaena viciae Schiffermiiller & Denis Sphinx viciae Schiffermiiller & Denis, 1775, Wien. Verz., p. 45. Zygaena viciae S. & D. ssp. anglica Reiss ab. confluens Tutt Anthroceva viciae (Schrank) ab. confluens Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1 : 456. (Pl. 54, fig. 8) The type is not in the British Museum and cannot be found. I figure a male labelled : ‘‘ Lyndhurst New Forest 6.vi.1908 ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 666. Zygaena viciae S. & D. ssp. anglica Reiss ab. sexpunctata Tutt Anthrocera viciae (Schrank) ab. sexpunctata Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 455. (Pl. 54, fig. 9) The type is not in the British Museum and cannot be found. I figure a female with the following data: ‘“‘24’’; ‘‘ex coll. J. A. Clark dec.”’. ex Whittle collection. Slide No. 659. Zygaena viciae S. & D. ssp. teriolensis Speyer ab. decora Lederer Zygaena meliloti ab. Decora Lederer, 1852, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 2 : 125. Zygaena Charon var. Cingulata Frey, 1884, Mitt. schweiz. ent. Ges. 7: 14. [cingulata] (Pl. 54, fig. 10) Type: 928mm. ‘“ Z. Charon var. Cingulata Stgr. Meran.’’; “‘ Frey Coll. 1890.”’. Slide No. 533. 282 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena viciae S. & D. ssp. giussana Stauder Zygaena meliloti ssp. giussana Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 79. (Pl. 54, fig. 12) Type: 26mm. “Italia mer. penins. Sorrento Mte. Falto 24.6. 1928 H. Stauder 1ooo m’’; “ meliloti v. giussana Stdr.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 534. Mte. Faito is erroneously spelt ‘‘ Mte. Falto ’’ on the pin label. Zygaena viciae S. & D. ssp. sicula Calb. ab. melilotoides Ragusa Anthocere [sic] sicula melilotoides Ragusa, 1924, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici. 18 : 93. (Pl. 54, fig. 12) Lectotype: g¢ 29 mm. “ Prov. Mistretta Local. Salamone Data 25.6. 918. Coll. E. Ragusa ’’; “ Sicily, coll. E. Ragusa.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 673. Zygaena viciae S. & D. ssp. sicula Calb. ab. cingulata Ragusa Anthocere [sic] punctum ssp. contamineoides ab. cingulata Ragusa, 1924, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portict. 18 : 87. (Pl. 54, fig. 13) Type: 928mm. “ punctum contamineoid. forma confluenta (distrepta) e cingulata (nova) ’’; “‘ Sicily, coll. E. Ragusa.’’. Another label which I believe to have been written by Karl Jordan: “‘ ab. confusa Stdgr. ad ab. stentzi Fr.’’. . ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 671. An examination of the genitalia showed the specimen to be conspecific with viciae ScD, Zygaena viciae S. & D. ssp. stentzii Freyer Zygaena Dorycnii Stentzii Freyer, 1839, Neue Beitr. zur. Schmett. 3 : 120, pl. 278, fig. 4. (Pl. 54, fig. 14) Lectotype: ¢ 27 mm. “Stentzii’’; “‘ Ex coll. Freyer’’, a label in Rothschild’s hand: “ Freyer’s type ’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 675. Described from the neighbourhood of Gérz and Pontiebba. There are two speci- mens, one of these I designate as lectotype. The abdomens of both specimens are false, as the genitalia are of carniolica Scop. Zygaena viciae S. & D. ssp. dahurica Boisduval Zygaena dahurica Boisduval, 1834, Icones, 2: 57, pl. 54, fig 7. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 283 (Pl. 54, fig. 15) Type: ¢32mm. “ Sibiria’’; ‘ Dahurica B.d.’”’; “‘ Dahurica’’; “ EX. MUSAEO Dris. BOISDUVAL”’; “Vu par Staudinger Catalogue 1900’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthir.’’, and a label in Oberthiir’s hand: “‘Zygaena Dahurica, Bdv. type.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 551, Pl. 63, figs. 5, 6. Zygaena niphona Butler Zygaena niphona Butler, 1877, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20 : 393. (Pl. 54, fig. 16) Type: 629mm. “77.9 Japan’’; ‘“ Z. Niphona Butler Type.”’. Slide No. 559, Pl. 62, figs. 5, 6. The type was described from Yokohama. Zygaena gallica Oberthiir Zygaena Corycia Led. var. gallica Oberthiir, 1898, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., p. 21. (PL. 54, fig. 17) Lectotype: ¢ 25 mm. “Chasseurs de Digne Juin 1897’’; ‘“‘ Zyg. gallica Ch. Obthr Bulli’in Sté Entom. France; 1898’’; ‘“ Vu par Staudinger Catalogue 1g00’’; “‘A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXVIII no 173’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 434, Pl. 63, figs. 1, 2. Zygaena dalmatina Boisduval Zygaena dalmatina Boisduval, 1834, Icones, 2: 45, pl. 54, fig. 2. (Pl. 54, fig. 18) Type: g27mm. “ Dalmatina’’; “EX. MUSAEO Dris. BOISDUVAL ”’ ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 435, Pl. 63, figs. 3, 4. In his description, Boisduval stated that the specimen was taken at Ragusa, in Yugoslavia. This species, together with ssp. yvomeo Dup., were formerly placed under scabiosae Scheven. However, in 1933, Reiss (Seitz, Macrolep, Suppl. 2: 252) considered vomeo Dup. as the species name. Scheven gave the name scabiosae to specimens from Regensburg which were illustrated by Schaffer as purpuralis (Icones Insectorum Ratisbonensium, pl. 16, figs. 4, 5). As the illustrations of Schaffer are so distinct no doubt is possible. The purpuralis still occurs at Regensburg, while scabiosae auct. does not occur there. Even if it were found at Regensburg in the time of Schaffer, it must have been so rare that it could not have predominated, so it is reasonable to assume that Schaffer took the commoner species for his illustrations. However, the name dalmatina Boisd. has priority over romeo Dup., the latter 284 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM name having been published a year later in 1835. It follows that romeo will return to subspecific rank and dalmatina must be used to designate the species. An examination of the genitalia of the type of dalmatina has shown that it is not _ conspecific with punctum Ochs. as was suggested by Holik (1935, Ent. Rdsch. 53 : 56). Zygaena filipendulae Linnaeus Sphinx filipendulae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. X, p. 494 (with reference to Fauna Suecica, p. 256, 1746). Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Tremewan Zygaena filipendulae ssp. anglicola Tremewan, 1960, Ent. Gaz. 11 (4) : 189. Zygaena filipendulae ssp. tutti Rebel, auctorum nec Rebel. (Pl. 54, fig. 19) Holotype: 3 35 mm. “ Tring, Herts., 27.vii. 06 (A. T. Goodson).’’; “ Z. fili- pendulae ssp. anglicola Tremewan. Holotype g. det. W. G. Tremewan, 1959.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 685. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. grisescens Oberthiir Zygaena filipendulae ab. grisescens Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 8, fig. 135. (Pl. 54, fig. 20) Type: ¢ 34 mm. “Angleterre Ex. coll. Wm. Prest d’York’’; ‘“ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8, No. 135’’; “ab. grisescens Obthr’’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 580. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. confluens Oberthiir Zygaena filipendulae ab. confiuens Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 8, fig. 132. (Pl. 54, fig. 21) Type: ¢ 33 mm. “Angleterre ex. Coll. Howard Vaughan vendue Salle Stevens 22 & 23 Avril 1890’’; “‘ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8 No. 132’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 545. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. proconfluens Tutt Anthrocera filipendulae ab. proconfluens Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 512. (Pl. 54, fig. 22) Lectotype: ¢ 34 mm. “ Deal. L.g5’’; ‘‘ Deal 1895 ex coll. Tutt’’; “ab. pro- confluens, Tutt (types) (1, 2-+3+4+5, 6) Deal. inbred ’96-’97 (W. H. B. Fletcher) (see Nat. H.B. Lep. 1.512)’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 577. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 285 Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. quinquejuncta Tutt Anthrocera filipendulae ab. quinquejuncta Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 512. (Pl. 54, fig. 23) Lectotype: 9 38 mm. “ Deal bred in Cg6’’; “ Deal. % 1896 ex. coll. Tutt ”’ ; “ab. quinquejuncta, Tutt (types) (1,1 + 2+ 3+ 4-+5 + 6) inbred Deal ’96-’97 (W.H.B. Fletcher) see N.H.Brit.Lep. 1.512 ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 578. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. conjuncta Tutt Anthrocera filipendulae ab. conjuncta Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 510. The type is not in the British Museum. The aberration has all the spots of the fore wings joined to form an irregular single blotch. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. brunnescens Cockayne Zygaena filipendulae ab. brunnescens Cockayne, 1940, Ent. Rec. 52: gt. (Pl. 54, fig. 25) Type: $35 mm. ‘“R. GARNER. ORPINGTON. 17 JULY 1937’’; ‘‘ Type ab. brunnescens Cockayne ’’. Slide No. 582. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. griseorosea Cockayne Zygaena filipendulae ab. griseorosea Cockayne, 1954, Ent. Rec. 66 : 68. (Pl. 54, fig. 26) Type: ¢30mm. “ Pont-llan-fraith 7.vii. 1906 No. 3556 W. Rait Smith.” ; “ Type ab. griseorosea Cockayne 1954 ”’. Slide No. 581. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. nigrolimbata Cockayne Zygaena filipendulae ab. nigrolimbata Cockayne, 1954, Ent. Rec. 66 : 68. (Pl. 54, fig. 27) Type: ¢ 31 mm. “de la Coll. P. H. Harper Vendue Salle Stevens 20, 21 Mars 1884’’; ‘‘ Type ab. nigrolimbata Cockayne 1954’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 583. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. spoliata Cockayne Zygaena filipendulae ab. spoliata Cockayne, 1954, Ent. Rec. 66 : 68. 286 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (Pl. 54, fig. 24) Type: $ 27mm. “Nr. Tring, Herts. 7.viii. 1941. A. L. Goodson’’; “‘ Type ab. spoliata Cockayne 1954.’’. Slide No. 576. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. miniata Tutt Anthrocera filipendulae ab. miniata Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 510. The type is not in the British Museum. This aberration has the red replaced by a pinkish hue, often with traces of yellow and was suggested by Tutt to be a form with a pathological failure of pigment. The specimen figured under ab. aurantia Tutt has a label: “‘ ab. miniata Tutt (Types) N.H.Brit. Lep. 510.’’. This specimen does not agree with the description of miniata and I assume that the label has been transposed. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. intermedia Tutt Anthrocera filipendulae ab. intermedia Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 510. The type is not in the British Museum. In this aberration the red is replaced by salmon-red. A specimen from Sligo, ex collection Tutt and labelled “‘ intermedia Tutt ’’, does not agree with his description. The red coloration of this specimen is dull and the scales are twisted and deformed. I believe this effect has been caused by a killing agent, probably ammonia. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. trivittata Tutt Anthrocera filipendulae ab. trivitiata Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 509. (Pl. 54, fig. 29) Type: 2 33 mm. “ab. intermedia-trivittata, Tutt described N.H.Brit. Lep. 7.5007" a6." > “vex Goll, Tutt. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 676. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. aurantia Tutt Anthrocera filipendulae ab. aurantia Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 510. (Pl. 54, fig. 28) The type is not in the British Museum. In this aberration the red is replaced by orange. The specimen I figure here is a male labelled ‘‘ Great Britain ’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 579 (see ab. miniata Tutt). Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. flava Robson Zygaena filipendulae v. Flava Robson, 1884, Young Nat. 5 : 236. Zygaena filipendulae ab. flava Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 8, fig. 133. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 287 (flava Robson] (Pl. 54, fig. 30) Lectotype: 3 33 mm. “ Robson Hartlepool’’. Slide No. 681. (flava Oberthiir] (Pl. 54, fig. 32) Type: ¢ 30mm. “ Winchester O.C.’’; ‘‘ Angleterre ex Coll. Rév. G. H. Raynor vendue Salle Stevens 27 Octobre 1891’’; ‘“‘ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8 No. 133’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 713. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. f.t. stephensi Dupont Zygaena stephensi Dupont, 1900, Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Elbeuf., p. 77. Anthrocera hippocrepidis Hiibn., Stephens nec Hiibn., 1828, Illus. Brit. Ent. 1: 109. Zygaena filipendulae v. (ab.) tutti Rebel, 1901, in Staudinger & Rebel’s Cat. Lep., p. 384. (Pl. 54, fig. 34) Lectotype: ¢35mm. ‘Stephens Coll. Anthrocera hippocrepidis Steph. 3 .j. named by Steph.”’. ex Stephens collection. Slide No. 68. The designation of the lectotype was published in 1958 (Ent. Gaz. 9 (4) : 194). Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. f.t. stephensi Dupont ab. minor Tutt Anthrocera filipendulae ab. minor Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1 : 509. (Pl. 54, fig. 35) Lectotype: ¢ 27 mm. “ Belleisle (Fermagh) 93 May’’; ‘‘ Kane’s types p. 509’ “ab. minor, Tutt (types) N.H.Brit Lep. 1.509’’; ‘‘ ex coll. Tutt.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 677. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. f.t. stephensi Dupont ab. lutescens Tutt Anthrocera hippocrepidis Hiibn., Tutt mec Hiibn. ab. lutescens Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1 : 533. Stephens (1828, Illus. Brit. Ent. 1: 109) described a yellow aberration which Wood figured in 1839 (Index Ent., pl. 4, fig. 6a). To this figure, Tutt applied the name lutescens. In the Stephens collection there is one yellow aberration which is, however, labelled “ filipendulae ’’. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. f. loc. degenerata Tremewan Zygaena filipendulae {. loc. degenerata Tremewan, 1958, Ent. Gaz. 9 (4) : 192. Anthrocera hippocrepidis Hiibn., Tutt nec Hiibn., 1897, Ent. Rec. 9 : 87. ENTOM. I10, 7. 21 288 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (Pl. 54, fig. 32) Holotype: § 29 mm. ‘“Chattenden. Tutt. Coll. 25.v—24.vi. 92.’’; “‘ Zygaena filipendulae f.1. degenerata ¢ Holotype. sel. W. G. Tremewan, 1957.’’. ex Tutt collection. Slide No. 585. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn f. loc. degenerata Trmn. ab. pallida Tutt Anthrocera hippocrepidis Hiibn., Tutt mec Hiibn., ab. pallida Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 533. (Pl. 54, fig. 33) Type: 226mm. “ Chattenden. Tutt. Coll. 25.v—24.vi. g2.’’ ; “‘ ab. pallida, Type ’’. ex Tutt collection. Slide No. 584. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. pyrenes Verity Zygaena filipendulae race pyrenes Verity, 1921, Ent. Rec. 33 : 122. Zygaena Dubia-quinquemaculata Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 539. [quinquemaculata] (Pl. 55, fig. 5) Lectotype: g§ 36 mm. “ Pyr. Orient. Vernet-les-Bains R. Oberthiir VII. VIII. 1906’’; “A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXVIII No. 169’; “‘coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 683. The name quinguemaculata Obthr. is considered a synonym, as Verity stated that the five-spotted form is typical of pyrenes Verity. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. pyrenes Vrty. ab. sexmaculata Oberthiir Zygaena Dubia-sexmaculata Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 539. (Pl. 55, fig. 6) Type: ¢ 37mm. “ Vernet R. Oberthiir’’ ; ‘‘ Dubia, forma stoechadis-medicaginis Lépid. comparée. IV rgto.’’; ‘‘ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIle livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXVIII No 170”’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 684. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. ochsenheimeri Zeller Zygaena Ochsenheimeri Zeller, 1847, Isis von oken., p. 303. Zygaena charon Boisduval, 1834, Icones, 2: 61, pl. 54, fig. 9 (mame preoccupied). [ochsenheimeri|] THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 289 Zeller applied the name ochsenheimert to specimens that Ochsenheimer had named transalpina, as the latter name is preoccupied by transalpina Esp. Zeller stated that specimens that he had from Syracuse, Sicily were of the same form. Verity however, has separated the Sicilian race as a good subspecies, viz., ssp. siciliensts Vrty. Ochsenheimer gave Italy and Southern France as the locality but this statement covered a large area and included many races. In 1926 Burgeff (Mitt. mtinchen. ent. Ges. 16 : 66) considered the form from Montpellier to agree most of all with Ochsenheimer’s description. [charon | (Pl. 54, fig. 36) Type: ¢ 37 mm. “Charon’’; ‘‘EX. MUSAEO Dris. BOISDUVAL”’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 633. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. ochsenheimeri Zell. ab. translonicerae Stauder Zygaena hybr. f. translonicerae Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 80. | (PI. 55, fig. 1) Type: $ 32mm. “ Teriol. m. Seiseralpe 1700 m 7.8. 1928 H. Stauder Costazza ”’ ; ‘6813’; “‘hybr. translonicerae Stdr. Type’’; ‘ hybr. ex. lonicerae x transalp. costazzina ’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 700. An examination of the genitalia, which are quite normal, showed the specimen to be conspecific with filipendulae L. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. restituta Rocci ab. achillfilipendulae Stauder Zygaena hybr. f. achillfilipendulae Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 31. (Pl. 55, fig. 2) Type: 9 31 mm. “ Litorale austr. G6rz 3.9. 08. H. Stauder’’; “ achilleae x filipendulae=f. hybr. achillfilipendulae Stdr.”’ ; “6820 ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 476. An examination of the genitalia, which are normal, showed the specimen to be conspecific with filipendulae L. As the type differs in superficial characters from normal specimens of its race, I place it as an aberration. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. veneta Rocci Zygaena filipendulae ssp. veneta Rocci, 1937, Redia, 22 : 136. Zygaena hybr. f. melilofilipendulae Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 31. [melilofilipendulae] 290 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (Pl. 55, fig. 3) Type: 2 30 mm. “ Litorale austr. Triest Umgbg. Cologna el. 15/6 1914 H. Stauder’’; ‘6824’’; “‘hybr. Type. melilofilipendulae Stdr.’’; ‘‘ hybr. meliloti x filip. ochs.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 549. The specimen was erroneously described asa male. The genitalia are quite normal and I treat the name melilofilipendulae as a synonym. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. duponcheli Vrty. ab flava Oberthiir Zygaena filipendulae ssp. medicaginis ab. flava Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 536. (Pl. 55, fig. 4) Type: ¢ 34 mm. “ Alpes Maritimes Nice (Le Var) V. Cotte Mai 1897’’; ‘‘ Ab. flava, Obthr. Lépid. comparée IV—1g910”’; “‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 547. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. anceps Oberthiir Zygaena filipendulae ssp. anceps Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4: 551. Zygaena filipendulae var. quinquemacula Bethune-Baker, 1922, Ent. Rec. 34: 74. [anceps] (Pl. 55, fig. 7) Lectotype: ¢ 33 mm. “Ste. Baume 24 Juin 1906 Dr. Siepi’’; “‘ anceps Obthr. Lépid. comparée [V—1g910’’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 544. [quinquemacula ] (Pl. 55, fig. 8) Lectotype: 2 31 mm. “la Sainte Baume, Var, Provence, France 2.7. 20. G. T. Bethune-Baker ’’. ex Bethune-Baker collection. Slide No. 668. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. campaniae Rebel Zygaena Stoechadis var. campaniae Rebel, 1901, in Staudinger & Rebel’s Cat. Lep., p. 384. Zygaena hybr. f. melilocampaniae Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43: 79. Zygaena hybr. f. hybridophila Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 133. Zygaena hybr. f. calabrochsenheimeri Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 132. Zygaena hybr. f. melilochsenheimeri Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 32. [melilocampaniae] (Pl. 55, fig. 9) Type: $ 33mm. “Italia mer. penins. Sorrento Mte. Falto 28.6. 1928 H. Stauder THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 201 Collo f. 950 m”’; “6816’’; “hybr. melilocampaniae Stdr.’’; “ hybr. meliloti x filip. ochsenh. stoechadis campaniae ’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 635. The genitalia are normal and the specimen is conspecific with filipendulae L. This specimen and the next three types are all considered synonymous with campaniae Rebel as they do not differ from it in superficial characters. Mte. Faito is erroneously spelt ‘‘ Mte. Falto ’’ on the pin label. (hybridophila|] (Pl. 55, fig. ro) Lectotype: 2 37 mm. “Italia mer. penins. Sorrento Mte. Falto 28.6. 1928 H. Stauder 950 m.”’; ‘‘ 6802’’; “ hybridophila Stdr.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 637. There is a further specimen from the same locality, but labelled “goo m”’; “6803 ’’. Two further specimens are labelled ‘‘ Teriol m. Castelrotto 950 m. 26.7. 1928. H. Stauder.’’ and “ 6804’; ‘‘ 6805’. Mte. Faito is erroneously spelt ‘‘ Mte. Falto’’ on the pin labels. The genitalia are normal and the specimens are conspecific with filipendulae L. [calabrochsenheimeri| (Pl. 55, fig. 11) Type: $ 33mm. “ Italia mer. penins. Sorrento Mte. Falto 25/6. 1928 H. Stauder Piano Faito 1000 m.”’; ‘‘6801’’; ‘‘hybr. calabroochsenheimeri Stdr. Type ’’ ; “hybr. filip. x transalp. (calabr.)? ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 699. Mte. Faito is erroneously spelt “ Mte. Falto’’ on the pin label. The genitalia are normal and the specimen is conspecific with filipendulae L. , [melilochsenheimeri| (Pl. 55, fig. 12) Type: 936mm. “Italia mer. penins. Sorrento Mte. Faito 25.6. 1928 H. Stauder 950 m”’; “6817’’; “‘ Zyg. hybr. melilochsenheimeri Stdr. ochsenh. x meliloti giussana Type ’’. = ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 634. The genitalia are normal and the specimen is conspecific with filipendulae L. The red abdominal ring mentioned by Stauder in the description is superficial and false. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. campaniae Rebel ab. carnioligiussana Stauder Zygaena hybr. f. carnioligiussana Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 80. 292 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (Pl. 55, fig. 13) Type: $33mm. “Italia mer. penins. Sorrento Mte. Falto 28.6. 1928 H. Stauder 950 m’’; “6814’”’; “ hybr. carnioligiussana Stdr.”’ ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 7ot. The genitalia are normal but I treat the specimen as an aberration as it differs superficially from ssp. campaniae Rebel. Mte. Faito is erroneously spelt ‘ Mte. Falto ’’ on the pin label. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. campaniae Rebel ab. dubia Staudinger Zygaena filipendulae ab. dubia Staudinger, 1861, in Staudinger & Wocke’s Cat. Lep., p. 21. Zygaena hybr. f. melilodubia Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z, 43: 80. (melilodubia|] (Pl. 55, fig. 14) Type: ¢ 34mm. “Italia mer. penins. Sorrento Mte. Falto 1.7. 1928. H. Stauder. Piano f. 1000 m”’; “6818 ”’; “ hybr. melilodubia Stdr.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 636. Mte. Faito is erroneously spelt “‘ Mte. Falto’’ on the pin label. The genitalia are normal and the specimen is conspecific with filipendulae L. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. seeboldi Oberthiir Zygaena filipendulae ssp. Seeboldi Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 543. (Pl. 55, fig. 15) Lectotype: ¢ 36 mm. “ Bilbao.’”’; ‘‘ Espagne Bilbao T. Seebold’’; ‘‘ Seeboldi Obthr..”’; ‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 550. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. ramburii H.-S. ab. rosa Oberthiir Zygaena vosa Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 22, figs. 106, 107. (Pl. 55, fig. 16) Type: 3 33 mm. “Syrie. Akbés Ch. Delagrange Eté 1890’’; “‘ Zygaena rosa, Obthr type g’’; ‘“‘ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IITe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXII No. 107’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 548. A further specimen labelled “‘ type 2’’ is a male. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. syriaca Oberthiir Zygaena Syrviaca Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20: 46. Zygaena Syriaca (6-macul.) Oberthiir, 1896, Ez. d’Ent. 20, pl. 8, fig. 137. Zygaena Syriaca-sexmaculata Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4: 564. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 293 (Pl. 55, fig. 18) Lectotype: 239mm. “Syrie. Akbés Ch. Delagrange Eté 1890’’; ‘‘ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8. No. 137’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 631. I take as typical the six-spotted form, to which Oberthiir also applied the name sexmaculata Obthr. In addition to the female lectotype, I figure on Pl. 55, fig. 19, a typical male labelled “ Syrie. Akbés Ch. Delagrange Eté 1890’’; ‘‘ Original zur Abbildung des Z. syriaca J im Seitz, Suppl., Bd. 2, Tafel 3n 1930. H. Reiss.’’ ; “‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 678. This specimen is 38 mm. in wingspan but appears larger than the female on the plate owing to a slightly higher magnification of the original photograph. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. syriaca Obthr. ab. quinquemaculata Oberthiir Zygaena syriaca (5-macul.) Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 8, fig. 136. Zygaena Syriaca-quinquemaculata Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 564. (Pl. 55, fig. 20) Type: g 38 mm. “Syrie. Akbés Ch. Delagrange Eté 1890’’; ‘‘ Lépidoptére figuré dans la X Xe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8 No. 136’’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 660. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. syriaca Obthr. ab. confluens Oberthiir Zygaena syriaca ab. confluens Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 8, fig. 138. Zygaena Syriaca-sexmaculata-confiuens Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 564. (Pl. 55, fig. 21) Type: 2 40 mm. “Syrie. Akbés Ch. Delagrange Eté 1890’’; ‘‘ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8 No. 138’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 632. Zygaena trifolii Esper Sphinx trifolit Esper, 1783, Die Schmett. 2 : 223, pl. 34, figs. 4, 5. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustrella Vrty. ab. pygmaea Cockayne Zygaena trifolii ab. pygmaea Cockayne, 1954, Ent. Rec. 66 : 67, pl. 2, fig. 7. (Pl. 55, fig. 17) Type: g¢ 20mm. “ Watergate 9 Jn’95”’; ‘‘ Type ab. pygmaea Cockayne 1954’. ex W. M. Christy collection. Slide No. 569. . 294 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustrella Vrty. ab. extrema Tutt Anthrocera trifolit ab. extrema Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 485. (Pl. 55, fig. 22) Type: ¢30mm. “ Watergate 3 Jn ’95”’. ex W. M. Christy collection. Slide No. 567. The specimen was figured by Christy in the Entomologist, 29 : 341, fig. 2. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustrella Vrty. ab. obsoleta Tutt Anthrocera trifoliit ab. obsoleta Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1 : 485. (PI. 55, fig. 23) Type: ¢30mm. ‘“ Watergate 26 Ma ’96”’. ex W. M. Christy collection. Slide No. 566. The specimen was figured by Christy in the Entomologist, 29 : 341, fig. I. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustrella Vrty. ab. orichalca Tutt Anthrocera trifolii ab. ovichalca Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1 : 484. Tutt applied the name orichalca to male specimens of trifolit which had the ground colour of the fore wings a bright bronzy-green. The type is not in the British Museum. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustrella Vrty. ab. caerulea Tutt Anthrocera trifolii ab. caerulea Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 484. In this aberration the ground colour in the males is a distinct bluish-purple. The type is not in the British Museum. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustrella Vrty. ab. lutescens-basalis Tutt Anthrocera trifolii ab. lutescens-basalis Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 488. In this aberration spots 1 and 2 are joined to 3 and 4, while 5 is separate. The normal red colour is replaced by yellow. The type is not in the British Museum. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustrella Vrty. ab. lutescens-confluens Tutt Anthrocera trifolii ab. lutescens-confluens Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 488. This aberration has all the spots confluent while the normal red colour is replaced by yellow. The type is not in the British Museum. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 295 Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustrella Vrty. ab. lutescens-glycirrhizae Tutt Anthrocera trifolit ab. lutescens-glycirrhizae Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1 : 488. This aberration has the spots as in ab. glycirrhizae Hiibn. while the red is replaced by yellow. The type is not in the British Museum. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustrella Vrty. ab. intermedia Tutt Anthrocera trifolit ab. intermedia Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1 : 487. In this aberration the red is replaced by dull orange tinged with red. The type is not in the British Museum. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. decreta Verity Zygaena trifolii race decreta Verity, 1926, Ent. Rec. 38 : 57. Zygaena trifolti-major Tutt, 1897, Ent. Rec. 9 : 88 (preoccupied). [trifolii-major] (Pl. 55, fig. 24) Lectotype: 932mm. ‘“ Ham Ponds, Surrey. % vii gt ex coll. Tutt.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 651. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. decreta Vrty. ab. carnea Cockayne Zygaena trifolit ab. carnea Cockayne, 1942, Ent. Rec. 54 : 35. (Pl. 55, fig. 25) Type: $31 mm. “ Bagley Oxfd 27.vi. 04. %’’; “E. A. Cockayne 27. VI. 1904 Bagley Wood Oxford %’’; “‘ Type ab. carnea Ckyne. Ent. Rec. 1942. 54.35’ ex Cockayne collection. Slide No. 568. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. decreta Vrty. ab. obscura Tutt Anthrocera trifolit ab. obscura Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1 : 487. (Pl. 55, fig. 26) Type: $ 33 mm. “ Angleterre Coll. Battershell Gill Vendue Salle Stevens 12, 13 Avril 1886.’’ ; “‘ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1go8—-1909 Pl. XXVIII no 164’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 570. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustris Oberthiir Zygaena trifolii-palustris (Bdv.) Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20: 45. 296 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (Pl. 55, fig. 27) Lectotype: 236mm. “ Env. de Rennes Printemps 1894’’; “ trifolii palustris ”’ ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 160. The lectotype was selected in 1958 (Ent. Gaz. 9 (4) : 185). Since this publication, I have found the specimen in the Boisduval collection labelled “‘ Palustris ’’, which Oberthiir mentioned in his description. I figure this specimen on Pl. 56, fig. r. Slide No. 735. According to Oberthiir the specimen originated from Brittany. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustris Obthr. ab. nigricans Oberthiir Zygaena trifolii-palustris ab. nigricans Oberthiir, 1907, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., p. 220. (Pl. 56, fig. 5) Type: ¢ 33 mm. “Env. de Rennes 18-24 Juin 1907’’; “ Ab. nigricans, Obthr. Bull. Soc. ent. France 1907, p. 220.”’ ; “‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 638. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustris Obthr. ab. sexmaculata Oberthiir Zygaena Trifolii-Palustris (Bdv.) (6-macul.) Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 8, fig. 151. Zygaena Palustris sexmaculata Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 500. (Pl. 56, fig. 2) Type: 333mm. “Env. de Rennes Printemps 1894’’ ; “‘ Lépidoptére figuré dans la X Xe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. PI. 8 No. 151’. “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 639. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustris Obthr. ab. confluens Oberthiir Zygaena Trifolii-Palustris (Bdv.) ab. confluens Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 8, fig. 153. (Pl. 56, fig. 3) | Type: 2 37 mm. ‘Env. de Rennes Printemps 1894’’; ‘“‘ Lépidopteére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8 No. 153’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 641. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustris Obthr. ab. confluens-sexmaculata Oberthiir Zygaena Trifolii-Palustris (Bdv.) ab. confluens (6-Macul.) Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 8, fig. 152. Zygaena Palustris sexmaculata Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 500. (Pl. 56, fig. 4) Type: ¢ 33 mm. “Env. de Rennes Printemps 1893’’; “ Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8 No 152”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 640. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 297 Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. olbiana Oberthir Zygaena Olbiana Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 496. (Pl. 56, fig. 6) Type: ¢ 31mm. “ Hyéres (Var) Le Ceinturon 21-V-1906 Rd Powell.’’; “A servi de Modéle 4 J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie com- parée 1908-1909 Pl. XXVIII No 168’’; ‘ Olbiana, Obthr. forme de trifolii, Lépidopt. comparée IV. trg10 g.’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 647. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. duponcheliana Oberthiir Zygaena Duponcheliana Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 495. (Pl. 56, fig. 7) Type: $¢ 31mm. “ Pyrénées Orientales Vernet-les-Bains R. Oberthiir Eté 1891 ”’ ; ‘“Lépidoptére figuré dans la XXe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8 No. 150”’; ‘forma: Duponcheliana, Obthr. Lépid. comparée IV—rg10.”’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 646. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. syracusia Zeller Zygaena Syvacusia Zeller, 1847, Isis von oken., p. 301. Zygaena syracusiae auctorum. (Pl. 56, fig. 8) Lectotype: ¢ 30 mm. “ Syracuz excl. 17/5 44.”’. ex Zeller collection. Slide No. 648. The correct spelling is syracusia, not syracusiae, which has been used by various authors in the past. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. trinacria Verity Zygaena lonicerae race trinacria Verity, 1917, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., p. 224. Zygaena trifolii ssp. trinacria Verity, 1926, Ent. Rec. 38: 11. (Pl. 56, fig. 9) Lectotype: ¢ 34mm. “ Sicilia Lupo 5 Kr. E. Ragusa’’; “31”’; “ Sicily, Coll. E. Ragusa.”’ ; “race trinacria Vrty. spec. typicum.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 669. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. trinacria Vrty. ab. krugeri Ragusa Anthocere [sic] Trifolii syracusia var. Kriigeri Ragusa, 1924, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici. 18 : 88. 298 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (Pl. 56, fig. ro) Lectotype: 2 36mm. “Sicilia Lupo. 6 Kr. E. Ragusa’; “26”; “ Sicily, coll. E. Ragusa.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 670. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. caerulescens Reiss Zygaena trifolit ssp. caerulescens Reiss, 1936, Ent. Rdsch. 54: 90, pl. 2, figs. Zygaena australis var. caerulescens Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4: 493 (ab. caerulescens Obthr. name invalid). (Pl. 56, fig. 11) Lectotype: g 28mm. “ Sierra de Alfakar R. Obr. & L. Bl. Juillet 1879’’; “ Ab. caerulescens Obthr. Lépid. comparée. IV—1g10 ”’ ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 645. Although Oberthiir used the term “ var’’, the text implies that he was referring to an aberration. However, the form has since proved.to be a good subspecies and apparently it is Reiss who first quoted caerulescens as a subspecies. According to the rules of nomenclature Reiss is the correct author of the subspecific name caerulescens. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. barcelonensis Reiss f.t. intricata Sagarra ab. depravata Sagarra Zygaena trifolii {. depravata Sagarra, 1925, Butll. Inst. catal. Hist. nat. (2) 5 : 273. Zygaena clorinda Bethune-Baker, 1926, Ent. Rec. 38 : 84. [clorinda] (Pl. 56, fig. 17) Holotype: ¢ 24mm. “CATALONIA Llobregat 2 m. 4.10. 25. Querci’’; “ 290”’, on the reverse side of the data label is written ‘“‘ Zygaena quercii B-B. Type 3’. ex Bethune-Baker collection. Slide No. 650. The holotype and allotype are labelled ‘‘ Zygaena quercii’’, but the valid name is clorinda, which is however, synonymous with depravata Sagarra. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. australis Oberthiir Zygaena Australis (Lederer) Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4: 491. (Pl. 56, fig. 12) Lectotype: g 28 mm. “ Algérie Lambéze L. Bleuse Juin 1885’’; “australis, sec. Obthr. Lépid. compar. [V-1g10’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 644. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. australis Obthr. ab. aurorina Oberthiir Zygaena australis ab. aurorina Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 493. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 299 (Pl. 56, fig. 13) Lectotype: $31mm. “ Algérie Lambése J. Merkl. Juin 1884’ ; ‘‘ aurorina Obthr. Lépid. compar. [V—r1g10.”’ ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 642. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. australis Obthr. ab. ruficostata Holl Zygaena trifolii australis ab. ruficostata Holl, 1912, Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Afr. N. 4 (6) : 117. (Pl. 56, fig. 14) Type: § 24mm. “H. Dey 18.6. 10’’; “‘ Type décrit Bul. S.H.N. de l’Afr. du Nord No. 6. 15.6. 12 page 117’; “‘ Collection Capt. HOLL.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 674. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. seriziati Oberthiir Zygaena Seriziati Oberthiir, 1876, Et. d’Ent. 1 : 33. (Pl. 56, fig. 15) Type: $ 29 mm. “Collo’’; “ Zygaena Seriziati, Oberthiir Etud. d’Entomol. IIe liv’on, pl. V, fig. 7. page 41) ’’; .“‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 643. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. diffusemarginata Rothschild Zygaena trifolit diffusemarginata Rothschild, 1933, Novit. zool. 38 : 324. (Pl. 56, fig. x6) Type: $ 32mm. “ Hauta Kasdir Marruecos m. 1750 Ferrer 15-7-32”’; “ 310’’; “ Zygaena trifolii diffusomarginata Rothsch. Type’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 649. The published name is diffusemarginata, and is the valid name although “ diffusomarginata ’’ is written on the pin label. Zygaena lonicerae Scheven Sphinx lonicerae Scheven, 1777, Naturf. 10: 97. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ab. asymetrica Oberthiir Zygaena Lonicerae ab. asymetrica Oberthiir, 1911, Lép. Comp. 5 (1) : 197, pl. 63, fig. 587. (Pl. 56, fig. 18) Type: 235mm. “abb.deLonicerae”’ ; “ ex. coll. Reynald de Lyon”’ ; “‘ Zygaena Lonicerae 2 Lépid. comparée. Vol. V-No. 587.’’; ‘‘ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 66r. 300 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ab. citrina Speyer Zygaena lonicerae ab. citrina Speyer, 1887, Stettin. ent. Zig. 48 : 334. Zygaena Lonicerae ab. flava Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20: 43, pl. 8, fig. 148. [flava] (Pl. 56, fig. 19) Type: 239 mm. ‘“ Cevennes.”’; “Ex. Coll. Bellier”; “ Lépidoptére figuré dans la X Xe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8 No. 148’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 654. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. cuneata Tutt Anthrocera lonicerae ab. cuneata Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 468. (Pl. 56, fig. 20) Type: ¢30mm. “Chattenden 24.vi. 93’; ‘‘ Tutt Coll.’’; “ type cuneata ”’. ex Tutt collection. Slide No. 573. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. miniata Tutt Anthrocera lonicerae ab. miniata Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 467. (Pl. 57, fig. 31) Type: ¢ 26mm. “ Tutt Coll. Chattenden, 30.v. 94’’; “ type miniata’’. ex Tutt collection. Slide No. 574. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. centripuncta Tutt Anthrocera lonicerae ab. centripuncta Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 468. (Pl. 56, fig. 21) Lectotype: 2 34 mm. “ centripuncta Chattenden vii. 92’’; “‘ Tutt coll.”. ex Tutt collection. Slide No. 572. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. minor Tutt Anthrocera lonicerae ab. minor Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1 : 467. (Pl. 56, fig. 22) Type: ¢ 24mm. “ Tutt Coll. Chattenden. 30.v. 94”; “ type minor ”’. ex Tutt collection. Slide No. 571. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. trivittata Tutt Anthrocera lonicerae ab. trivitiata Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 468. This aberration has the spots of the fore wings joined into three longitudinal streaks as follows: 1,2 + 4,3 +5. The type is notin the British Museum. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM) 301 Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. eboracae Prest Zygaena eboracae Prest, 1883, Entomologist, 16 : 274. (Pl. 56, fig. 23) Lectotype: $ 30 mm. “Z. ‘Eboracae’ Prests Sale 1884.’’; ‘‘ Var Eboracae W. Prest’’; ‘‘ Angleterre ex. Coll. Howard Vaughan vendue Salle Stevens 22 & 23 Avril 1890’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 680. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. grisescens Cockayne Zygaena lonicerae ab. grisescens Cockayne, 1954, Ent. Rec. 66 : 67. (Pl. 56, fig. 24) , Type: ¢32mm. “coll. Gregson”’ ; “S. Webb coll Barrett pl. 59. 3c.’’; ‘‘ Type ab. grisescens Cockayne 1954 ”’. ex R. Adkin collection. Slide No. 575. This specimen is figured by Barrett, Lepidoptera of the British Isles, 2, pl. 59, fig. 3c. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. f. loc. latomarginata Tutt Anthrocera lonicerae var. latomarginata Tutt, 1899, Brit. Lep. 1: 468. (Pl. 56, fig. 25) Lectotype: ¢ 35 mm. “ Filey, Yorkshire. vii. 1892 ex coll. Tutt.”’ ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 663. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. insularis Tremewan Zygaena lonicerae ssp. insularis Tremewan, 1960, Ent. Gaz. 11 (4) : Tor. (Pl. 56, fig. 26) Holotype: 2 36 mm. “ Armagh, vii. 1890 ex coll. Tutt.’’; “ Z. lonicerae ssp. insularis Tremewan. Holotype 9 det. W. G. Tremewan, 1959.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 679. The specimen was taken at Mullinures, Co. Armagh, according to Tutt, vide Brit. Lep. 1 : 468. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey Zygaena Lonicerae var. Major Frey, 1880, Lep. Schweiz, p. 67. (Pl. 56, fig. 27) Lectotype: 941mm. “‘ Z. Lonicerae Var. Major. Frey. St. Nicolas.”’. ex Frey collection. Slide No. 652. 3022 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey ab. confluens Oberthiir Zygaena Dubia ab. confluens Oberthiir, 1896, Et. d’Ent. 20, pl. 8, fig. 147. Zygaena Lonicerae ab. confluens Oberthiir, 1911, Lép. Comp. 5 (1) : 197, pl. 63, fig. 586. [confluens Oberthiir, 1896] (Pl. 57, fig. 2) Type: 3 37 mm. “ Vernet-l-Bains R. Oberthiir Juillet 1885.; ‘‘ Lépidoptére figuré dans la X Xe livraison des Etudes d’Entomol. Pl. 8 No. 147’’; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 346. An examination of the genitalia showed the specimen to be an aberration of lonicerae Scheven. (confluens Oberthiir, 1911] (Pl. 57, fig. 3) Type: 239mm. “ Vernet-l-Bains R. Oberthiir Juillet 1885.’’; ‘‘ Zygaena Loni- cerae 2 Lépid. comparée Vol. V. No. 586.’’ ; “ coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 662. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey ab. incendium Oberthiir Zygaena lonicerae-incendium Oberthiir, 1909, Lép. Comp. 3, pl. 22, fig. 105. (Pl. 57, fig. 1) Type: ¢ 40 mm. “ Valais, Plan Cerisier prés Martigny. 1907 Juin—A. Wull- schlegel.’’ ; ‘“‘ A servi de Modeéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909. Pl. XXII fig. 105’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 653. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey ab. nigerrima Curtis Zygaena trifolii ab. nigerrima Curtis, 1934, Ent. Rec. 46 : 37, pl. 1, fig. 3. Type: 2 36 mm. “ Maurin pres Barcelonette. Basses Alpes, France 1/10 : viii: 1932 W. P. Curtis’’; “ 23587 ZYGAENA trifolii Esp. ab nigerrima Curtis detd by W. P. Curtis 23 : ix : 1933’. ex Curtis collection. The abdomen of this specimen is unfortunately missing, but I am confident that this is an aberration of lonicerae Scheven. It has been suggested that it is a trans- alpina Esp. (vide Ent. Rec. 46 : 37), but the position of the spots on the fore wings eliminates this species. H. Reiss has also determined the specimen as an aberration of lonicerae Scheven. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 303 Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp major Frey ab. semidiaphana Stauder Zygaena lonicerae major f. semidiaphana Stauder, 1929, Ent. Z. 43 : 80. (Pl. 57, fig. 5) Type: 2 33 mm. “ Teriol. mer. Castelrotto g00 m. 22.7. 1928 H. Stauder ”’ ; “6812’’; “‘lonicerae f.n. semidiaphana Stdr.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 682. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. kindermanni Oberthiir Zygaena lonicerae Kindermanni Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp. 4 : 544 (partim). (Pl. 57, fig. 6) Lectotype: 3 32 mm. “stochadis Kindermann’’; “ stoechadis-Kindermanni, Obthr. Lépid. comparee IV-1g10’’; “‘EX Coll. DE GRASLIN’”’; coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 553. There are eight specimens in the Oberthiir collection. Two of these specimens -are from the de Graslin collection and are labelled ‘‘ stochadis Kindermann ’’. Two specimens are from the Guenée collection ; one labelled “‘ Russie ’’, the second label- led ‘‘ Russie? ’’. Four specimens are from the Boisduval collection and are without data. I have selected as the lectotype a specimen from the de Graslin collection which, according to the label, was collected by Kindermann. Further there are nineteen specimens in the Oberthiir collection which had been referred to kindermanni by Oberthiir. They are not a subspecies of lonicerae but filipendulae L. from Spain and have been described by Burgeff under the name of himmighofeni. Four specimens are from the de Graslin collection, two of these are labelled “‘ stoechadis oct. barcelonne Stgr.’’ ; the third specimen is labelled “ Staudin. Stoechadis. Catalogne ’’ while the fourth specimen is labelled “‘ Beck. janvier 55’. Six specimens are from the Guenée collection of which two are labelled “‘ Barcelon ’’, two “‘ Andales’’, one labelled ‘‘ Catalogne ’’ while the sixth specimen has no data. A specimen from the Boisduval collection is also without data. Of the eight re- maining specimens, seven are from the Bellier collection ; four are labelled ‘‘ Espagne, Barcelone’’ and three are without data. Finally a specimen labelled “‘ Espagne ”’ has no indication of the collector or the collection from which it originated. Oberthiir stated that kindermanni from the Caucasus is the same form as that collected by Himmighoffen from Catalonia. In addition to the lectotype I figure a specimen from Catalonia which was labelled kindermanni by Oberthiir and which is in fact a subspecies of filipendulae L., Pl. 57, fig. 7. . The data of the specimen is as follows: ‘“‘ Staudin. stoechadis. Catalogne’’ ; “303”; “ex. Coll. DE GRASLIN’”’; Stoechadis-Kindermanni Obthr. Lépid. compar. IV. r910’’; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 655. ENTOM. 10, 7. 22 304 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM ADDENDUM Subg. MESEMBRYNUS Hiibner Zygaena speciosa Reiss Zygaena speciosa Reiss, 1937, Ent. Rdsch. 54 : 466. Zygaena speciosa Reiss ssp. suleimanicola Reiss Zygaena speciosa var. suleimanicola Reiss, 1937, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges. 27 : 165. (Pl. 57, fig. 11) Cotype: 9 31 mm. “ Persia sept. Elburs mts. c.s. Tacht i Suleiman. Sardab Tal (Heéeréam) 4200 m. 20.7. 37 E. Pfeiffer & W. Forster Miinchen leg.’ ; “‘ Cotype 9 suleimanicola Reiss 1937. H. Reiss ”’. Slide No. 739. Zygaena corsica Boisduval Zygaena corsica Boisduval, 1829, Mon. Zyg., p. 81, pl. 5, fig. 2. Zygaena corsica Boisd. ssp. sardiniensis Holik Zygaena corsica ssp. sardiniensis Holik, 1936, Lambillionea, 36 : 226. (PI. 57, fig. 9) . Cotype: ¢ 25 mm. “ Aritzo Sardinia goo m. 23.6. 35 Dr. H. Bytinski-Salz”’ ; “ Cotypus ”’. Slide No. 726. There are four cotypes in the British Museum. Zygaena corycia Staudinger Zygaena Brizae Esp. v. Corycia Staudinger, 1878, Horae Soc. ent. Ross. 14 : 318. Zygaena corycia Stdgr. ssp. staudingeriana Reiss Zygaena corycia var. staudingeriana Reiss, 1932, Int. ent. Z. 26 : 270. (Pl. 57, fig. 10) Cotype : g 25 mm. ‘“ Becharre Libanon Juni 31. Kulzer.’”’; “‘CO-TYPE VON Z. CORYCIA SSP. STAUDINGERIANA REISS ”’. Slide No. 283. Zygaena alpherakyi Sheljuzhko Zygaena Alphevakyi (Chr.i.l.) Sheljuzhko, 1936, Folia zool. hydrobiol. 9 : 17. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM $305 Zygaena alpherakyi Shelj. ssp. ossetica Holik Zygaena alpherakyi ssp. ossetica Holik, 1939, Ann. mus. zool. Polon. 13 : 248. (Pl. 57, fig. 12) Cotype: § 33 mm. “ Karaugom 1800, 17. VII leg. R. Wojtusiak’’; ‘ Polska Wyprawa na Kaukaz VII-VIII. 1935’’; “ Z. alpherakyi ssp. ossetica Holik. COTVEE.. Slide No. 729. There are two cotypes in the British Museum. Zygaena diaphana Staudinger Zygaena pilosellae var. diaphana Staudinger, 1887, Berl. ent. Z. 31 : 31. (Pl. 57, fig. 13) Paralectotype: § 29 mm. “ Hadjin v. diaphana’’; ‘18/5’; “‘ Origin.”’; ‘ex collect. Staudinger.”’ ; “ Z. purpuralis diaphana Stgr. det. O.Holik ”’. ex Zoologisches Museum, Berlin. Slide No. 192. A lectotype was selected in 1958 and is now in the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin (vide Ent. Gaz. 9 (4) : 183, 1958). Zygaena diaphana Stdgr. ssp. sareptensis Rebel Zygaena purpuralis var. sareptensis Rebel, 1901, in Staudinger & Rebel’s Cat. Lep., p. 380. (Pl. 57, fig. 14) Paralectotype: 2 36 mm. “Sarepta go. Wick’’; “ex collect. Staudinger ”’ ; ‘“‘ Z. purpuralis sareptensis Stgr. det. O. Holik ”’. ex Zoologisches Museum, Berlin. Slide No. 193. A lectotype was selected in 1958 and is now in the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin (vide Ent. Gaz. 9 (4) : 183, 1958). Subg. AGRUMENIA Hiibner Zygaena johannae Le Cerf Zygaena Johannae Le Cerf, 1923, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., p. 224. Zygaena johannae Le Cerf ssp. turbeti Le Cerf Zygaena johannae ssp. turbeti Le Cerf, 1929, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., p. 263. (Pl. 57, fig. 15) Cotype: g 22 mm. ‘“ MAROC Moyen Atlas’’; ‘ich bou Nageur 1 er.-VII-19209. 3,300-3,400 m. F. Le Cerf’’; ‘““COTYPE’’; “ Zyg. johannae-turbeti Le Cf. dg Cotype F. Le Cerf det.”’. Slide No. 740. There are three cotypes in the British Museum. ENTOM, I0, 7. 22§ 306 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Zygaena cocandica Erschoff Zygaena cocandica Erschoff, 1874, in Fedtshenko, Lep. Turkestan, p. 28, pl. 2, fig. 22. Zygaena cocandica Ersch. ssp. banghaasi Burgefi Zygaena cocandica banghaast Burgeff, 1927, Horae Macrolep. 1 : 56, pl. 9, figs. 18, 19. (Pl. 57, fig. 16) Cotype: ¢ 27mm. ‘“ Dombratschi Buchara merid. 28 juli 2000 m.’’; ‘‘ Co-Type e Collection Bang-Haas’’; “ 690”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 737. There are six cotypes in the British Museum. Zygaena mangeri Burgeff Zygaena mangeri Burgeff, 1927, Horae Macrolep. 1: 55, pl. 9, fig. 17. (Pl. 57; fig. 17) Cotype: 2 27 mm. “ Paghman Gbg. Kabul Afghanistan r926’’; “115”; ‘‘ Co- Type e Collection Bang-Haas ’’ ; “ mangeri’”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 657. Zygaena escalerai Poujade Zygaena Escalevai Poujade, 1900, Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris, 6 (2) : 68. (Pl. 57, fig. 18) Paratype: ¢22mm. “ Haut-Kharoum, Chindaar (Vallée) Escalera VI-VIT 1899 ”’ ; ‘“‘Z. Escalerai Pouj. (Type) ’’’; ‘“‘ A servi de Modéle a J. Culot de Genéve, pour la IIIe livraison de Lépidoptérologie comparée 1908-1909 Pl. XXVIII No. 172”; “coll. Ch. Oberthiir.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 520. The type of escalerai Pouj. is in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. The above indicated specimen is labelled “‘type’’ but should be considered a paratype. Zygaena olivieri Boisduval Zygaena olivieri Boisduval, 1829, Mon. Zyg., p. 98, pl. 6, fig. 4. Zygaena olivieri Boisd. ssp. libanicola Burgeff Zygaena olivieri libanicola Burgeff, 1927, Horae Maerolep. 1: 55. | (Pl. 57, fig. 19) Cotype: ¢ 27mm. “ Libanon or. Zahlé’”’; ‘‘ Co-Type e Collection Bang-Haas ”’ ; “26, ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 738. There are two cotypes in the British Museum. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRIC1US IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 307 Zygaena sogdiana Erschoff Zygaena sogdiana Erschoff, 1874, in Fedtshenko, Lep. Turkestan, p. 27, pl. 2, fig. 20. Zygaena sogdiana Ersch. ssp. tshimganica Holik Zygaena sogdiana ssp. tshimganica Holik, 1936, Ent. Rdsch. 53: 5. (Pl. 57, fig. 20) Cotype: § 29 mm. “ Tian-Shan oc. Tshimgan 1500-1600 m. alt. 30.vi. 1934 L. Sheljuzhko leg’; ‘‘ 482’’ ; “ Co-Type e Collection Bang-Haas ’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 742. There are two cotypes in the British Museum. Zygaena formosa Herrich-Schaffer Zygaena Formosa Herrich-Schaffer, 1851, Schmett. Europa, 2, pl. 14, fig. 99. Zygaena Formosa Herrich-Schaffer, 1854, Schmett. Europa, 6 : 45. Zygaena formosa H.-S. ssp. kotzschi Reiss Zygaena kotzschi Reiss, 1935, Int. ent. Z. 28 : 489. (Pl. 57, fig. 21) Cotype: § 25 mm. “ Armenien Khashkhash-Dagh Gerdll-Sitidabhang. 3200 m. I.-10. 7. leg. Kotzsch’’ ; ‘“‘ Cotype ¢ Kotzschi Reiss 1935. H. Reiss’’. Slide No. 741. There are two cotypes in the British Museum. Zygaena carniolica Scopoli Sphinx carniolica Scopoli, 1763, Ent. Carniol., p. 189. Zygaena carniolica Scop. ssp. syrmica Holik Zygaena carniolica var. syrmica Holik, 1939, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges. 29 : 183. (Pl. 57, fig. 23) Cotype: 929 mm. “Slavonia Fruska Gora 28.6.-12.7. 35. No 6462 W. Forster Miinchen.”’ ; “‘ Z. carniolica v. syrmica Holik COTYPE.”’. Slide No. 732. Zygaena carniolica Scop. ssp. parisiensis Holik Zygaena carniolica ssp. modesta var. parisiensis Holik, 1938, Lambillionea, 38 : 159. 3088 THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (Pl. 57, fig. 22) Paratype: ¢ 28mm... ‘“ LARDY (S. & O.) 14.7.36 Coll. Le Charles ’’ ; ‘‘ MUSEUM PARIS 1958 coll. L. Le Charles’; ‘“‘ PARATYPE ’’; “ COTYPE”’. Slide No. 733. There are two paratypes in the British Museum. Zygaena loti Schiffermiiller & Denis Sphinx loti Schiffermiiller & Denis, 1775, Wien. Verz., p. 45. Zygaena loti S. & D. ssp. karatshaica Sheljuzhko Zygaena achilleae ssp. kavatshaica Sheljuzhko, 1936, Folia. zool. hydrobiol. 9 : 19. (Pl. 57, fig. 24) Cotype: $ 32mm. “ Teberda (Cauc. S.) 26. VII 1933. L. Sheljuzhko leg. coll. L. Sheljuzhko ”’ ; ‘“‘ Co-Type e Collection Bang-Haas.”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 728. There are nine cotypes in the British Museum. Subg. ZYGAENA Fabricius Zygaena erebus Staudinger Zygaena evebus Staudinger, 1867, Stettin. ent. Zig. 28 : 101. Zygaena erebus Stdgr. ssp. chaos Burgeff Zygaena chaos Burgeff, 1926, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges. 16: 15. (Pl. 57, fig. 25) Cotype: ¢ 28 mm. “ Z. chaos Begff. cot. Bethania (Georg) leg. Tkatschukoff.”’ ; “118”; “ Co-Type e Collection Bang-Haas ”’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 743. Zygaena nevadensis Rambur Zygaena nevadensis Rambur, 1858, Cat. Syst. Andal., p. 166, pl. 1, fig. to. Zygaena nevadensis Ramb. ssp. schmidti Reiss Zygaena scabiosae ssp. schmidti Reiss, 1931, Int. ent. Z. 26: 112. (Pl. 57, fig. 26) Cotype: g 27 mm. “Arenas S. Pedro Prov. Avila vi. 1927 A. SCHMIDT.” ; “ Cotype gf schmidti Reiss 1931. H. Reiss’’, ex Rothschild collection, Slide No. 727. THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 309 Zygaena filipendulae Linnaeus Sphinx filipendulae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. X, p. 494 (with reference to Fauna Suecica, p- 256, 1746). Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. calxensis Le Charles Zygaena filtpendulae calxensis Le Charles, 1949, Rév. franc. Lépid. 12: 179. — (Pl. 57, fig. 27) Paratype: g 33 mm. “Env. de PEYRELEAU Aveyron 14-17 vii 36 L. Le Charles’’; ‘MUSEUM PARIS 1958 coll. L. Le Charles’’; ‘‘ PARATYPE ’’. Slide No. 734. There are two paratypes in the British Museum. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. ciscaucasica Sheljuzhko Zygaena filipendulae ssp. ciscaucasica Sheljuzhko, 1936, Folia zool. hydrobiol. 9 : 20. (Pl. 57, fig. 28) Cotype: 32mm. “ Teberda (Cauc. S.) 23. VII 1933. L. Sheljuzhko leg. Coll. L. Sheljuzhko ’’ ; “ Co-Type e Collection Bang-Haas ’’. ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 730. There are nine cotypes in the British Museum. Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. wojtusiaki Holik Zygaena filipendulae ssp. wojtusiaki Holik, 1939, Ann. mus. zool. Polon. 13 : 254. (Pl. 57, fig. 29) | Cotype: 2 34 mm. “ Karaugom 1800—20. VII leg. R. Wojtusiak’’; ‘“ Polska Wyprawa na Kaukaz VII-VIII. 1935’; “‘Z. filipend. ssp. wojtusiaki Holik COTYPE”’. Slide No. 731. Zygaena lonicerae Scheven Sphinx lonicerae Scheven, 1777, Naturf. 10 : 97. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. deludens Koch Zygaena lonicerae ssp. deludens Koch, 1944, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges. 34 : 72. (Pl. 57, fig. 30) Paratype: 235 mm. “ Bav. mer. Eisenburg Memmingen M.41. No. W. Forster. Miinchen ’’; ‘““ PARATYPE Zygaena lonicerae deludens Koch ”’. The genitalia of this specimen are missing. INDEX (Synonyms and preoccupied names are placed in italics) achillalpina Bgff., 268 achillfilipendulae Stdr., 289 adalberti Obthr., 276 aestivalis Obthr., 278 afghana Moore, 253 agilis Reiss, 259 albana Beff., 243 albipes Vrty., 250 alfacarensis Reiss, 272 algira Dup., 257 allardi Obthr., 261 alluaudi Obthr., 255 alpherakyi Shelj., 304 alpina Boisd., 277 alpina Obthr., 268 altaratensis Le Charles, 266 altitudinaria Turati, 278 amoena Stdgr., 264 anceps Obthr., 290 anglica Reiss, 281 anglicola Trmn., 284 anthyllidis Boisd., 271 apenina Obthr., 264 apennina Turati, 264 apocrypha Le Charles, 258 aspera Beff., 269 asymetrica Obthr. (carniolica), 264 asymetrica Obthr. (lonicerae), 299 athamanthae Esp., 275 athicaria Bgff., 278 aurantia Tutt, 286 aurantiaca Holl., 258 aurantiaca Obthr. (hilaris), 257 aurantiaca Obthr. (transalpina), 278 aurata Blach., 245 aurorina Obthr., 298 australis Obthr., 298 avinoffi Hamps., 253 bachagha Obthr., 257 balearica Boisd., 249 banghaasi Bgff., 242, 306 barbara H.-S., 260 barcelonensis Reiss, 298 barcina Vrty., 272 bicolor Holl., 258 bicolor Obthr. (hilaris), 256 bicolor Obthr. (occitanica), 263 blachieri Roths., 245 borreyi Obthr., 247 brunnea Obthr. (fausta), 259 brunnea Obthr. (loti), 269 brunnescens Cockayne, 285 cadillaci Obthr., 247 caerulea Tutt, 294 caerulescens Obthr., 298 caerulescens Reiss, 298 calabrochsenheimeri Stdr., 290 calxensis Le Charles, 309 cambysea Led., 242 campaniae Rebel, 290 carmencita Obthr., 248 carnea Cockayne, 295 carniolica Scop., 263, 307 carnioligiussana Stdr., 291 castellana Stdr., 269 centralis Obthr., 279 centripuncta Tutt, 300 chaos Beff., 308 charon Boisd., 288 cingulata Frey, 281 cingulata Obthr., 272 cingulata Ragusa, 282 cingulata Reiss, 247 ciscaucasica Shelj., 309 citrina Obthr., 251 citrina Spey., 300 clara Tutt, 265 clorinda B.-B., 298 cocandica Ersch., 242, 253, 306 concolor Obthr., 258 confluens Obthr. (cuvieri), 244 confiuens Obthr. (exulans), 266 confluens Obthr. (filipendulae anglicola), 284 confluens Obthr. (filipendulae syriaca), 293 confluens Obthr. (graslini), 271 confluens Obthr. (hilaris), 256 confiluens Obthr. (lonicerae), 302 confluens Obthr. (trifolii), 296 confluens Tutt., 281 confluens-sexmaculata Obthr., 296 conjuncta Tutt, 285 contaminei Boisd., 249 contristans Obthr., 261 corsica Boisd., 245, 304 corycia Stdgr., 304 costazzina Stdr., 278 cuneata Tutt, 300 cuvieri Boisd., 244 dahurica Boisd., 282 dalmatina Boisd., 242, 283 decolorata Stdr., 276 decora Led., 281 decreta Vrty., 295 degenerata Trmn., 287 deludens Koch, 309 depravata Sag., 298 detschi Obthr., 263 diaphana Stdgr., 250, 305 diffusemarginata Roths., 299 diniensis H.-S., 263 dubia Stdgr., 292 duponcheli Vrty., 290 duponcheliana Obthr., 297 dupuyi Obthr. (carniolica), 263 dupuyi Obthr. (fausta), 259 eboracae Prest., 301 ephialtes L., 274 erebus Stdgr., 242, 308 erythraeformis Vrty., 250 erythrus Hiibn., 242, 250 escalerai Pouj., 306 escorialensis Obthr., 257 esperi Obthr., 275 excelsa Roths., 255 extrema Tutt, 294 exulans R. & H., 265 faitensis Stdr., 249 falcatae Hiibn., 275 falcatae Obthr., 274 fausta L., 258 favonia Frr., 242, 245, 246 felix Obthr., 255 filipendulae L., 242, 284, 303, 309 flava Obthr. (exulans), 267 flava Obthr. (filipendulae anglicola), 286 flava Obthr. (filipendulae duponcheli), 290 flava Obthr. (hippocrepidis), 279 flava Obthr. (lonicerae), 300 flava Obthr. (loti), 267 flava Obthr. (rhadamanthus), 272 flava Obthr. (sarpedon), 248 flava Obthr. (transalpina), 277 flava Robs., 286 INDEX flava Roths., 246 flavescens Roths., 250 flavilinea Tutt, 267 formosa H.-S., 307 fortunata Ramb., 259 foulquieri Obthr., 257 fracticingulata Roths., 246 fraxini Mén., 254 galliae Obthr., 256 gallica Obthr., 242, 283 giussana Stdr., 282 graeca Tutt, 252 graslini Led., 270 grisea Obthr., 272 griseorosea Cockayne, 285 grisescens Cockayne, 301 grisescens Obthr. (filipendulae), 284 grisescens Obthr. (transalpina), 277 guenéei Obthr., 272 hajebensis Reiss & Trmn., 261 harterti Roths., 262 hedysari Hiibn., 264 hellena Beff., 252 helvetica Roths. & B.-B., 276 heringi Zell., 252 hibernica Reiss, 251 hilaris Ochs., 256 himmighofeni Bgff., 303 hippocrepidis Hiibn., 278 hybridophila Stdr., 290 impar Obthr., 277 incendium Obthr., 302 insularis Trmn., 301 intermedia Roths., 247 intermedia Tutt (filipendulae), 286 intermedia Tutt (trifolii), 295 intricata Sag., 298 italica-aestivalis Obthr., 269 janthina Boisd., 268 johannae Le Cerf, 305 junceae Obthr., 259 karatshaica Shelj., 308 kiesenwettert H.-S., 273 kiesenwetterii H.-S., 272 kindermanni Obthr., 303 kotzschi Reiss, 307 kriigeri Ragusa, 297 lahayei Obthr., 260 311 312 latecincta Reiss & Trmn., 253 lathyri Boisd., 252 latomarginata Tutt, 301 lavandulae Esp., 274 libanicola Bgff., 306 limitans Roths., 260 littoralis Roths., 247 lonicerae Schev., 299, 309 loti S. & D., 267, 308 loyselis Obthr., 245, 248 lutescens Tutt (filipendulae), 287 lutescens Tutt (purpuralis), 251 lutescens-basalis Tutt, 294 lutescens-confluens Tutt, 294 lutescens-glycirrhizae Tutt, 295 major Frey, 301 major Tutt (trifolii-major), 295 mana Kirby, 242 mangeri Bgff., 306 marcuna Obthr., 255 maritima Obthr., 276 maroccana Roths., 262 maroccensis Reiss, 247 media Roths., 262 medusa Pallas, 275 melilocampantae Stdr., 290 melilochsenheimeri Stdr., 290 melilodubia Stdr., 292 melilofilipendulae Stdr., 289 melilorestricta Stdr., 269 melilotoides Ragusa, 282 melusina Obthr. (carniolica), 263 melusina Obthr. (fausta), 259 meridiei Bgff., 276 meridionalis Bgff., 276 meridionalis Obthr., 279 micingulata Obthr., 280 miniacea Obthr., 267 miniata Tutt (filipendulae), 286 miniata Tutt (lonicerae), 300 minor Tutt (exulans), 267 minor Tutt (filipendulae), 287 minor Tutt (lonicerae), 300 modesta Begff., 263 montana Roths., 246 nedroma Obthr., 260 nevadensis Ramb., 242, 308 nigerrima Curtis, 302 nigricans Obthr. (hippocrepidis), 279 nigricans Obthr. (trifolii), 296 nigrolimbata Cockayne, 285 niphona Butl., 283 INDEX nissent Roths., 273 nobilis Reiss, 254 oberthiiri B.-B., 260 obscura Obthr., 271 obscura Tutt (purpuralis), 251 obscura Tutt (trifolii), 241, 295 obsoleta Tutt, 294 , occidentalis Obthr. (hippocrepidis), 280 occidentalis Obthr. (loyselis), 245 occidentis Bgff., 245 occitanica de Vill., 262 ochsenheimeri Zell., 288 olbiana Obthr., 297 olivacea Roths., 246 olivieri Boisd., 254, 306 onobrychis Esp., 264 ononidis Mill., 256 optima Reiss, 254 orana Dup., 260 oribasus H.-S., 254 orichalca Tutt, 294 ossetica Holik, 305 oxytropis Boisd., 273 pallens Obthr., 275 pallida Obthr., 275 pallida Tutt (exulans), 265 pallida Tutt (filipendulae), 288 pallidior Obthr., 280 palustrella Vrty., 293 palustris Obthr., 295 pamira Shelj., 253 parisiensis Holik, 307 pefialabrica Frndz., 249 powelli Obthr. (favonia), 246 powelli Obthr. (lavandulae), 274 powelli Obthr. (orana), 261 praestans Obthr., 265 proconfluens Tutt, 284 provincialis Obthr., 279 pseudoberolinensis Bgff., 265 pseudodiaphana Trmn., 252 pseudofaitensis Stdr., 243 pseudorubicundis Stdr., 249 pulchra Tutt, 266 punctachilleae Stdr., 269 puncimeliloti Stdr., 269 punctum Ochs., 249, 284 purpuralis Briinn., 242, 251, 283 pygmaea Cockayne, 293 pyrenes Vrty., 288 quadrimaculata Obthr., 268 INDEX 313 quinquejuncta Tutt, 285 quinquemacula B.-B., 290 quinguemaculata Obthr. (filipendulae pyr- enes), 288 quinquemaculata Obthr. (filipendulae syri- aca), 293 quinquemaculata Obthr. (rhadamanthus), 271 ramburii H.-S., 292 restituta Rocci, 289 restricta Stdr., 269 rhadamanthus Esp., 271 rvognada Boisd., 254 romeo Dup., 283 rosa Obthr., 292 rosea Obthr., 280 rothschildi Reiss, 253 vothschildiana Reiss, 262 vubbedaria Tutt, 266 rubicundus Hiibn., 242, 243, 250 rubricollis Hamps., 242, 244 ruficostata Holl., 299 sabulosa Trmn., 252 sardiniensis Holik, 304 sareptensis Rebel, 251, 305 sarpedon Hiibn., 248 scabiosae Schev., 283 scheveni Obthr., 275 schmidti Reiss, 308 seeboldi Obthr., 292 segontii Trmn., 251 semidiaphana Stdr., 303 separata Tutt, 251 seriziati Obthr., 299 sexmacula Dziurz., 268 sexmaculata Obthr. (filipendulae pyrenes), 288 sexmaculata Obthr. (filipendulae syriaca), 292 _ sexmaculata Obthr. (trifolii), 296 sexpunctata Tutt, 281 siciliana Reiss, 265 sicilica Ragusa, 265 siciliensis Vrty., 289 sicula Calb., 282 siepii Obthr., 274 sogdiana Ersch., 307 sorrentina Stdgr., 277 speciosa Reiss, 304 spoliata Cockayne, 285 staechadis Boisd., 273 staudingeriana Reiss, 304 stentzii Frr., 282 stephensi Dupont, 287 striata Tutt, 266 stygia Beff., 271 subochracea White, 266 suleimanicola Reiss, 304 syracusia Zell., 297 syriaca Obthr., 292 syrmica Holik, 307 teriolensis Spey., 281 theryi de Joannis, 273 totirubra Seitz, 264 transalpina Esp., 243, 276, 289, 302 transferens Vrty., 300 translonicerae Stdr., 289 tricolor Obthr. (carniolica), 264 tricolor Obthr. (fausta), 258 tricolor Obthr. (hilaris), 256 tricolor Reiss, 254 trifolii Esp., 293 trimacula Reiss, 277 trimaculata Obthr., 277 trinacria Vrty., 297 tristis Obthr., 269 trivittata Tutt (filipendulae), 286 trivittata Tutt (lonicerae), 300 tshimganica Holik, 307 turbeti Le Cerf, 305 tuttt Rebel, 287 ungemachi Le Cerf, 248 unicolor Obthr., 256 valesiae Bgff., 264 veneta Rocci, 289 vernetensis Obthr., 248 viciae S. & D., 281 vigei Obthr., 281 vitrina Stdgr., 246 wagneri Mill., 268 weileri-tricolor Obthr., 264 wojtusiaki Holik, 309 wullschlegeli Obthr., 274 youngi Roths., 262 zuleima Pierr., 250 Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. 2P PS Poe SF © 19. PLATE 50 Zygaena cuvieri Boisd., type 3. NNNNNNNNN . cuvieri Boisd. ab. confluens Obthr., type 3. . rubicundus Hiibn. ab. pseudofaitensis Stdr., lectotype ¢. . corsica Boisd., lectotype 3. . auvata Blach. ssp. blachieri Roths., type 3. . loyselis Obthr., lectotype ¢. . loyselits Obthr. ssp. occidentis Bgff. (Z. loyselis var. occidentalis Obthr., lectotype 3). . rubricollis Hamps., type 9. . loyselis Obthr. ssp. fracticingulata Roths., type . . loyselis Obthr. ssp. olivacea Roths., type @. Zz; loyselis Obthr. ssp. montana Roths. (Z. ungemachi montana Roths., type 3). Z. favonia Frr. ab. flava Roths., type ¢. Z. favonia Frr. ssp. vitrina Stdgr. ab. powelli Obthr., type 9. Z. favonia Frr. ssp. borreyi Obthr., lectotype @. Z. favonia Frr. ssp. cadillaci Obthr. (Z. Cadillaci Obthr., type 9). Z. favonia Frr. ssp. littoralis Roths., type ¢. Z. favonia Frr. ssp. maroccensis Reiss (Z. favonia aurata f. intermedia Roths., type g). Z. Z. sarpedon Hiibn. ssp. carmencita Obthr. (Z. Carmencita Obthr., lectotype 3). sarpedon Hiibn. ssp. carmencita Obthr. ab. vernetensis Obthr. (Z. sarpedon var. vernetensis Obthr., lectotype 3). Fic. Fic. Fie. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. FIG. 20. 2%. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27- “NNNNNNNN . sarpedon Hiibn. ssp. carmencita Obthr. ab. flava Obthr., type J. . contaminei Boisd., lectotype ¢. . contaminei Boisd. ssp. (? ab.) pevialabrica Frndz. (Z. pevialabrica Frndz., type @). . punctum Ochs. ssp. faitensis Stdr., type ¢. . punctum Ochs. ssp. faitensis Stdr. ab. pseudorubicundus Stdr., type 9. . zuleima Pierr. ab. flavescens Roths., type 3. . evythrus Hiibn. ssp. albipes Vrty., lectotype 3. . evythrus Hiibn. ssp. albipes Vrty. ab. erythraeformis Vrty. (Z. rubicundus var. erythvaeformis Vrty., lectotype g). diaphana Stdgr. ssp. sareptensis Rebel ab. citrina Obthr. (Z. erythrus ab. citrina purpuralis Briinn. ssp. segontit Trmn., holotype ¢. purpuralis Briinn. ssp. segontit Trmn. ab. obscura Tutt. purpuralis Briinn. ssp. hibernica Reiss. f. loc. sabulosa Trmn., holotype ¢. Fic, 28. 2: Obthr., type 9). FIGs 26... (2 Fic. 30. Z. Fic, 3t.° 2. Fic. 32. Z. purpuralis Briinn. ssp. heringi Zell. (Z. Heringi Zell., lectotype @). Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 7 PLATE 50 ENTOM. IO, 7° Zygaena purpuralis Briinn. ssp. hellena Bgff. (Z. purpuralis var. graeca Tutt, lecto- . hilaris Ochs . hilaris Ochs ovana Dup. ovana Dup. ovana Dup. ovana Dup. ovana Dup. ovana Dup. ovana Dup. . ovana Dup. . ssp ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. . ssp. PLAT 5:5 . purpuralis Briinn. ssp. pseudodiaphana Trmn., holotype Q. cocandica Ersch. ssp. pamira Shelj. (Z. avinoffi Hamps., type 3). afghana Moore, type 9. vothschildi Reiss, type 3. vothschildi Reiss ab. latecincta Reiss & Trmn., holotype 3. olivieri Boisd., lectotype Q. optima Reiss ab. tricolor Reiss (Z. nobilis ab. tricolor Reiss, type 9). fraxini Mén. ssp. oribasus H.-S. (Z. vognada Boisd., type 9). felix Obthr., neotype 2. excelsa Roths. (Z. marcouna {sic| excelsa Roths., type 3). marcuna Obthr., lectotype 3. alluaudi Obthr., lectotype 2. hilaris Ochs. hilaris Ochs. hilaris Ochs. hilaris Ochs. hilaris Ochs. . hilaris Ochs. galliae Obthr., lectotype 3. galliae Obthr. ab. bicolor Obthr., type Q. galliae Obthr. ab. unicolor Obthr., type &. galliae Obthr. ab. confluens Obthr., type 9. ononidis Mill. ab. tricolor Obthr., type &. ononidis Mill. ab. foulquiert Obthr., type 3. ononidis Mill. ab. aurantiaca Obthr., type 3. . escorialensis Obthr., lectotype 9. algiva Dup. (Z. Bachagha Obthr., 3). algiva Dup. ab. bicolor Holl, type 9. algiva Dup. ab. aurantiaca Holl, type 9. fausta L. ssp. apocrypha Le Charles ab. tricolor Obthr., lectotype 2. fausta L. ssp. agilis Reiss ab. brunnea Obthr., type 3. fausta L. ssp. junceae Obthr., lectotype g. fausta L. ssp. fortunata Ramb. ab. dupuyi Obthr., type 9. fausta L. ssp. fortunata Ramb. ab. melusina Obthr., type 9. ab. oberthiiri B.-B. (Z. oberthiiri B.-B., type 9). ab. barbara H.-S. (Z. nedroma Obthr., type ). ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. limitans Roths. (Z. carniolica limitans Roths., type 3). lahayei Obthr., type 3. lahayei Obthr. ab. powelli Obthr., type 3. allardi Obthr. (Z. allardi Obthr., type 3). contristans Obthr., lectotype &. hajebensis Reiss & Trmn., holotype ¢. youngi Roths., type 3. . voungi Roths. (Z. orana media Roths., type g). PAs Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 7 Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. BIG: type 9) BIG. Fic. Fia. FIG. Fic. BIG: Fie: Fic. Fic. Obthr., Fia. Fic. Fig. Fic. Fic. BIG: Fic. FIG. Bic. WORE WHO 10. 3 12: see 14. 15. 16. type 7, 18. 19. 20. 21. 22, 22% 24. 25. PLATE 52 Zygaena harterti Roths., type 3. N NNNNN NNNNNNNNNINNNNNNNNN . maroccana Roths. (Z. carniolica maroccana loths., type 9). . occitanica de Vill. ab. bicoloy Obthr. (Z. carniolica-bicoloy Obthr., type 3). . carniolica Scop. ssp. diniensis H.-S. ab. melusina Obthr., lectotype Q. . carniolica Scop. ssp. diniensis H.-S. ab. dupuyi Obthr., type 9. . carniolica Scop. ssp. modesta Begff. ab. detschi Obthr., type 3. . carniolica Scop. ssp. valesiae Bgff. ab. amoena Stdgr. (Z. carniolica-tricolor Obthr., carniolica Scop. ssp. valesiae Bgff. ab. weileri-tricolor Obthr., type 3. . carniolica Scop. ssp. onobrychis Esp. ab. totirubra Seitz, type 3. carniolica Scop. ssp. onobrychis Esp. ab. asymetrica Obthr., type Q. carniolica Scop. ssp. siciliana Reiss (A. carniolica sicilica Ragusa, lectotype 3). carniolica Scop. ssp. praestans Obthr., lectotype &. exulans R. & H. ab. pallida Tutt, 9. exulans R. & H. ssp. subochracea White, lectotype 3. exulans R. & H. ssp. altavatensis Le Ch. ab. striata Tutt, lectotype 9. exulans R. & H. ssp. altavatensis Le Ch. ab. striata Tutt (Z. exulans ab. confluens ao exulans R. & H. ssp. altavatensis Le Ch. ab. pulchra Tutt, type 9. exulans RK. & H. ssp. altavatensis Le Ch. ab. minor Tutt, lectotype 3. exulans R. & H. ssp. altaratensis Le Ch. ab. flavilinea Tutt, 9. exulans R. & H. ssp. altarvatensis Le Ch. ab. flava Obthr., type 3. loti S. & D. ssp. miniacea Obthr., lectotype 3. lott S. & D. ssp. miniacea Obthr. ab. flava Obthr., lectotype 3. loti S. & D. ssp. achillalpina Begff. (Z. achilleae alpina Obthr., lectotype 3). loti S. & D. ssp. janthina Boisd. (Z. janthina Boisd., type 3). loti S. & D. ssp. wagneri Mill. ab. sexmacula Dziurz. (Z. achilleae wagneri ab. quadrimaculata Obthr. lectotype 3). Fic. Fic. Fic. FIG. Fic: Fia. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. 26. 277. 28. 29. 30. 27. 22: 33: 34: 35: 36. NNNNNNNNNNN loti S. & D. ssp. tristis Obthr., lectotype 3. loti S. & D. ssp. tristis Obthr. ab. brunnea Obthr., type 3. loti S. & D. ssp. aspera Bgff. f.t. italica-aestivalis Obthr., lectotype 3. loti S. & D. ssp. castellana Stdr., type 9. loti S. &. D. ssp. vestricta Stdr. (Z. hybr. f. punctachilleae Stdr., lectotype 3). loti S. & D. ssp. vestricta Stdr. (Z. hybr. f. punctmeliloti Stdr., lectotype 3). loti S. & D. ssp. restricta Stdr. (Z. hybr. f. melilorestricta Stdr., lectotype 3). graslini Led. ab. confluens Obthr., type 3. . anthyllidis Boisd., lectotype ¢. . rhadamanthus Esp. ssp. stygia Bgff. ab. quinquemaculata Obthr., lectotype 3. . rhadamanthus Esp. ssp. stygia Bgft. ab. obscura Obthr., type 3. bull. B.M.(N.H.) Entom. to, 7 PAE 52 Fic. Fia. Hig: Fic. Fic. FIG. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. lectotype 3). Fic: 19. PLATE 53 Zygaena vrhadamanthus Esp. ssp. grisea Obthr., type Q. NNN NU NNNNNNNNNNNNNN . rhadamanthus Esp. ssp. grisea Obthr. ab. guenéei Obthr., type ¢. . rhadamanthus Esp. ssp. alfacarensis Reiss ab. flava Obthr., type 3. . vhadamanthus Esp. ssp. barcina Vrty. ab. kiesenwetterii H.-S. (Z. staechadis Boisd., oxytropis Boisd., type 3. theryi de Joannis (Z. lavandulae nisseni Roths., type 3). lavandulae Esp. ab. siepii Obthr., type ¢. lavandulae Esp. ab. powelli Obthr., type ¢. ephialtes L. ab. wullschlegeli Obthr., type 3. ephialtes L. ab. falcatae Obthr., type Q. ephialtes L. ab. scheveni Obthr., lectotype 9. ephialtes L. ab. esperi Obthr., lectotype Q. ephialtes L. ab. pallens Obthr., type 3. ephialtes L. ssp. athamanthae Esp. ab. pallida Obthr., type 3. ephialtes L. ssp. athamanthae Esp. ab. adalberti Obthr., 2. ephialtes L. ssp. meridieit Bgff. ab. decolorata Stdr., type Q. transalpina Esp. ssp. maritima Obthr. (Z. maritima Obthr., lectotype 3). tvansalpina Esp. ssp. maritima Obthr. (Z. xanthographa helvetica Roths. & B.-B., transalpina Esp. ssp. maritima Obthr. ab. trimacula Reiss (Z. transalpina maritima ab. trimaculata Obthr., type 9). Fic. FiG. FIG. BIG: BiG: Fic. Fic. BiG, Fic. 20. 2. 22: 22: Da. 25%. 20. 277. 28. NNNNNNNNN . transalpina Esp. ssp. alpina Boisd. ab. flava Obthr., type ¢. . transalpina Esp. ssp. alpina Boisd. ab. grisescens Obthr., type 3. transalpina Esp. ssp. sorrentina Stdgr. ab. impar Obthr., lectotype ¢. transalpina Esp. ssp. sorrentina Stdgr. ab. aurantiaca Obthr., type &. tvansalpina Esp. ssp. altitudinaria Turati f. t. aestivalis Obthr., lectotype dg. . transalpina Esp. ssp. athicaria Beff. (Z. transalpina ssp. costazzina Stdr., type ¢). . hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. centralis Obthr., lectotype 3. . hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. centralis Obthr. ab. nigricans Obthr., type 3. . hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. centralis Obthr. ab. flava Obthr., type 3. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 7 PLATE $3 BiG, FIG. 2. lectotype 3). BIG. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. get Ld ie a ait 9. Io. PLATE 54 Zygaena hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. provincialis Obthr., lectotype &. Zz. Zz Z Z Z. Z. vA Pk A Frey, type 9). RIGS al, d gh Ces oh 42 Fic. 13. Zs cae Bs . hippocrepidis Hiibn. . hippocrepidis Hiibn. . hippocrepidis Hiibn. hippocrepidis Hiibn. . hippocrepidis Hiibn. . viciae S. & D. ssp. anglica Reiss ab. confluens Tutt, d. . viciae S. & D. ssp. anglica Reiss ab. sexpunctata Tutt, &. . viciae S. & D. ssp. teriolensis Spey. ab. decora Led. (Z. Charon var. Cingulata ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. mineoides ab. cingulata Ragusa, type 9). Z. viciae S. & D. ssp. stentzii Frr. (Z. Dorycnii Stentzti Frr., lectotype 3). Z. viciae S. & D. ssp. dahurica Boisd. (Z. dahurica Boisd., type 3). Z. niphona Butler, type 3. Z. gallica Obthr. (Z. Corycia var. gallica Obthr., lectotype 3). Z. dalmatina Boisd., type 3. anglicola Trmn., holotype é. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. HIG. Fic. Fic. Fic. FIG. Fic. 30. BIG: 31. Obthr., type Fic. 32. 14. 15. 16. Ts 18. 19. 20. 217 PADD 22% ZA 25. 20. 27: 28. 29. type 9). FIG. 34. lectotype 3). Fic. 36. Z. filipendulae L. Z. filipendulae L. Z. filipendulae L. Z. filipendulae L. Z. filipendulae L. Z. filipendulae L. Z. filipendulae L. Z. filipendulae L. Z. filipendulae L. Z. filipendulae L. Z. filipendulae L. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. anglicola Trmn. anglicola Trmn. anglicola Trmn. anglicola Trmn. anglicola Trmn. anglicola Trmn. anglicola Trmn. anglicola Trmn. anglicola Trmn. anglicola Trmn. anglicola Trmn. ab. ab. ab. ab. ab. ab. ab. ab: ab. ab. ab _hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. provincialis Obthr. (Z. transalpina {. meridionalis Obthr., occidentalis Obthr., lectotype 3. occidentalis Obthr. occidentalis Obthr. occidentalis Obthr. occidentalis Obthr. ab. micingulata Obthr., lectotype 9. ab. pallidior Obthr., lectotype 9. ab rosea Obthr., lectotype 3. ab. vigei Obthr., lectotype 9. viciae S. &. D. ssp. giussana Stdr., type 3. viciae S. & D. ssp. sicula Calb. ab. melilotoides Ragusa, lectotype ¢. viciae S. & D. ssp. sicula Calb. ab. cingulata Ragusa (A. punctum ssp. conta- grisescens Obthr., type 3. confluens Obthr., type 3. proconfluens Tutt, lectotype 3. quinquejuncta Tutt, lectotype 9. spoliata Cockayne, type 3. brunnescens Cockayne, type 3. griseovosea Cockayne, type 3. nigrolimbata Cockayne, type gd. aurantia Tutt, 3. trivittata Tutt, type Q. . flava Robs., lectotype g. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. ab. flava Robs. (Z. filipendulae ab. flava 3). Z. filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. f. loc. degenerata Trmn., holotype 3. Fic. 33. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. f. loc. degenerata Trmn. ab. pallida Tutt, Z. filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. f. t. stephensi Dupont, lectotype 2. Fic. 35. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. anglicola Trmn. f. t. stephensi Dupont ab. minor Tutt, Z. filipendulae L. ssp. ochsenheimeri Zell. (Z. charon Boisd., type 3). a4 PLATE Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 7 PLATE 55 Vic. 1. Zygaena filipendulae . ssp. ochsenheimeri Zell. ab. translonicerae Stdr. (Z. hybr. f. translonicerae Stdr., type 3). Fic. 2. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. restituta Rocci ab. achillfilipendulae Stdr. (Z. hybr. f. achill- jilipendulae Stdr., type Q). Fic. 3. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. veneta Rocci (Z. hybr. f. melilofilipendulae Stdr., type 9). Fic. 4. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. duponcheli Vrty. ab. flava Obthr., type dg. Fic. 5. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. pyrenes Vrty. (Z. Dubia-quinquemaculata Obthr., lectotype ¢). Fic. 6. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. pyrenes Vrty. ab. sexmaculata Obthr. (Z. Dubia-sexmaculata Obthr., type 3). Fic. 7. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. anceps Obthr., lectotype dg. Fic. 8. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. anceps Obthr. (Z. filipendulae var. quinquemacula B.-B. lectotype 9). Fic. 9. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. campaniae Rebel (Z. hybr. f. melilocampaniae Stdr., type 3). Fic. 10. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. campaniae Rebel (Z. hybr. f. hybridophila Stdr., lectotype 9). Fic. 11. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. campaniae Rebel (Z. hybr. f. calabrochsenheimeri Stdr., type 3). Fic. 12. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. campaniae Rebel (Z. hybr. f. melilochsenheimeri Stdr., type 9). Fic. 13. Z. filipendulae L.. ssp. campaniae Rebel ab. carnioligiussana Stdr. (Z. hybr. f. carnioligiussana Stdr., type 3). Fic. 14. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. campaniae Rebel ab. dubia Stdgr. (Z. hybr. f. melilodubia Stdr., type 3). Fic. 15. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. seeboldi Obthr., lectotype 3. Vic. 16. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. ramburii H.-S. ab. vosa Obthr. (Z. vosa Obthr., type 3). Fic. 17. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. palustrella Vrty. ab. pygmaea Cockayne, type d. Fic. 18. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. syriaca Obthr. (Z. Syriaca Obthr., lectotype 9). Fic. 19. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. syriaca Obthr., paralectotype 3. Fic. 20. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. syriaca Obthr. ab. quinquemaculata Obthr., type 3. Fic. 21. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. syriaca Obthr. ab. confluens Obthr., type Q. Fic. 22. Z. trifolit Esp. ssp. palustrella Vrty. ab. extrema Tutt, type d. Fic. 23. Z. trifolit Esp. ssp. palustrella Vrty. ab. obsoleta Tutt, type d. Fic. 24. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. decreta Vrty. (Z. trifolii-major Tutt, lectotype Q). Fic. 25. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. decreta Vrty. ab. carnea Cockayne, type 3. Fic. 26. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. decreta Vrty. ab. obscura Tutt, type d. Fic. 27. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. palustris Obthr., lectotype Q. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 7 PLATE 55 PLATE 56 Vic. 1. Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. palustris Obthr. 3 (Boisduval’s specimen). Vic. 2. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. palustris Obthr. ab. sexmaculata Obthr., type g. Fic. 3. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. palustris Obthr. ab. confluens Obthr., type 9. Fic. 4. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. palustris Obthr. ab. confluens-sexmaculata Obthr., type 3. Fic. 5. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. palustris Obthr. ab. nigricans Obthr., type 3. Fic. 6. — Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. olbiana Obthr. (Z. Olbiana Obthr., type 3). Fic. 7. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. duponcheliana Obthr. (Z. Duponcheliana Obthr., type 3). Fic. 8. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. svracusia Zell. (Z. Syracusia Zell., lectotype 3). Fic. 9. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. trinacria Vrty. (Z. lonicerae trinacria Vrty., lectotype 3). Fic. 10. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. trinacria Vrty. ab. kriigeri Ragusa (A. trifolii syracusia var. Kriigeri Ragusa, lectotype 9). Fic. 11. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. caerulescens Reiss (Z. australis var. caerulescens Obthr., lecto- type g). Fic. 12. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. australis Obthr. (Z. Australis Obthr., lectotype 3). Fic. 13. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. australis Obthr. ab. aurorina Obthr., lectotype 3. Vic. 14. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. australis Obthr. ab. ruficostata Holl, type 3. Fic. 15. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. seriziati Obthr. (Z. seriziati Obthr., type ¢). Fic. 16. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. diffusemarginata Roths., type 3. Fic. 17. Z. trifolii Esp. ssp. barcelonensis Reiss f.t. intricata Sag. ab. depravata Sag. (Z. clorinda B.-B., holotype @). Fic. 18. Z. lonicerae Schev. ab. asymetrica Obthr., type 9. Fic. 19. Z. lonicerae Schev. ab. citrina Spey. (Z. lonicerag ab. flava Obthr., type 9). Fic. 20. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. cuneata Tutt, type dg. Fic. 21. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. centripuncta Tutt, lectotype 9. Fic. 22. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. minor Tutt, type 3. Fic. 23. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. eboracae Prest (Z. eboracae Prest, lectotype 3). Fic. 24. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. grisescens Cockayne, type dg. Fic. 25. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. f. loc. latomarginata Tutt, lectotype g. Fic. 26. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. insularis Trmn., holotype Q. Fic. 27. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey, lectotype 9. OO Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 7 PLATE 56 PLAT E57 ic. 1. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey ab. incendium Obthr., type 3. Fic. 2. Z.lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey ab. confluens Obthr., 1896 (Z. Dubia ab. confluens Obthr., type 3). Fic. 3. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey ab. confluens Obthr. (Z. lonicerae ab. confluens Obthr., 1911, type Q). Fic. 4. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey ab. nigerrima Curtis (Z. trifolii ab. nigerrima Curtis, type 9). Fic. 5. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey ab. semidiaphana Stdr., type 9. lic. 6. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. kindermanni Obthr., lectotype d. Fic. 7. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. himmighoffeni Bgft., g (Z. lonicerae Kindermanni Obthr., [partim)). Fic. 8. Z. favonia Frr. ssp. littoralis Roths. (Z. loyselis ungemachi Le Cerf, Roths. nec Le Cerf, ab. cingulata Reiss, lectotype 9). Fic. 30. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. deludens Koch, paratype Q. Fic. 31. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. miniata Tutt, type 3. Fic. 9. 2. corsica Boisd. ssp. sardiniensis Holik, cotype 3. Fic. 10. Z. corycia Stdgr. ssp. staudingeriana Reiss, cotype 3. Fic. 11. Z. speciosa Reiss ssp. suleimanicola Reiss, cotype 9. lic. 12. Z. alpherakyi Shelj. ssp. ossetica Holik, cotype 3. Vic. 13. Z. diaphana Stdgr. (7. pilosellae var. diaphana Stdgr., paralectotype 3). Fic. 14. Z. diaphana Stdgr. ssp. sareptensis Rebel (Z. purpuralis var. sareptensis Rebel, paralectotype 9). Fic. 15. Z.johannae Le Cerf ssp. turbeti Le Cerf, cotype dg. Fic. 16. Z. cocandica Ersch. ssp. banghaasi Bgff., cotype ¢. lic. 17. Z. mangeri Begff., cotype 9. Fic. 18. Z. escalevai Pouj., paratype 3. Fic. 19. Z. oliviert Boisd. ssp. libanicola Bgff., cotype 2. Fic. 20. Z. sogdiana Ersch. ssp. tshimganica Holik, cotype 3. Fic. 21. Z. formosa H.-S. ssp. kotzschi Reiss (Z. kotzschi Reiss, cotype 3). Fic. 22. Z. carniolica Scop. ssp. parisiensis Holik, paratype 3. Fic. 23. Z. carniolica Scop. ssp. svrmica Holik, cotype . Fic. 24. Z. loti S. & D. ssp. karatshaica Shelj., cotype 3. Fic. 25. Z. evebus Stdgr. ssp. chaos Beff. (Z. chaos Bgff., cotype 3). Fic. 26. Z. nevadensis Ramb. ssp. schmidti Reiss (Z. scabiosae ssp. schmidti Reiss, cotype 3). Fic. 27. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. calxensis Le Charles, paratype ¢. Fic. 28. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. ciscaucasica Shelj., cotype 2. Fic. 29. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. wojtusiaki Holik, cotype 9. Z Z Bull. B.M, (N.H.) Entom. to, 7 Pik AA 57 PLATE 57 ic. 1. Zygaena lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey ab. incendium Obthr., type 3. Fic. 2. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey ab. confluens Obthr., 1896 (Z. Dubia ab. confluens Obthr., type 3). Fic. 3. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey ab. confluens Obthr. (Z. lonicerae ab. confluens Obthr., 1911, type Q). Fic. 4. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey ab. nigerrima Curtis (Z. trifolii ab. nigerrima Curtis, type 9). Fic. 5. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. major Frey ab. semidiaphana Stdr., type 9. I'ic. 6. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. kindermanni Obthr., lectotype d. Fic. 7. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. himmighoffeni Bgft., 3 (Z. lonicerae Kindermanni Obthr., |partim)). ic. 8. Z. favonia Frr. ssp. littoralis Roths. (Z. loyselis ungemachi Le Cerf, Roths. nec Le Cerf, ab. cingulata Reiss, lectotype 9). Fic. 9. Z. corsica Boisd. ssp. sardiniensis Holik, cotype 3. ic. 10. Z. corycia Stdgr. ssp. staudingeriana Reiss, cotype 3. ic. 11. Z. speciosa Reiss ssp. suleimanicola Reiss, cotype 9. Vic. 12. Z. alpherakyi Shelj. ssp. ossetica Holik, cotype 2. Fic. 13. Z. diaphana Stdgr. (Z. pilosellae var. diaphana Stdgr., paralectotype 3). Fic. 14. Z. diaphana Stdgr. ssp. sareptensis Rebel (Z. purpuralis var. sareptensis Rebel, paralectotype 9). Fic. 15. Z. johannae Le Cerf ssp. turbeti Le Cerf, cotype dg. Fic. 16. Z. cocandica Ersch. ssp. banghaasi Beff., cotype ¢. Fic. 17. Z. mangeri Beff., cotype 9. } Fic. 18. Z. escalerai Pouj., paratype 3. | Fic. 19. Z. olivieri Boisd. ssp. libanicola Bgff., cotype 3. | Fic. 20. Z. sogdiana Ersch. ssp. tshimganica Holik, cotype 2. . Fic. 21. Z. formosa H.-S. ssp. kotzschi Reiss (Z. kotzschi Reiss, cotype 3). Fic. 22. Z. carniolica Scop. ssp. parisiensis Holik, paratype ¢. Fic. 23. Z. carniolica Scop. ssp. svrmica Holik, cotype &. Fic. 24. Z. loti S. & D. ssp. kavatshaica Shelj., cotype 3. Fic. 25. Z. erebus Stdgr. ssp. chaos Bgff. (Z. chaos Bgff., cotype 3). Fic. 26. Z. nevadensis Ramb. ssp. schmidti Reiss (Z. scabiosae ssp. schmidti Reiss, cotype 3). Fic. 27. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. calxensis Le Charles, paratype 3. Fic. 28. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. ciscaucasica Shelj., cotype 3. j Fic. 29. Z. filipendulae L. ssp. wojtusiaki Holik, cotype &. Fic. 30. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. deludens Koch, paratype 9. Fic. 31. Z. lonicerae Schev. ssp. transferens Vrty. ab. miniata Tutt, type 3. PLATE 57 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 7 BiG: Fic. Fic. Fie. EIT: ih tes I, SOS ara oh PLATE 58 Zygaena corsica Boisd., lectotype 3, genitalia. Z. corsica Boisd., lectotype 3, aedeagus. Z. loyselis Obthr., lectotype g, genitalia. Z. loyselis Obthr., lectotype g, aedeagus. Z. contaminei Boisd., lectotype 3g, genitalia. Z. contaminei Boisd., lectotype 3, aedeagus. .' \ Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 7 PLATE 58 ENTOM. 10, 7. 24 Fic. Fic. Fic. biG: Fic. Fic. PLATE 59 Zygaena vothschildi Reiss, type 3, genitalia. Z. vothschildi Reiss, type 3, aedeagus. Z. felix Obthr., neotype 3g, genitalia. Z. felix Obthr., neotype 3, aedeagus. Z. excelsa Roths., type g, genitalia. Z. excelsa Roths., type g, aedeagus. 29 1 al Ord Bil 3 Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 7 ~ . , . et "as * a Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. FIG. An wNH PLATE 60 Zygaena marcuna Obthr., lectotype 3, genitalia. . marycuna Obthr., lectotype J, aedeagus. . alluaudi Obthr., lectotype 3, genitalia. . alluaudi Obthr., lectotype 3, aedeagus. . algiva Dup. (Z. Bachagha Obthr., 3), genitalia. . algiva Dup. (Z. Bachagha Obthr., 3), aedeagus. NNNNN Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 7 PLATE 60 BIG: Fic. Fic, Bie: Fic. Fia. re is a PLATE 6:1 Zygaena youngi Roths., type 3, genitalia. Z. youngi Roths., type 3, aedeagus. Z. harterti Roths., type 3, genitalia. Z. harterti Roths., type 3, aedeagus. Z. anthyllidis Boisd., lectotype 3, genitalia. Z. anthyllidis Boisd., lectotype 3, aedeagus. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 7 f E ri os = PLATE \ OL IG. Fic. Fic. (ees HIG. Fic. ANB wW No PLATE 62 Zygaena oxytropis Boisd., type 3, genitalia. NNNNN . oxytropis Boisd., type 3, aedeagus. . theryi de Joannis (Z. lavandulae nisseni Roths., type g, genitalia). . theryt de Joannis (Z. lavandulae nisseni Roths., type 3, aedeagus). . niphona Butler, type 3, genitalia. . niphona Butler, type 3g, aedeagus. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 7 PVA IME 62 Fic. HIG: Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. AUR WH o PLATE 63 Zygaena gallica Obthr., lectotype g, genitalia. Z. gallica Obthr., lectotype J, aedeagus. . dalmatina Boisd., type 3, genitalia. . dalmatina Boisd., type 3, aedeagus. . viciae S. & D. ssp. dahurica Boisd. (Z. dahurica Boisd., type 3, genitalia). . viciae S. &. D. ssp. dahurica Boisd. (Z. dahurica Boisd., type 3, aedeagus). N ) NNN Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 7 PLATE 63 BiG. HIG: MIG: Fie: BIG: Fic. Fic. SOME W Ho PLATE 64 Zygaena vubricollis Hamps., type Q, genitalia. Zi Zi Z vA Z, Za . rubricollis Hamps., type 9, ostium. . olivieri Boisd., lectotype , genitalia. . oliviert Boisd., lectotype 9, ostium. . afghana Moore, type @, genitalia. . afghana Moore, type 9, ostium. . maroccana Roths., type 9, ostium. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. to, 7 Pa Acs. .014: A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) ALLAN WATSON BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 8 | LONDON: 1961 A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) BY ALLAN WATSON A] \ British Museum (Natural History) ° Pp. 315-348 ; Plates 65-66 ; 69 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 8 LONDON: 1961 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, 1s issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed ‘within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 10, No. 8 of the Entomological series. © Trustees of the British Museum, 1961 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued March, 1961 , ab Tb Price Fifteen Shillings A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) By ALLAN WATSON INCLUDED in this paper are descriptions of five new species and five new subspecies. The three new, apparently endemic species from Celebes are of special interest. The affinities of these species and other Drepanidae from Celebes, some of which are of Austro-Malayan and others of Indo-Chinese origin, show that in this family as in most other groups of animals Celebes forms part of a broad zoogeographical zone (the ‘‘ Wallacea ’’ of Dickerson (1928) and subsequent authors) intermediate between the above Sub-regions. A brief account of the interesting distribution of Oveta griseotincta Hampson and Oreta carnea (Butler) and the presence of polymorphism in Psiloreta obtusa (Walker) is given under the appropriate species. The type specimens (where still in existence) of all the taxa mentioned in the text have been examined : they are in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) unless otherwise stated. Apart from the text-figures of the genitalia of the new species and subspecies it has been found necessary for purposes of comparison to figure, for the first time, the male or female genitalia of the following taxa: Dvrapetodes magnifica magnifica Swinhoe (9), Callidrepana vanbraeckeli Gaede ($9), Tridrepana flava unita Watson (2), Oreta singapura singapura Swinhoe (3), Oreta singapura continua Warren (3), Oreta extensa Walker (39), Oreta carnea (Butler) ($9), Psiloreta obtusa obtusa (Walker) (3), Psiloreta obtusa speciosa (Bryk) (3), Psiloreta obtusa aequitermen Warren (3). The text-figures of the genitalia are of a ventral view. A millimetre scale is placed by each drawing or group of drawings: the figures of the male genitalia of any taxon are to the same scale. The measurements are recorded as follows : (a) mean wing-span (twice the distance between the apex and the centre of the mesothorax) ; (b) range of the measurements of the wing-span ; (c) number of specimens measured. I was able to borrow material from the following institutions : Rijkmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden; Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen; Zoological Museum, Amsterdam ; Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Universitat, Berlin ; Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Berlin-Friedrichshagen ; Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn; Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna; Senckenbergische Naturfor- schende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main ; Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm; Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels. ~ ENTOM. 10, 8, 25 318 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE I am very grateful to Dr. A. Diakonoff and to Prof. W. Roepke who kindly sent a large collection of material from the Dutch museums and also to Dr. A. Collart, Dr. Elli Franz, Dr. G. Friese, Dr. H. Hannemann, Dr. B. Hanson, Dr. H. Héne and Dr. R. Schénmann who arranged other valuable loans. R> R3 Ry Fic. 1. Teldenia latilinea sp. n., fore wing venation. Teldenia latilinea sp. n. Tyre. Holotype male, W. Celebes, Paloe, Lindoe, 3,700 ft., April, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 858. This species is probably most closely related to T. nigrinotata Warren which has similar male genitalia. It is readily distinguished from the latter species and from the other two species occurring in Celebes, T. angustifascia Watson and T. niveata (Pagenstecher), (see plates), by the pattern and form of the wing markings and by the male genitalia. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 319 MALE (PI. 65, fig. 1). 21-2, 20°2-22°8 mm. (10). Head dark reddish brown, but white towards labrum ; collar white. Upper surface of antennal shaft white basad, pale brown distad ; longest antennal pectination equal to three-quarters greatest diameter of eye. Palp white, irrorated with dark brown on outer surface. Thorax white. Fore wing venation as in Text-fig. 1. Ground colour of both surfaces of both wings moderately lustrous, white, but costa of fore wing reddish brown at base and costal area on underside brown basad. Colour pattern of upper- side as in plate ; markings brown or dark brown ; postmedial broad, diffusely marked. Underside unmarked. Legs white except for brown front surface of foreleg. Abdomen white. Male genitalia as in Text-figs. 2-4. FEMALE. 24°3, 22°6-25-0mm. (15). Similar to male, but antenna weakly serrate, ciliate. ; Female genitalia as in Text-fig. 5. MATERIAL EXAMINED. (It is worth noting that a much greater number of females than males seems to have been collected.) British Museum (Nat. Hist.). W.CELE- BES: 2 gj and 12 9 paratypes, Paloe, G. Tompoe, 2,700 ft., Jan., Feb., 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 3 g and g 9 paratypes, Paloe, Lindoe, 3,700 ft., April, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 3 ¢ and 5 2 paratypes, Paloe, G. Rangkoenau, 1,800 ft., Nov., Dec., 1936 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 3 g and 18 9 paratypes, Paloe, Loda, 4,000 ft., May, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 4 6 and 24 9 paratypes, Paloe, Sidaonta, 4,500 ft., Jan., 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 7 @ paratypes, Paloe, Koelawi, 3,100 ft., March, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis). SW. CELEBEs: I 2 paratype, Parang-bobo Goa, G. Lampobattang, 5,000 ft., May, 1938, March, 1938 (J. P. A. Kalis). E.CELEBES: 3 g and 4 2 paratypes, Ulu Kolaka, 500 m., v—vi.1939 (J. P. A. Kalis). A female in the British Museum collection from N. Celebes, Tondano, Ramboekers (Weigall), probably belongs to this species. Teldenia angustifascia sp. n. Type. Holotype male, W. Celebes, Paloe, G. Tompoe, 2,700 ft., Feb., 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 859. This species is readily separated from the rest of the genus by the colour-pattern. The fact that vein R, of the fore wing arises from the areole and not from the cell, together with certain similarities in the male genitalia, suggest that 7. tllunata Warren is its closest relative. MALE (PI. 1, fig. 3). 25:5, 24:0-26-4 mm. (10). Head dark reddish brown, but white towards labrum ; collar white. Palp white, irrorated on outer surface with dark brown. Upper surface of antenna white basad, brown distad ; longest antennal pectination equal to about three-quarters greatest diameter of eye. Thorax white. Fore wing venation as in Text-fig. 6. Ground colour of both surfaces of both wings slightly lustrous, white. Costa of fore wing reddish brown dorsally, except at apex, and dark brown at base on underside. Colour pattern of upperside as in plate: terminal spots very dark reddish brown, remaining markings 320 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 3 Fics. 2-5. Teldenia latilinea sp. n. Male: 2, genitalia; 3, eight sternum and tergum ; 4, aedeagus. 5, Female genitalia. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 321 reddish brown; position of postmedial fascia diagnostic. Underside unmarked. Legs white except for brown front surface of foreleg. Abdomen white. Male genitalia as in Text-figs. 8—ro. FEMALE. 28-1, 26:8-29°6 mm. (7). Similar to male but antenna ciliate and weakly serrate, not bipectinate. Female genitalia as in Text-fig. 7. 6 Fic. 6. Teldenia angustifascia sp. n., fore wing venation. MATERIAL EXAMINED. British Museum (Nat. Hist.). W.CELEBES: ¢ holotype, 4 3 paratypes and I 9 paratype, Paloe, G. Tompoe, 2,700 ft., Feb., 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 1 2 paratype, Paloe, Koelawi, 3, 1ooft., March, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis); 1 3 and 1 2 paratype, Paloe, Loda, 4,000 ft., May, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis); 3 gd and 7 9 paratypes, Paloe, Lindoe, 3,700 ft., April, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis). N.CELEBES: 2 3 and 1 2 paratypes, Minahassa, Tomohon, vi, vii.1954 (A. H.G. Alston). E. CELEBEs: 322 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE s Pf a rgraraanr ent . 2 Fics. 7-10. Teldenia angustifasciasp.n. 7, female genitalia. Male: 8, genitalia ; 9, aedeagus; 10, eighth sternum and tergum. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 323 2 § and 2 2 paratypes, Ulu Kolaka, 500 m., v—vi.1939 (Kalis). Natural History Museum, Leiden. N.CELEBES: 3 ¢ paratypes, Minahassa, rg21 (P. J. v. d. Bergh, Lzn.). Zoological Museum, Humboldt University, Berlin. N.CELEBES: I ¢ para- type, Minahassa. Drapetodes magnifica Swinhoe Drapetodes magnifica Swinhoe, 1902, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1902 : 589. Drapetodes magnifica Swinhoe, Warren in Seitz, 1922, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 410. Drapetodes Swinhoe, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49: 15. Type. Holotype 9, Singapore ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 880. The colour pattern of this species readily distinguishes it from the rest of the genus (see plate of denotata ssp.n.). The genitalia are figured in Text-figs. 11-14. DIsTRIBUTION. The nominate subspecies is known to occur in Singapore, Malaya and W. Java. The subspecies denotata ssp. n. may be restricted to Borneo. Drapetodes magnifica denotata ssp. n. Type. Holotype, g. Borneo, Kariorang, 21.iii.1927 (Qu. de Quarles); Drepa- nidae genitalia slide No. 878. Similar to the nominate subspecies but with more clearly marked, white basal fascia on hind wing (see Pl. 65, fig. 4) and with several significant differences in the male and female genitalia (see Text-figs. 15-18). DISTRIBUTION. East Borneo. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen. E. BORNEO: holotype 3; allotype 2 from type locality, 7.11.1927. Tridrepana fulvata celebica spp. n. Type. Holotype male, W. Celebes, Paloe, G. Tompoe, 2,700 ft., Jan., 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 317. MALE. 35°9, 34°8-37°4 mm. (5). (Text-fig. 19.) Apparently indistinguishable externally from the nominate subspecies and T. fulvata brevis Watson. In the male genitalia the anellus is much broader at the base than in the nominate subspecies. (See Watson, 1957.) All the specimens examined belong to the yellow form of the species. MATERIAL EXAMINED. British Museum (Nat. Hist.). W.CELEBES: ¢ holotype ; Ig paratype, Koelawi Paloe, March, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis). Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. NE. CELEBES: I g paratype, Minahassa, 1920; I ¢ paratype, Bolang Mongondow. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Brussels. NE. CELEBES: I 3 paratype, Tonsea Lama, 12 May (van Braeckel). Tridrepana flava unita Watson Tridrepana flava unita Watson, 1957, Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent. 4: 496. Type. Holotype male, N. Celebes, Minahassa, 1922, Coll. P. J. v. d. Bergh, Lzn. I have been sent recently five females of this subspecies which at the time of my ENTOM. 10, 8. 25§ 324 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE I3 es ae Fics. 11-14. Dyvrapetodes magnifica magnifica Swinhoe. Male: 11, aedeagus; 12, eighth sternum and tergum ; 13, genitalia. 14, Female genitalia. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 325 Fics. 15-18. Drapetodes magnifica denotata ssp. n. Male: 15, aedeagus, 16, eighth sternum and tergum ; 17, genitalia. 18, Female genitalia. 326 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE revision of Tvidvepana Swinhoe (Watson, 1957) was known only from two males. A third male has also been examined and found to belong to this subspecies. FEMALE. 57:6, 56:2-58:2 mm. (4). Similar to male but with longest antennal pectination equal to three-quarters greatest diameter of eye. Genitalia similar to those of T. flava contracta Watson (see Watson, loc. cit., fig. 149). (The last two lines of the description of T. flava contracta Watson, see Watson, loc. cit. p. 495, should read: ‘‘ Female (Text-fig.149). Dorsal ovipositor lobes separated by a shallower emargination ; each lobe less elongate.’’) MATERIAL EXAMINED. Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. N. CELEBES: 3 Q, Minahassa, 1920 and 1 9 Bol. Mon, 1921 (Coll. P. J. v. d. Bergh, Lzn.). Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Brussels. N.CELEBES: 1 9, Menado (van Braeckel) ; 1 3g Menado (van Braeckel). Albara vinacea (Moore) Drepana vinacea Moore, 1879, Descr. New Indian Lep. Coll. Atkinson, p. 85. Albara vinacea (Moore), Warren in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 468, pl. 49h. (Good colour- illustration.) Albara vinacea (Moore) Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 33. Albara birmanica Bryk, 1943, Ark. Zool. 34A No. 13:18, pl. 2, fig. A6. (Good half-tone illustration.) Syn. nov. Type. I select as lectotype a male specimen in the collection of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) bearing the following data: “‘ Darjeeling 1864’’; ‘“‘ Drepana vinacea Moore ’’ (the latter in Moore’s handwriting on the reverse of the locality label) ; “‘ Moore Coll. 94-106’ ; “‘ Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 724’’. DISTRIBUTION. Sikkim and NE. India. Albara fuscilinea sp. n. TypPr. Holotype 3, Malay Peninsula, Selangor, Bukit Kutu, 8,500 ft., 22.111. 1931 (H. M. Pendlebury) ; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 891. Differs from Albara vinacea (Moore) (see plates of vinacea mentioned above) in that the pale medial areas on both fore and hind wings are edged with dark scales and are therefore more prominent, and that on the underside of the hind wing there is a broad strongly marked, dark brown, postmedial fascia and a large dark brown patch at the posterodistal end of the cell extending towards the anal margin. The male genitalia are also quite different from those of Albara vinacea (Moore). | MALE. 41-9, 41°4-42:4 mm. (2). Head and antenna brown ; head paler towards labrum ; palps pale brown. Antennae bipectinate ; longest pectination nearly as long as greatest diameter of eye. ‘ Colour pattern of upperside as in figures of A. vinacea (Moore) in Seitz (loc. cit.) and Bryk (loc. cit.) but with pale medial patches edged with dark brown and more proximal postmedial line faintly marked. Underside of fore wing yellow ; costa irrorated with brown basad; well-marked, dark brown discocellular spot, and smaller spot at posterodistal angle of cell; central part of postmedial fascia and arcuate subterminal fascia well marked and dark brown. Underside of hind wing TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 329 22a Fics. 19-22a. (19) Tridrepana fulvata celebica ssp. n., male genitalia. (20-22a) Albara fuscilinea sp.n. Male: 20, aedeagus ; 21, eighth sternum and tergum ; 22, genitalia. 22a, Outer surface of prothoracic leg. 328 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE yellow, with discellular spot as in fore wing, and large dark brown patch at posterior angle of cell extending to Cu,, or just posterior to this vein ; strongly marked, dark brown postmedial fascia, trace of subterminal fascia anteriad. Foreleg with remarkable vestiture (see Text-fig. 22a). Colour of abdomen doubtful, probably similar in colour to adjacent part of hind wing. Male genitalia as in Text-figs. 20-22. FEMALE. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Malaya. There is a female from Sumatra in the Entomological Laboratory at Wageningen which probably belongs to this species. MATERIAL EXAMINED. British Museum (Nat. Hist.). MaAtaya: ¢ holotype and I ¢ paratype, Selangor, Bukit Kutu, 8,500 ft., 11, 22.iii.1931 (H. M. Pendlebury) ; I § paratype, Malay Peninsula. Callidrepana vanbraeckeli Gaede Callidrepana vanbraeckeli Gaede, 1934, Bull. Mus. H. n. Belg. 10 (No. 26) : 3. Type. Holotype g, Tonsea Lama (NE. Celebes), 8 May (van Braeckel) ; Drepan- idae genitalia slide No. 912. In the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Brussels. This species is readily distinguished from C. micacea Walker, C. biocularis Moore and C. discipunctata Warren by the delicate colouring and the predominantly pale coloured postmedial fascia of both wings (see Pl. 65, fig. 5). The male genitalia also readily separate the species (see Text-figs. 23-24). The female genitalia are figured in Text-figure 25. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Brussels. N.CELE- BES: ¢ holotype; 1 2 from type locality, 10 May (van Braeckel). British Museum (Nat. Hist.). W.CELEBES: 2 g, I 9, Paloe, Loda, 4,000 ft., May, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 3 ¢ Paloe, Sidaonta, 4,500 ft., June, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis); 8 3, Paloe, Koelawi, 3,100 ft., March, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 1 g, 1 2, Paloe, G. Tompoe, 2,700 ft., Jan., 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 4 3, Paloe, Lindoe, 3,700 ft., Apr., 1937 (J. P. A. Kallis). Six males from Malaya in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), one male from Malaya in the Zoological Museum at Bonn and two males from Malaya in the Natural History Museum, Vienna, belong to this species but may represent a separate subspecies. Campylopteryx fleximargo (Warren) Drepana fleximargo Warren, 1896, Novit. zool. 3 : 272. Campylopteryx fleximargo (Warren), Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10 : 476 (rather inaccurate but useful colour-plate : the medial, hyaline area in the hind wing is not shown). Campylopteryx fleximargo (Warren), Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 40. Campylopteryx sublignata Warren, 1902, Novit. zool. 9: 340. Holotype g, Watubela Is., Kissoei (Kiihn). Syn. nov. Campylopteryx sublignata Warren, Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10 : 476 (slightly inaccurate colour-plate). Campylopteryx sublignata Warren, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 40. Type. Holotype 3g, Fergusson Is., xi. 1894 (A. S. Meek). I have compared the holotypes (including the genitalia) of C. sublignata Warren TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 329 and C. fleximargo (Warren) and found them conspecific. The type of C. sublignata Warren is simply a rather small pale specimen of the species. There is an almost complete range of variation from pale grey to dark brown in the series of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) collection. 24 Fics. 23-25. Callidrepana vanbraeckeli Gaede. Male: 23, genitalia ; 24, eighth sternum and tergum. 25, Female genitalia. Oreta singapura Swinhoe Oreta singapura Swinhoe, 1892, Catalogue of Eastern Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Oxford University Museum, Part 1, p. 243. (Pl. 7, fig. 15, in colour; shape of wings inaccurate.) TypE. Holotype 3 (not 9 as stated in original description), Singapore ; in Hope Department Museum, Oxford. 330 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE The colour-pattern readily distinguishes this species from the rest of the genus. The ovate spot, edged proximally with white, situated at the end of the cell on the fore wing, although present in some other species of this genus, is particularly conspicuous. The extensive individual variation in the coloration of this species (see reference below to the colour plates) has resulted in the publication of numerous synonyms for the Papuan subspecies. Oreta singapura singapura Swinhoe Oveta singapura Swinhoe, 1892. Oreta singapuvra Swinhoe, Warren, 1923, im Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10 : 480. Oreta singapura Swinhoe, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 9 : 46. The nominate subspecies can be separated from the remaining subspecies by the structure of the male genitalia (see Text-figs. 26-28). Neither the colour pattern nor the female genitalia seem to provide useful diagnostic characters. DISTRIBUTION. Singapore, Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo. Oreta singapura kalisi ssp. n. Type. Holotype 3, W. Celebes, Paloe, Loda, 4,000 ft., May, 1937 (J. P. A. Kallis). Apparently indistinguishable from the other subspecies externally, but easily recognized by the male genitalia (Text-figs. 29-31). The female is unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Celebes. MATERIAL EXAMINED. British Museum (Nat. Hist.). W.CELEBES: ¢ holotype, and I ¢ paratype with same data as holotype ; 5 ¢ paratypes, Paloe, Sidaonta 4,500 ft., June, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 10 g paratypes, Paloe, Koelawi, 3,100 ft., March, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 7 ¢ paratypes, Paloe, Lindoe, 3,700 ft., Apr., May, 1937 (J. P.A. Kalis). Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen. CELEBES: I ¢ paratype, Todjamboe, 13. vii. 1937 (Toxopeus) ; I ¢ paratype, Paloe, Sidaonta, 1,500 m., viii. 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis). Oreta singapura continua Warren Cobanilla continua Warren, 1899, Novit. zool. 6 : 313. Oreta continua (Warren), Warren 1923, im Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 313. (Good colour- plate, 3.) Oreta continua (Warren), Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 43. Oreta dissimilis Warren, 1923, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 482. (Good colour-plate, g and 2.) Type locality : Dutch New Guinea, Snow Mts. Syn. nov. Oreta dissimilis Warren, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49: 44. Oveta aurata Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 483. (Good colour-plate, 9.) Type locality : Dutch New Guinea, Snow Mts. Syn. nov. Oreta aurata Warren, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 43. Oreta ustimacula Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 483. (Good colour-plate 9.) Type locality : Dutch New Guinea, Snow Mts. Syn. nov. Oreta ustimacula Warren, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 43. Holoreta leucospila Joicey & Talbot, 1917, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 10:82. (Good colour-plate.) Type locality : Dutch Guinea, Wandammen Mts. Syn. nov. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 331 Ste hea Fics. 26-31. (26-28) Oveta singapura singapura Swinhoe. Male: 26, genitalia; 27, eighth sternum; 28, aedeagus. (29-31) Oreta singapura kalisi ssp. n. Male: 29, eighth sternum ; 30, genitalia; 31, aedeagus. 332 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE Oreta singapura continua ab. fulvata Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10 : 483 and O. singapura continua ab. lilacina Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10 : 483 are figured in colour-plate 50 in Seitz. Oveta singapura continua ab. flavobscura (Joicey & Talbot), 1917, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 10 : 83, is figured in colour plate 3 accompanying the original description. TYPE. Holotype 3, British New Guinea, Milne Bay, x.1889 (A. S. Meek). Best distinguished from the nominate subspecies by the male genitalia (Text-figs. 32-33). DISTRIBUTION. British and Dutch New Guinea. Fics. 32-33. Oveta singapura continua Warren. Male: 32, genitalia; 33, aedeagus. Oreta griseotincta Hampson Oreta griseotincta Hampson, 1893, Fauna Brit. India, Moths, 1 : 350. Tyre. Holotype J, Sikkim, 1888 (Mdller). This species is not readily distinguishable externally from Oveta carnea (Butler), its closest apparent relative, but can be separated from it easily by the male and female genitalia (see Text-figs. 34-43). There is considerable individual variation in the coloration. The brown colour of the upperside may be reddish or orange and either very dark or very pale. The Malayan subspecies of this species and the closely related Indonesian species Oreta carnea (Butler) occur together in central and southern Malaya. Had it not been for this sympatry I should certainly have regarded them as subspecies of one species. This apparent break in the subspecies chain of O. griseotincta Hampson may not, however, be real; for although sympatry does exist in a broad geographical sense, information from the data labels suggests that there may be an ecological barrier between it and O. carnea (Butler) : O. griseotincta Hampson seems to be confined to the higher inland regions while O. carnea (Butler) is only found at much lower alti- TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 333 tudes. This ecological isolation is presumably dependent upon some adaption to the environment, perhaps to different temperatures or to feeding on different food plants. A solitary male specimen of O. griseotincta Hampson (in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.)) from Singapore, which is comparatively low-lying, seems to present contra- dictory evidence, however, so that until further material, both from Malaya and Singapore is available, final conclusions cannot be drawn. Oreta griseotincta griseotincta Hampson Oreta griseotincta Hampson, 1893. Oreta griseotincta Hampson, Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 484. (Good colour- plate, 3.) Oreta griseotincta Hampson, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49: 44. Oreta olivacea Dudgeon, 1899, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 657. Syn. nov. Oreta olivacea Dudgeon, Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10 : 484. Oreta olivacea Dudgeon, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49: 45. Oreta carnea nucicolor Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 484. (Good colour-plate, 9.) Syn. nov. Oreta carnea var. nucicoloy Warren, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 43. Separable from the Malayan subspecies by the shape of the gnathus and valves in the male genitalia (Text-fig. 34). The peculiarly twisted ostial plate in the female genitalia of the only female available for examination (Text-fig. 37) may not be typical of this subspecies. I have compared the holotype of O. carnea nucicolor Warren and O. olivacea Dudgeon with the holotype and topotypical material of O. griseotincta Hampson and found them to be conspecific. DIsTRIBUTION. NE. India and Sikkim. Oreta griseotincta acutior ssp. n. TypEe. Holotype 3, Malay Penin., Selangor, Bukit Kutu, 3,500 ft., 18 April, - 1926 (H. M. Pendlebury). MALE. 33°6—41°6, 36-8 mm. (15). Similar to nominate subspecies but with more acutely pointed gnathus and more acutely pointed apex to anterior process of valve in genitalia (see Text-fig. 38). FEMALE. 40°8 mm. (1). Similar to female of nominate race externally. (See Text-fig. 39 of female genitalia.) DIsTRIBUTION. Malaya and Singapore. MATERIAL EXAMINED. British Museum (Nat. Hist.). MALAYA: 2 ¢ paratypes, Perak, Larut Hills, 3,700 ft., 13, 17.ii.1932 (H. M. Pendlebury) ; 9 allotype, 3 ¢ paratypes, Pahang, Cameron Highlands, 4,700 ft., 4,800 ft., 23.vi.1935, I0-26.v. 1939; 5 3 paratypes, Pahang, Fraser’s Hill, 4,200 ft., 4,250 ft., vi. 1921, 6.i.19209, II.ix.1931, 3,16.vii.1936 (A. S. Corbet and others); J holotype, 7 3 paratypes, Selangor, Bukit Kutu, 3,300-3,500 ft., iv.1915 ; 13, 18.iv.1926, 26.ix.1932 (H. M. Pendlebury, A. R. Sanderson). SINGAPORE: I 6 paratype, Fraser’s Hill, 17.vi. 1930 (V. N. Riley). 334 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 39 Fics. 34-39. (34-36) Oreta griseotincta griseotincta Hampson. Male: 34, genitalia ; 35, eighth sternum; 36, aedeagus. 37, Female genitalia. (38-39) Oveta griseotincta acutioy ssp.n. 38, Male genitalia ; 39, female genitalia. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 335 Oreta carnea (Butler) Agnidra carnea Butler, 1892, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1892 : 125. Oreta carnea (Butler), Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10 : 484. Oreta carnea (Butler), Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 43. Drepana berenica Swinhoe, 1893, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 12: 258. Syn. nov. Cobanilla berenica (Swinhoe), Swinhoe, 1902, Trans. ent. Soc. London, 1902 : 588, (= hepaticata Warren and cardinalis Warren.) Maes At ef Fics. 40-43. Oveta carnea (Butler). Male: 40, genitalia; 41, eighth sternum ; 42, aedeagus. 43, Female genitalia. Oreta berenice (sic) (Swinhoe), Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10 : 485. Oreta berenica (Swinhoe), Gaede 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 43. Cobanilla hepaticata Warren, 1891, Novit. zool. 4:13. Syn. nov. Oreta hepatica (sic) (Warren), Warren, 1923, im Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 485. (Good colour-plate, 3.) Oreta hepaticata (Warren), Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49: 44. 336 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE Cobanilla cardinalis Warren, 1897, Novit. zool. 4:13. Syn. nov. Oreta cardinalis (Warren), Warren, 1923, im Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 485. (Good colour- plate 9°.) Oreta cardinalis (Warren), Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 43. Type. Holotype 9, (Borneo), Sandakan. Similar externally to O. griseotincta Hampson, but readily distinguished from it by the male and female genitalia (Text-figs. 40-43). I have examined the holotype of Drepana berenica Swinhoe, Cobanilla hepaticata Warren, Cobanilla cardinalis Warren and Orveta carnea (Butler) and found them to be conspecific. DISTRIBUTION. Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. (See remarks on the distribution under O. griseotincta Hampson.) Oreta identata sp. n. Type. Holotype 3, W. Celebes, Paloe, G. Tompoe, 2,700 ft., Jan., 1937 (J. P. A. Kallis). Best distinguished from Orveta griseotincta Hampson and from Oveta carnea Butler, its closest apparent relatives, by the male and female genitalia (see Text-figs.). MALE (PI. 66, fig. 3). 39°2, 37°0-41°6 mm. (30). Head and palps usually dark | brown or dark reddish brown, paler towards labrum ; antennae as for dorsal surface of thorax, largest antennal pectination equal to one-half greatest diameter of eye. Upperside of thorax usually same colour as ground colour of wings; similar in colour to medial shade of fore wing in some specimens. Wing shape and form of colour-pattern as in plate. Venation of fore wing as in Text-fig. 44. Hind wing with Sc approximated to Rs distal to end of cell. Upperside of fore wing lustrous, very variable in colour: pale greyish, yellowish or reddish brown, with or without well-marked fasciae and medial shade ; reddish or purplish brown, with or without medial markings ; dark reddish or purplish brown with or without medial markings. Apical area of wing and basal area invariably paler than rest of wing and often irrorated with white scales. Upperside of hind wing usually similar in colour to ground colour of fore wing, but sometimes of same colour as medial shade of fore wing ; medial shade usually weakly marked. Underside of both wings lustrous ; usually very pale reddish brown speckled with black ; postmedial fascia on both wings present, usually moderately well marked. Costa of fore wing yellowish most strongly coloured apicad. Underside of thorax usually pale yellowish brown. Legs with long dense fringes of hair-like scales. Following parts of legs bright reddish brown or orange: outer surface of femur, tibia and whole of tarsus of prothoracic leg ; outer surface of tibia and tarsus, and both surfaces of tarsal fringe of mesothoracic leg ; and outer surface of tibial fringe and both surfaces of tarsal fringe of metathoracic leg. Remaining surfaces of legs pale yellowish brown. Abdomen similar in colour to corresponding parts of thorax, but paler posteriad dorsally. Male genitalia as in Text-figs. 45-47. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 337 FEMALE. 43°2, 37°4-45°6 mm. (16). Similar to male but with shape and form of colour-pattern of fore wing as in female O. griseotincta Hampson (see plate in Seitz, Joc. cit.). Colour of wings as in male, but often much paler. Female genitalia as in Text-fig. 48. DISTRIBUTION. NE., W. and SW. Celebes. 44 Fic. 44. Orveta identata sp. n., fore wing venation. MATERIAL EXAMINED. British Museum (Nat. Hist.) N. CELEBES: I 2 paratype, N. Celebes (Curtis) ; 1 2 paratype, Minahassa, Tomohon, vii.1954 (C. A. M. G. Alston). W.CELEBES: 2 ¢ paratypes, Paloe, G. Rangoenau, 1,800 ft., Nov. and Dec., 1936 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; holotype g and 10 ¢ paratypes, Paloe, G. Tompoe, 2,700 ft., Feb. and Jan., 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis); 1 g and 2 2 paratypes, Paloe, Koelawi, 3,100 ft., March, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 8 g paratypes, Paloe, Lindoe, 3,700 ft., April, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 5 ¢ paratypes, Paloe, Loda, 4,000 ft., May, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis); 1 2 and 5 ¢ paratypes, allotype 9, Paloe, Sidaonta, June, 1937 (J. P. A. Kalis). SW. CELEBES: 2 9 paratypes, Parangbobo Goa, G. Lampo- 338 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE battang, 5,000 ft., May, 1938 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 2 9 paratypes, Tjamba, near Maros, 1,500 ft., Feb., 1938 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 6 g paratypes, Pangean, near Maros, 2,000 ft., March, 1938 (J. P. A. Kalis). Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. NE. CELEBES : 47 Fics. 45-48. Oveta identatasp.n. Male: 45, genitalia; 46, aedeagus ; 47, eighth sternum. 48, Female genitalia. 4 9 paratypes, Minahassa, 1920 (Coll. P. J. v. d. Bergh, Lzn.) ; 1 9 paratype, Bolang Mongondo (Coll. P. J. v. d. Bergh, Lzn.) ; 2 Q paratypes, Rurukan, 1920. Ryks- museum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. NE.CELEBES: 2 9 paratypes, Minahassa, 1922 (P. J. v. d. Bergh). Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen. W. CELEBES: {Paloe Bay, Belitang, 15-20 July, 1928. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 339 Oreta extensa Walker Oreta extensa Walker, 1855, List Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 5 : 1166. Oreta extensa Walker, Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10 : 484. Oreta extensa Walker, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 44. Oreta figlina Swinhoe, 1905, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 16: 142. Syn. nov. Oreta figlina Swinhoe, Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 484. (Poor, misleading colour-plate.) Oreta figlina Swinhoe, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 44. Type. Holotype ¢, East Indies. From an examination of the holotype and material of this species from India and Indonesia it is clear that the type locality must be restricted. I select ‘‘ Java’’ as the restricted locality for this species. Externally this species closely resembles O. voepkei sp. n. but the apex of the fore wing is usually not so strongly produced, and the oblique, postmedial fascia on the fore wing is usually straight posteriorly, not slightly sinuous. The male and female genitalia readily separate the species (Text-figs. 49-52). There are two colour-forms as in O. roepkei sp. n. DIsTRIBUTION. NE. India, Sumatra and Java (including E. Java). Specimens from S. India, Ceylon, Formosa, Celebes and Buru (in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.)) probably also belong to this species. Oreta roepkei sp. n. Type. Holotype ¢ (E. Java) Tengger, Singolangoe, 5,000 ft., May, 1934 (J. P. A. Kallis). _ This species can usually be distinguished from the Javanese specimens of O. extensa Walker, probably the most closely related species, by the sinuous, not straight, posterior part of the postmedial fascia. The male and female genitalia readily separate the two species. A marked dimorphism in the colour-pattern of the males is worthy of note and is described below. MALE (PI. 66, fig. 1). 46-4, 42-4-49-4 mm. (25). Yellow-and-brown form. Head and palp red. Antenna unipectinate; pale yellow-brown; longest antennal pectination equal to about one-half greatest diameter of eye. Collar yellow. Upperside of thorax pale reddish brown speckled with white. Underside of thorax pale yellow or pale reddish yellow, but red anteriorly. Outer surface of legs reddish orange, less strongly pigmented on inner surface. Wing shape and form of colour-pattern of upperside as in plate. Fore wing venation as in Text-fig. 53. Hind wing with Sc approximating to Rs distal to end of cell. Upperside of fore wing reddish-brown lightly striated transversely with dark brown, but with yellow basal area striated with reddish brown, and with yellowish area lightly irrorated with black distal to posterior end of yellow postmedial fascia. Costa yellow basad. Apex and basal part of costal area irrorated with white. Small white discocellular spot and sometimes trace of spot at posterior angle of cell. Fore 340 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE Fics. 49-52 Orveta extensa Walker. Male; 49, genitalia; 50, eighth sternum ; 51, aedeagus. 52, Female genitalia. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 341 wing lustrous except for cell, narrow area proximal to anterior part of postmedial fascia and small area anteriad of tornus. Hind wing with dark areas reddish brown and pale areas yellow ; lustrous except for band along outer margin near anal angle ; cell-spots as in fore wing. a f FIG. 53. Oreta roepkei sp. n., fore wing venation. Underside of fore wing reddish orange striated with black ; trace of broad, yellow postmedial fascia, most well-marked costad. Underside of hind wing yellow, but reddish orange basad striated with black in costal area, and reddish orange along anal margin and in broad area extending from apex nearly half-way along outer margin of wing. Underside of both wings lustrous. Abdomen reddish brown dorsally lightly irrorated with white; darker band anteriorly followed by yellowish transverse band ; yellow posteriorly. Sides of abdomen pale reddish yellow. Ventral surface reddish orange. Brown form. Upperside of both wings reddish brown with trace of pale basal area 342 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE and weakly marked postmedial fascia. Fore wing irrorated with black between posterior end of postmedial fascia and outer margin. Hind wing often strongly speckled with black especially at apex. Underside of both wings reddish orange, 55 56 Fics. 54-57. Oveta voepkei sp.n. Male: 54, genitalia; 55, eighth sternum ; 56, aedeagus. 57, Female genitalia. often speckled and transversely striated with black especially at tornus of fore wing and apex of hind wing. Male genitalia as in Text-figs. 54-56. FEMALE (PI. 66, fig. 2). 51°5, 50°0-53°0 mm. (2). Similar to male but with following differences. Longest antennal pectination equal to about two-fifths greatest dia- TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 343 meter of eye. Shape of fore wing as in plate. Colour of both wings intermediate between two forms of male, and with black speckles extending as band along distal margin of postmedial in fore wing. Underside of fore wing with broad, well- marked, yellow postmedial fascia. Underside of hind wing as for yellow-and-brown form of male. Female genitalia as in Text-fig. 57. DIsTRIBUTION. Known only from East Java. MATERIAL EXAMINED. British Museum (Nat. Hist.). E‘ JAVA: holotype ¢ and 20 ¢ paratypes, Tengger, Singolangoe, 5,000 ft., April, May, June, 1934 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; allotype 2 and 11 ¢ paratypes, Kletak Tengger, 6,000 ft., May, June, 1934 (J.P. A. Kalis) ; 1 g paratype, Waterfall Baoeng, 1,200 ft., July, 1934 (J. P. A. Kallis) ; I 2 paratype and 12 ¢ paratypes, Djoenggo Ardjoeno, 4,500 ft., May, June, 1934 (J. P. A. Kalis); 4 3 paratypes, Nongkodjadjar, 4,000 ft., Jan., May, June, 1934 (J. P. A. Kalis). Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. E. JAVA: I 3 paratype, Nongkodjadjar, rg11. Oreta vatama Moore Oreta vatama Moore, 1865, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 : 816. Oreta obtusa Walker, Strand, 1911, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 2: 204 (partim). (Good colour- plate of Oreta vatama Moore.) Oreta obtusa var. vatama Moore, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49: 45. Oreta obtusa Walker, Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10 : 484 (partim). TypE. Holotype 9, Darjeeling. Not examined. Said by Moore (loc. cit) to have been in the collection of A. E. Russel which according to Horn & Kahle (1935-37) has been lost. The British Museum (Nat. Hist.) possesses, however, a specimen from the type locality which exactly fits the original description and which bears a determination label “‘ Oreta vatama Moore’’ in Moore’s handwriting. There seems little doubt there- fore about the identity of this species. Examination of 0. vatama Moore has shown that it is quite distinct from Psiloreta obtusa (Walker) to which various authors have referred it. Psiloreta obtusa (Walker) comb. nov. Oreta obtusa Walker, 1855, List. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 5 : 1167. Oreta obtusa Walker, Strand, 1911, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 2: 204, partim, (= vatama Moore). (Colour-plate is of O. vatama Moore, not O. obtusa Walker.) Oreta obtusa Walker, Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10 : 484, partim. Oveta obtusa Walker, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 45, partim. Oreta obliquilinea Hampson, 1893, Fauna Brit. India, Moths, 1: 349. Syn. nov. Psiloreta inconspicua, Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 486. (One of the two 6 syntypes well illustrated.) Syn. nov. Psiloreta inconspicua Warren, Gaede, 1931, Lep. Cat. 49: 48. Type. Holotype 9, India, Silhet. I have compared the types (including the genitalia) of O. obliquilinea Hampson and P. inconspicua Warren with the type of O. obtusa Walker (and matched specimens) and found them conspecific. DISTRIBUTION. India, Burma, China, Formosa, Indonesia. 344 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 61 63 Fics. 58-63. (58-60) Psiloreta obtusa obtusa (Walker). Male: 58, genitalia ; 59, eighth sternum ; 60, aedeagus. (61-63) Psiloreta obtusa speciosa Bryk. Male: 61, genitalia ; 62, eighth sternum ; 63, aedeagus. TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 345 Psiloreta obtusa obtusa (Walker) This subspecies is well illustrated in Seitz, (loc. cit.) (as P. inconspicua Walker). The male genitalia are figured in Text-figs. 58-60. Known only from North India. Psiloreta obtusa speciosa Bryk stat. nov. Psiloveta speciosa Bryk, 1943, Ark. Zool. 34A, No. 13: 26. (Excellent photograph.) Type. Holotype g¢ (NE. Burma), Kambaiti, 2,000 m., 12-17.vi.1934 (in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm). Distinguishable from the nominate subspecies by the more strongly produced apex of the fore wing, and from all the other subspecies by the male genitalia (Text- figs. 61-63). DISTRIBUTION. NE. Burma. Psiloreta obtusa aequitermen Warren stat. nov. Psiloveta aequitermen Warren, 1923, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde, 10: 485. (Good colour-plate, except for outer margin of hind wing which should be evenly rounded.) Psiloreta aequitermen Warren, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 47. Type. I select the following syntype as the lectotype: a male, Malay Peninsula, Gunong, Ijau; Drepanidae genitalia slide No. 832. Labelled in Warren’s hand- writing “ Psiloreta aequitermen Type 2 Warr.’’. The males can usually be distinguished from those of the nominate subspecies, but not from the other subspecies, by the more strongly produced apex of the fore wing (see plates in Seitz, 10). The male genitalia readily separate this subspecies from the remaining subspecies (Text-figs. 64-65). DISTRIBUTION. Malaya, Sumatra and Celebes. Psiloreta obtusa javae ssp. n. Type. Holotype male, Java, Mt. Gedeh, Aug., 1926. Very similar externally to the nominate subspecies, but with the outer margin of the fore wing nearly straight in the male and only slightly convex in the female. Readily distinguished from the remaining subspecies by the male genitalia (Text- figs. 67-68). Not distinguishable from the nominate subspecies by the female genitalia (Text-fig. 66). MEASUREMENTS. Male: 38-8, 34:4-43°6 mm. (40). Female: 45:1, 41°6—50-0 mm. (9). POLYMORPHISM. As in P. obtusa aequitermen Warren and the nominate subspecies, this subspecies occurs in two distinct colour-forms which, from the data on the labels, appear to be unrelated to the date of capture. There is a yellow-and-brown from similar in pattern to the illustration of P. obtusa aequitermen Warren in Seitz, 10, and a nearly uniformly coloured brown form as in the illustration of Psiloreta incon- spicua Warren in Seitz, 10. A further more rare yellow form has all the markings, 346 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE Fics. 64-68. (64-65) Psiloreta obtusa aequitermen Warren. Male: 64, genitalia; 65, aedeagus. (66-68) Psiloveta obtusa javae ssp. n. 66, female genitalia. Male: 67, aedeagus ; 68, genitalia. . TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME INDO-AUSTRALIAN DREPANIDAE 347 except for the postmedial fascia and apical markings of the fore wing and the dark spot at the outer margin of the hind wing, absent or very faintly marked. There are several specimens exhibiting a colour-pattern intermediate between this yellow form and the yellow-and-brown form. Of 68 males examined 28 belonged to the brown form and 28 to the yellow-and-brown form: the remaining 12 belonged to the yellow form or were intermediate between this form and the yellow-and-brown form. Of 8 females examined, 4 were yellow-and-brown, 1 brown, and 3 yellow or intermediate between the yellow form and yellow-and-brown form. DISTRIBUTION. Java and Bali. MATERIAL EXAMINED. British Museum (Nat. Hist.). E. JAVA: I 2 and 18 g paratypes, Nonkodjadjar, 4,000 ft., Jan., Apr., May, June, Dec., 1933, 1934 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 1 9 and 7 ¢ paratypes, Kletak Tengger, 6,000 ft., May, June, 1934 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 1 9 and 14 ¢ paratypes, Djoenggo Ardjoeno, 4,500 ft., May, June, 1934 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 1 Q and 16 g paratypes, Singolangoe Tengger, 5,000 ft., Apr.—July, 1934 (J. P. A. Kalis) ; 2 g paratypes, Waterfall Baoeng, 1,200 ft., July, 1934 (J. P. A. Kalis). W. JAvA: holotype 3, allotype 2 and 2 g paratypes, Mt. Gedeh, Aug., Sept., 1926; 1 g paratype, Mt. Gedeh, 5,000 ft., Aug., Sept., 1924 (G. Overdijkink) ; 2 g and 2 9 paratypes, Mt. Gedeh, 4,000 ft., 25.x—2.xi.1924 (G. Overdijkink) ; 2 3 paratypes, Mt. Gedeh, Perbawatie, 4,000-4,500 ft., I.iv.1938; I Q paratype, Mt. Gedeh, Soekaboemi, iii.1938 (M. E. Walsh). E. BALI: 2 2 paratypes, Batoeriti, 3,500 ft., June, 1935 (J. P. A. Kalis). Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. JAVA: I g and I 9 paratype, Malabar Geb., Tjinjiroean, Gouv. Kina-Ondern., 1,700 m., Oct., Nov., 1909 (Dr. H. W. v. d. Weele) ; 1 9 paratype, (?) geb. 1888. REFERENCES DICKERSON, R. E., MERILL, E. D., etal. 1928. Distribution of life inthe Philippines. Monogr. Bur. Sci. Manila, 21 : 1-322, 64 figs., 43 pls. Horn & KaHLE. 1935-37. Uber Entomologische Sammlungen, Entomologen und Entom- Museologie. Watson, A. 1957. A revision of the genus Tridrepana Swinhoe. Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent. 4 : 409-500, 155 figs., 2 pls. ENTOM. 10, 8. 13 ‘"P adAQoJoy ‘epaey ; *P edAjojoy “u ‘dss yayravaquon vuvdeapyjvy °C “OT vyojouap voyiusou sapojadvaq ‘*¥ “OIA ‘P adAjojoy “‘u ‘ds ‘'P ‘(rayoo}sueseg) ‘P adAzojoy ‘“u ‘ds viuspfysnsur viuepjayt “€ ‘o1t vwanu viMayjay “zo VaUYYY] ViUuapjay— “I “Ol $9 ALVId Bull. B.M.(N.H.) Entom. 10, 8 PEA RE Fic. 2. Orveta voepkei sp. n., allotype 9. Fic. 3. Oreta kalisi sp. n., 3. Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 10, 8 PLATE 66. 7? Os A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA, INSECTA) V. M. DIRSH Anti-Locust Research Centre, London BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 9 LONDON: 1961 A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA, INSECTA) BY V. M. DIRSH _ ; = ee | Anti-Locust Research Centre, London Pp. 349-419 ; 34 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 9 LONDON: 1961 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, 1s issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 10, No. 9 of the Entomological serves. © Trustees of the British Museum, 1961 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued July, 1961 Price Twenty-six Shillings A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA, INSECTA) By V. M. Dirsu Anti-Locust Research Centre, London CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION. : ; F : : : nees52 STATUS AND SCOPE OF Acridoiaen. : F : ‘ ‘ ; 353, TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS : : : ? 3 : ; . an, 354 List OF FAMILIES : : é ; : : : : . . 359 KEY TO FAMILIES é ; ' ‘ , : : : : 3 °359 Family Eumastacidae . : , : : : : . 360 List of Subfamilies of Eumastacidae : : ' : : 1363 Family Proscopiidae ; : , ; ; ; ‘ : +. 303 Family Tanaoceridae ; , : 3 ; : : ; . 364 Family Pneumoridae ; : : ‘ : ; : ‘ - 366 Family Xyronotidae : : j P ; : 3 : . 366 Family Trigonopterygidae ; ‘ , : ; ; : = §309 Family Charilaidae : 3 is : - : . : . 369 Family Pamphagidae . : : ; : ‘ Ba 2. Key to Subfamilies of Pamphagidae : : ‘ ‘ : Ors Subfamily Echinotropinae , : : : : ; a 1375 Subfamily Porthetinae . : : E ; : ; 87s Subfamily A kicerinae ; : : : ; , : a 7G Subfamily Pamphaginae . ‘ ‘ : . ‘ , “397 Family Lathiceridae p : , : : ‘ ; ; . 380 Family Pyrgomorphidae . ; ; : : : : : meee 5 5 Family Ommexechidae . , % j : : : : ce. 308 Family Paulintidae ‘ F : , ‘ : ; ; --) 308 Family Lentulidae . : . ‘ ‘ : : 5 ‘ . 386 Family Acrididae . : : é F 3 : 00 Key to Subfamilies of Aline : A : F : Popa (oi? Subfamily Dericorythinae ‘ : : ‘ : . 390 Subfamily Chilacridinae . : , : : : ; e301 Subfamily Romaleinae . . c ‘ ‘ : i a 393 Subfamily Lithidiinae : : P ; : , ; - 395 Subfamily Hemiacridinae ; : ; , ‘ 4 e307 Subfamily Tropidopolinae : : ; , ‘ ; - 398 Subfamily Oxyinae . : : . ; . , ; - 400 Subfamily Coptacridinae . ; : é ; . ; . 401 ENTOM. I0, 9. 27 352 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA Page Subfamily Calliptaminae . . : : : : : - 403 Subfamily Euryphyminae ‘ ; ‘ : ‘ ‘ - 404 Subfamily Eyprepocnemidinae . ' : : ; ‘ . §07 Subfamily Catantopinae . ; : : ‘ ‘ , s gO7 Subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae . : : : ; : . 409 Subfamily Egnatiinae . : : ; ; : : - 410 Subfamily A cridinae ‘ , 4 : ; ‘ : < ere Subfamily Evemogryllinae : , ’ ‘ ‘ . - 413 Subfamily Truxalinae ; ? ; : : : ; « 414 REFERENCES : - ‘ . : : i ; : , Pay to INTRODUCTION THE status and scope of families and subfamilies of Acridoidea have undergone many changes, but the general system within the group is still far from adequate. A few families are well defined, but there are others (e.g. Ewmastacidae), and also some subfamilies (e.g. Catantopinae), which are highly heterogeneous assemblages and need thorough revision. In this paper an attempt is made to establish a tentative classification of Acridoidea based mainly, though not exclusively, on Palaearctic and African material. In- sufficiency of material, particularly from South America and from Australasia, makes a comprehensive review of the whole group impossible at present. Moreover, although as many as 1,527 valid genera have been described up to the end of 1958, this number is probably still far from the total, and one may expect possibly twice as many more to be described. Consequently, the system outlined below must be regarded as preliminary only. In the diagnoses of the families and subfamilies below, only the most important characters are mentioned. The characters which are common to all families, and those which have not been checked for the majority of the genera of a certain family or subfamily, are omitted from the diagnoses but are mentioned in discussions or in the tables. The keys to families and subfamilies are based on external characters only, which usually suffice for recognition of them. The distribution of both external and internal characters throughout families and subfamilies is presented in Tables II and III respectively. It will be seen that the internal and external characters often do not run parallel. . The list of genera of each family or subfamily includes only those examined by the author, arranged in alphabetical order. In many cases all the known genera were studied, and this is indicated. No lists are provided in the case of the very large and sufficiently distinct units such as Pyrgomorphidae, Acridinae and the somewhat artificial subfamily Catantopinae. I am greatly indebted to Dr. B. P. Uvarov for his valuable advice and criticism in the course of preparing this paper, to Dr. T. H. C. Taylor, Director of the Anti- Locust Research Centre, for sponsoring this work, and to Dr. K. H. L. Key for his valuable critical comments. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 353 STATUS AND SCOPE OF ACRIDOIDEA The systematic position of Acridoidea, as suggested in recent leading orthoptero- logical and general entomological works, is presented in Table I. The main changes in this century have been as follows : Handlirsch (1908) divided the order Orthoptera Latreille, 1793 (= Saltatoria Latreille, 1817), into the suborder Locustoidea, with the families Locustidae (= Tetti- goniidae), Gryllidae, Tridactylidae, and Gryllotalpidae, and the suborder Acridioidea with a single family Acridiidae. Ander (1939) divided the order Saliatoria into the suborders Ensifera and Caelifera, the first of which corresponds to Handlirsch’s Locustoidea and the second to Handlirsch’s Acridioidea, except that he transferred the family Tvidactylidae to the suborder Caelifera as a superfamily. Acridoidea were regarded by him as the second superfamily of the suborder. Some authors, however, even earlier (Jakobson & Bianki, 1904), regarded all the superfamilies of Ander as suborders. Others (Schvanwitsh, 1949) omitted the term suborder and used the term superfamily instead. In this paper, following Handlirsch’s scheme, the Acridoidea are regarded as a suborder of the order Orthoptera. TABLE I.—Changes in the Status of Acridoidea Taxonomic categories i a = Authors Order Suborder Superfamily Jakobson & Bianki, 1904 Orthoptera Acridiodea _— Handlirsch, 1908 Orthoptera Acridioidea — Chopard, 1920 Orthoptera Locustodea — Schréder, 1925 Saltatoria Acridiodea —_ Uvarov, 1928 Orthoptera Acridodea = Weber, 1938 . Saltatoria Acridoidea _- - Ander, 1939 . Saltatoria Caelifera Acridoidea Chopard, 1949 Orthoptera Caelifera Acridoidea Shvanwitsh, 1949 . Orthoptera — Acridoidea Bey-Bienko & Mistshenko, 1951 Orthoptera Caelifera Acridoidea Beier, 1955 Saltatoptera Caelifera Acridides This work Orthoptera Acridoidea = A question concerning the scope of the suborder Acridoidea is the position of Tetrigidae, which some authors continue to regard as one of the families of Acridoidea, although Chopard (1920), Walker (1919-22), Snodgrass (1937), Carpentier (1932, 1936), and Ander (1939) have proved that this view is incorrect. Beier (1955) has formally established the superfamily Tetrigides as equal in rank to his Acridides - (= Acridoidea) and consisting of the families Tetrigidae, Tridactylidae and Cylindra- chetidae. Beier’s superfamily Tetrigides is here regarded as the suborder Tetrigoidea, equal in rank with Acridoidea. 354 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA A discussion of affinities of Tetvigoidea with other Orthopteroid groups is outside the scope of this paper, but the main characters separating them from Acridoidea are as follows! : 1. The thoracic skeletons of Tetrigidae and Acridoidea in many essential features are very different (Carpentier, 1936). The pronotum in Tetrigidae is strongly elongated, covering the whole or the greater part of the body, which is never the case in Acridoidea. 2. The structure of the phallic complex is entirely different. In Tetrigidae the epiphallus is absent ; the pseudosternite, described by Walker (1922), cannot be regarded as homologous with the epiphallus of Acrvidoidea and probably represents a structure of a different origin. The cingulum, in the same meaning as in Acridotdea, is also absent. The penis is directed towards the anterior end of the body, whereas in Acridoidea it is always directed towards the posterior end. The family T7i- gonopterygidae is the only exception ; in it the penis is directed towards the anterior end, as a secondary phenomenon, the whole phallic complex being in a reversed position ; the ventral part being in a dorsal position and the dorsal part ventral (see Dirsh, 1956.) The whole phallic organ in Tetrigidae is covered above with valves, which are absent in Acridotdea. 3. The elytra in Tetvigidae are strongly shortened, scale-like, while the wings are fully developed (though there are some apterous species). This never occurs in Acridoidea. The hind wing has a strongly reduced remigium, a relatively large vannus and unbranched main veins (Ragge, 1955). 4. The tympanal organ is always absent in Tetrigidae. In Acridoidea, except a few families, it is present. 5. The anterior and middle tarsi of Tetrigidae consist of two segments and only the hind tarsus is three-segmented, while in Acridoidea all tarsi are always three- segmented. 6. Arolia are absent in Tetrigidae but always present in Acridoidea. All these characters separate Tetrigidae from Acridoidea definitely and it is probable that the internal anatomy, when studied, will provide further important features of difference. TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS The attitude of taxonomists of the last and the beginning of this century towards classification of Acridoidea was to regard the genera and species as being related if they resembled each other in general appearance. However, such resemblance, often due to convergent adaptation to habitat and mode of life, is often deceptive, and many superficially similar genera proved to be quite unrelated when their external and some internal characters were compared in detail. For example, the genera Acrida and Truxalis, which are superficially similar and were usually regarded as closely related, actually belong to clearly distinct sub- families. Mesopsis and Mesopsera were also regarded as related, but the first 1 Only the family Tetrigidae, not the whole suborder Tetrigoidea, is compared here with Acridoidea, since it is only this family, not the whole suborder, that was regarded as belonging to the Acridoidea. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 355 belongs to the subfamily Tvuxalinae and the second to Hemiacridinae. Batra- chotetrigint were regarded as a part of Oedipodinae, to which they are superficially similar, but it is undisputed now that they belong to the family Pamphagidae. The characters used for differentiation of families and subfamilies will be seen from the diagnoses and the table below, but a few explanatory remarks are necessary. Chopard (1920) was the first to introduce the structure of the internal, mainly male, genitalia for the purpose of systematics. Since then genitalia have been used by a few other authors, as supplementary characters for the differentiation of species and genera. On a wider scale, for characterizing higher groups, male genitalia were used by Roberts (1941), Uvarov (1943) and Dirsh (1956) and the female genitalia by Slifer (1939-43) and Dirsh (1957). It may be suggested that the male genitalia represent one of the most reliable characters for the classification of higher taxonomic units, because they are less subject to the adaptive changes of the organism in changing environmental condi- tions than are the external structures. For the differentiation of families the phallic complex is certainly most reliable and can be used as a single character. Up to the present time, no intermediate forms which might suggest transition from one family to another, have been found. It serves by itself to define some subfamilies, e.g. Euryphyminae, Calliptaminae, Eremogryllinae and Hemiacridinae, or it may be used as an auxiliary character. It displays a considerable diversity at the generic level and sometimes may be used for separation of species. Other internal characters, e.g. the Comstock-Kellogg glands, alimentary canal, malpighian tubes, nervous system, internal skeleton, muscles, chromosomes, etc., may offer characters of value, but too few species have been studied in these respects for use to be made of them for taxonomic purposes at present. The second important character recently introduced into the systematics of Acridoidea is the stridulatory mechanism. The ability of some grasshoppers to produce sounds detectable by the human ear was known from time immemorial, but the relations between the types of the sound-producing mechanisms and taxon- omy were not stressed until comparatively recently. A variety of structures serving for stridulation has been described (Uvarov, 1928, 1942; Chopard, 1938 ; Henry, 1942 ; Burtt, 1946 ; Kevan, 1953-54; Dirsh, 1955) and it is clear that they have important taxonomic value. Such structures exist in the majority of families and subfamilies, while their regular absence in others also appears characteristic. In the majority of cases, the stridulatory mechanism provides additional taxonomic evidence for systematic groups, based on other characters. In some groups it even provides the main character when others are less adequate or are obscured by convergence, general reduction, etc. ~The most important point is the principle of the structure of the stridulatory mechanism. For example: the males of Tanaoceridae, Pneumoridae and Xyrono- tidae have a combination of ridges on the sides of the third abdominal tergite with a serrated or non-serrated ridge on the internal side of the hind femora. In the majority of subfamilies of the family Acrididae the mechanism is based on the friction between the elytra and hind legs. In Truxalinae and Eremogryllinae this 356 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA TABLE II.—Families and their Main Internal characters A. Valves of Families Cingulum penis Eumastacidae Absent Single sclerited Proscopiidae . Primitive Single sclerited Tanaoceridae , a ? Pneumoridae is Ap Paired not divided Xyronotidae ; *s ? Trigonopterygidae . Paired divided Charilaidae . Differen- Ditto tiated Pamphagidae ‘ ms » Lathiceridae . Shield- Ae like Pyrgomorphidae . Capsule- Paired like not divided Ommexechidae . Differen- Ditto tiated Pauliniidae Ditto Paired divided Lentulidae ee Paired not divided Acrididae . : oe Paired divided or flexured * According to Slifer (1939-43). ¢t According to Helwig (1958). Comstock- Oval Kellogg Ileal Chromo- Sacs Epiphallus sclerites glands* caeca* somest Ejaculatory Variable - - + Small sac without pockets Ditto Bridge- -~ — — A shaped ? Plate- _ ? ? ? shaped Ejaculatory Ditto = ? ? Small sac without pockets £ ? aaa ? ? ” Ejaculatory ey _ ? ? ns sac without pockets Ditto _ ? ? ? ” ” ra > ae Large - Bridge- + ? ? ? shaped i Ditto — — — Large Ejaculatory _Bridge- + + _ Small sac with shaped with pockets separated lateral plates Ditto Ditto a. a. ? » Ejaculatory _Bridge- + - ? » sac without shaped pockets Ditto Variable + + or — — Medium type of mechanism is represented by the sharpened veins of the elytra and a serration (with articulated or non-articulated pegs) on the internal side of the hind femora. In the group Oedipodini of Acridinae it consists of a serrated intercalary vein of the elytra and a sharp ridge on the internal side of the hind femora. In Romaleinae it is represented by serrated veinlets on the hind wings and sharpened veins on the lower surface of the elytra. In Hemiacridinae it is a combination of the thickened REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 357 Characters (+ Present, — Absent) External characters pe Se € ‘ Abdomino- Tube- Basal Median femoral like lobes of Fasti- carina Elytra stridulatory pro- Hind Brunner’s hind gial Antennal of and mechanism thorax legs organ femur furrow grooves pronotum wings Tympanum _ -— Saltatorial + Variable + or — — Single or + or — -- absent — os Almost _ Lower lobe = — Ditto Mainly — cursorial longer _ — Saltatorial + Ditto - — Single -- ~ _ Almost _ i + — a a = cursorial + — Saltatorial te Lower lobe -E — A — == shorter — _ > +. Ditto “hE as > ar == = _ :; + Lower lobe fe — Double + + longer _ — at _ Ditto + _ Single or + or — Normally + absent a er ” + ” Se + Ditto ae as = TE ” + ” + nar ”» + ol — Normally a o = » “is Of equal + _ i sOfeee: 2 ch pp es length - _ Ay + Lower lobe _ _ Single + + shorter - - a + Ditto — _ Single or = — absent — _ PF + Lower lobe _ — Ditto +or— +or— shorter or both of equal length veinlets of the elytra with the spines and spurs of the hind tibiae. There are other main types of the mechanism, and their modifications in some genera of the known subfamilies and families may provide useful auxiliary characters. It is necessary to bear in mind that in some genera and species the stridulatory mechanism may be lost or reduced (particularly in females), but its loss is a secondary phenomenon often connected with the reduction or loss of wings. It should be 358 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA noted also that analogous structures may appear as an exception in unrelated genera of different subfamilies and families, but this happens with almost every — external character. Asanexample of such analogous development, the serration on the internal side of the hind femora in the two South American genera Atrachelacris and Levotettix of the Catantopinae may be cited. The serration is somewhat similar to that in Truxalinae, but it is not accompanied by the specialization of the veins of the elytra. The genera nearest to Atrachelacris and Leiotettix have no serration at all. At the present stage of knowledge of Acridoidea it is not possible to estimate the phylogenetic value of the majority of external morphological characters ; even their purpose is unknown. In consequence it is not possible to say that any external character is more, or less, important than any other. The way they are used in classification is mainly a matter of convenience. Thus although the stridulatory mechanism is not necessarily more valuable than the other external characters, it offers useful diagnostic features which cannot be ignored. The biological significance of stridulation is great, since it is largely connected with sexual activity, which makes it important for the survival of the species. A further useful character, introduced by Uvarov (1943), is the structure of the hind femur. It is useful in differentiation of certain families and subfamilies (see Tables II] and III). The lower basal lobe of the hind femur may be longer or shorter than, or equal to, the upper. This character, however, has no absolute value, since intermediate forms occur in unrelated groups, but it is valuable if considered in combination with other features. The next important character is a deep, short, median furrow on the apex of the fastigium of the vertex, which is, in most cases, a direct continuation of the sulcus of the frontal ridge. Whether it is homologous with the epicranial suture of other insects or is a secondary phenomenon is not relevant here. This furrow, first noticed by Stal (1876), and later mentioned by Rehn (1938), as characteristic for Pamphagidae, was introduced as a character of great value by Uvarov (1943) for that family and Pyrgomorphidae. Now it can be extended to Trigonopterygidae, Charilaidae, Lathiceridae, Xyronotidae and Pneumoridae. It is, however, not an absolute character, since in some Pamphagidae and others in which the head approxi- mates to globular, it has a secondary tendency to disappear, while it occasionally appears in quite unrelated genera of Acrididae. Helwig (1958) suggested, as a taxonomic character for families, the size of chromo- somes, dividing the families into groups, with small, medium and large chromosomes (see Table II). It is difficult to estimate the real value of this character since too few genera have been studied. The following general considerations are used here as a basis for the division of Acridoidea into families and subfamilies. A family is regarded as a group of genera possessing characters which do not occur in other groups or some of which occur in different combinations ; there are no living genera intermediate between the families. A subfamily is regarded as a group of genera with one or more convenient characters, or a combination of characters, which do not normally occur in other groups of genera of the family, but are not exclusive, so that the occurrence of intermediate genera is possible. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 359 I 2 sz 4. 5. 6 7 LIST OF FAMILIES Order Orthoptera Suborder Acridotdea . Family Eumastacidae 8. Family Pamphagidae ,, Proscopiidae 9. ,, Lathiceridae ,, Lanaoceriidae 10. ,, Pyrgomorphidae », Pneumoridae Maa ©) 63 », Ommexechidae » Xyronotidae Ty » Pauliniidae , Lvrigonoptervgidae 13: » Lentulidae », Charilaidae 14. » Acrididae KEY TO FAMILIES The following key to families is based on external characters alone, but it must be remembered that in some cases male genitalia provide the decisive character and these are mentioned in the respective family diagnoses. I (2) Frons mostly flattened. Cubital vein of elytron and medial vein of hind wing unbranched. Antenna, on lower apical part, usually with small tubercle (antennalorgan). Basal segment of hind tarsus with serrated margins, or with basal, or apical, or both external teeth or at least with a basal external tubercle é : Eumastacidae Frons of variable Shape. Cubital vein ‘of eyo and medial - vein of hind wing usually branched. Antennal organ mostly absent. Basal segment of hind tarsus never serrated, never with teeth or tubercle. Body stick-like. Prothorax tube-like, with lower margins of lateral lobes of pronotum fused with prosternum. Brunner’s organ absent : Proscopiidae Body usually not stick-like. Prothorax not tube-like, with lower margins of lateral lobes of pronotum not fused with prosternum. Brunner’s organ present (in Pneumoridae vestigial or absent). Abdomino-femoral stridulatory mechanism, represented by ridges on the third abdominal tergite and a ridge on internal side of hind femur, present in males. Antenna in male longer than, in female about as long as, body. Abdominal part of stridulatory mechanism represented by curved cylindrical ridge covered with fine transverse ridgelets; ridge on internal side of hind femur not serrated ‘ , ; ‘ Tanaoceridae Antenna in both sexes much shorter ‘than body. Abdominal part of stridu- latory mechanism represented by a row of short, sharp ridges; ridge on internal side of hind femur serrated. Body stout, in males strongly inflated. | Head with flattened vertical frons. Brunner’s organ vestigial or absent. Male macropterous, female with reduced wings . i ‘ ; Pneumoridae Body slender, compressed. Head acutely conical. Brunner’ s Organ present. Completely apterous , : ‘ : Xyronotidae Abdomino-femoral stridulatory mechanism absent. Fastigial furrow present. Lower basal lobe of hind femur shorter than the upper. Elytron widening towards apex ; ; Trigonopterygidae Lower basal lobe of hind femur longer than or as Jong | as the upper. Elytron not widening towards apex. _ Lower basal lobe of hind femur longer than the upper. 360 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 15 (16) Antennal grooves present . : ; : : : ‘ : Lathiceridae 16 (15) Antennal grooves absent. 17 (18) Median carina of pronotum double. , : : : : Charilaidae 18 (17) Median carina of pronotum single or absent. 19 (20) Head of variable shape, but not acutely conical. cia fastigial areas absent. Krauss’s organ mostly present é : : Pamphagidae 20 (19) Head acutely conical, with regularly incurved frons. Apical fastigial areas mostly present. Krauss’s organ absent . : : ‘ . Pyrgomorphidae 21 (14) Lower basal lobe of hind femur as long as upper one. , ; Ommexechidae 22 (11) Fastigial furrow absent. 23 (24) Completely apterous. Tympanum absent. . : ; . Lentulidae 24 (23) Fully winged or with reduced wings, cr apterous. Tympanum usually present, if absent, then body depressed. 25 (26) Medial vein of elytron unbranched. Ocelli very large. Hind tibia with strongly expanded lateral margins . : : Pauliniidae 26 (25) Medial vein of elytron usually branched. Ocelli comparatively small. Lateral margins of hind tibia not expanded, slightly expanded or rarely strongly expanded. ; , : : d : : : ‘ . Acrididae Family Eumastacidae (Text-figs. 1, 2) Type genus: Eumastax Burr, 1899 Body of variable shape. Head of variable shape, with frons mostly flattened. Antenna on lower apical part usually with tubercle-like antennal organ. Prosternal process absent. Lower basal lobe of hind femur longer or shorter than upper one. Brunner’s organ present. Basal segment of hind tarsus with serrated upper margins or with basal, or apical, or with both external teeth, or at least with basal external tubercle. Elytra and wings fully developed, reduced or absent; cubital vein of elytra and medial vein of hind wing unbranched. Ectophallus relatively large, not~ forming cingulum. Endophallus small, with single-sclerited penis. Epiphallus of variable shape. Oval sclerites absent. Ileal caeca present. Stridulatory mechan- ism not known. In the structure of the phallic complex the family Eumastacidae differs so strongly from other families of Acridoidea that they can hardly be regarded of the same rank. However, temporarily, it is advisable to keep them in their present status until more data are available. A sac-like ectophallus without a cingulum is possibly a primitive feature, which does not occur in other families ; on the other hand, some- times the complicated structure of the ectophallus indicates a high specialization but in a different direction from that in other Acridoidea. The primitiveness is suggested also by the small, and in most cases, comparatively simple, endophallus, with penis of a single sclerite. In higher Acridoidea the endophallus is complicated and, except in Proscopiidae, always with a two-sclerited penis. Another internal character, which according to Slifer (1944), occurs only in Eumastacidae, is the presence of ileal caeca in the form of six appendices attached to the hindgut of the alimentary canal. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 361 2 , x es > CHEE . Z i vi | Ts 4 & (es Fic. 1. 1. Eumastax surda Burr, whole insect. 2. The same, elytron and wing. 3-6. Basal tarsal segment. 3. Biroella. 4. Eumastax. 5. Pseudothericles. 6. Chorotypus. 362 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDE E 7 Fic. 2. Examples of the phallic complex in Eumastacidae. 1-3. Morabasp. 1. Phallic complex from above. 2. The same in profile. 3. Penis from above. 4-6. Euschmidtia burrvt Uv. 4. Phallic complex from above. 5. The same in profile. 6. Penis from above. 7-9 Erucius dimidiatipes I. Bol. 7. Phallic complex from above. 8. The same in profile. 9. Penis from above. 10-12 Biroella gracilis C. Bol. 10. Phallic complex from above. 11 The same in profile. 12. Penisfromabove. 13-15. Gompho- mastax clavata (Ostr.). 13. Phallic complex from above. 14. The same in profile. 15. Penis from above. 16, 17. Evianthus guttatus (Westw.). 16. Phallic complex from above. 17. The same in profile. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 363 The external characters of value are the unbranched cubital vein of the elytron and the unbranched median vein of the hind wing (Ragge, 1955). However, the Eumastacidae share the former character with Ommexechidae, Pauliniidae and some Pyrgomorphidae, and it occurs also in some Catantopinae with shortened elytra. The presence of teeth or a tooth, or at least a tubercle, on the basal segment of the hind tarsus is a character which occurs only in Ewmastacidae and not in any other family of Acridoidea. Rehn (1948) divided the family Ewmastacidae into seventeen subfamilies. Since then, one subfamily (Tanaocerinae) has been removed and raised to family rank (Dirsh, 1955) and one new subfamily Socotrellinae Popov, 1957, described. In 1958 Rehn and Grant erected three more subfamilies. However, the main character of the family, the phallic complex, is so divergent in certain subfamilies that a wider separation than at the subfamily level appears probable, while some other subfamilies suggest closer interrelations. It would be premature to attempt a reclassification of them, because only a few of the known genera have been studied in respect of the phallic complex. At present it is more practical to regard the group temporarily as one very heterogeneous family. LIST OF SUBFAMILIES OF EUMASTACIDAE (Alphabetical order) 1. Biroellinae 11. Mastacideinae 2. Chininae 12. Mivraculinae 3. Chorotypinae 13. Morabinae 4. Episactinae 14. Morseinae 5. Eructinae 15. Paramastacinae 6. Espagnolinae 16. Pseudomastacinae 7. Eumastacinae 17. Socotrellinae 8. Euschmidtiinae 18. Teicophryinae 9. Gomphomastacinae 19. Temnomastacinae 10. Malagassinae 20. Thericleinae Family Proscopiidae (Text-fig. 3) Type genus: Proscopia Klug, 1820 Body stick-like. Basi-occipital slit of head present. Pronotum with reduced lateral lobes, lower margins of which are fused with prosternum, whole prothorax representing a tube-like structure. Prosternal process absent. Elytra and wings absent (rarely present but strongly reduced). Tympanum absent. Hind legs almost cursorial. Brunner’s organ absent. External apical spine of hind tibia present. Phallic complex with differentiated ectophallus ; cingulum primitive. Endophallus strongly specialized ; penis single-sclerited. Epiphallus bridge-shaped ; oval sclerites absent. Stridulatory mechanism not found. All the characters of Proscopiidae indicate absence of close relationship with any other known family. The loss or great reduction of the wings and the reduction of 364 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA the hind legs to almost cursorial condition, and the absence of Brunner’s organ, make comparisons more difficult. The phallic complex, with primitive cingulum and highly complicated endophallus, represents a blend of primitive and specialized characters but no other anatomical studies are available. The only suggestion which may be made is that the family represents a very early branch of unknown pre-acridoid stock, and is possibly remotely related to Eumastacidae. Distributed in South America. For scope of the family see Mello-Leitao, 1939. Fic. 3. Proscopia scabra Klug. 1. Whole insect. 2-5. Phallic complex. 2. From above. 3. The same, but ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed. 4. In profile. 5. The same, but ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed. Family Tanaoceridae (Text-fig. 4) Type genus: Tanaocerus Bruner, 1906 Antenna in male longer, in female only slightly shorter than body. Head sub- spheroidal. Prosternal process absent. Elytra, wings and tympanum absent. On the sides of third abdominal tergite of male there is thick, cylindrical ridge, densely covered with fine transverse ridgelets (part of stridulatory mechanism). Lower | basal lobe of hind femur longer than upper one. External apical spine of hind tibia present. Male subgenital plate composed of several separate sclerites, con- nected by membrane. Poorly developed cingulum of phallic organ present. Epiphallus disc-shaped, without ancorae and lophi. Oval sclerites absent. When the first genus of the family, Tanaocerus Bruner, 1906, was described it was referred to Evemobiinae. Later Rehn (1948) placed it and the second known genus into the family Ewmastacidae and erected for them the subfamily Tanaocerinae. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 365 When the peculiar stridulatory mechanism was found in the male Tanaocerus, the subfamily was raised to family rank (Dirsh, 1955). The differences of this family from Ewmastacidae and other Acridoidea are ex- tremely striking. The peculiar stridulatory mechanism, one part of which is a ridge covered with ridgelets on the sides of the third abdominal tergite and another part is a short, sharp ridge on the internal side of the hind femur, is shared only with Pneumoridae and Xyronotidae, with which there is otherwise no relationship. The Fic. 4. Tanaocerus koebelei Bruner. 1. Whole insect, male. 2. Abdominal part of the stridulatory mechanism. 3. Epiphallus. Eumastacidae, to which Tanaoceridae was previously referred, have no stridulatory mechanism. A subspheroidal head, as in Tanaocerus, is not found in Eumastacidae. Such peculiarly long antennae as in Tanaocerus do not occur in any other family of Acridoidea. The peculiar structure of the male subgenital plate of Tanaocerus is also not found in other families. The phallic complex of the family is not yet sufficiently studied, but the available data suggest that it is very characteristic. The presence of a primitive cingulum also suggests that Tanaoceridae differ widely from Eumastacidae, which have no cingulum. All these considerations indicate that the family Tanaoceridae is sharply different from other families of Acridoidea, ENTOM, I0, 9. 28 366 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA The family occurs only in the south-west part of North America. List of known genera : 1. Mohavacris Rehn, 1948 2. Tanaocerus Bruner, 1906 Family Pneumoridae (Text-fig. 5) Type genus : Pneumora Thunberg, 1775 Male body strongly inflated. Head short, with shortened fastigium of vertex ; face flattened, vertical, frontal ridge absent ; fine fastigial furrow present. Ocelli located internally or externally to bases of antennae. Prosternal process absent. Venation primitive ; elytra without vannal fold, hind wing with remigium almost as large as vannus. Tympanum absent. Stridulatory mechanism in male represented by a row of transverse ridges on the sides of third abdominal tergite and serrated ridge on internal side of hind femur. Hind legs almost cursorial ; lower basal lobe of hind femur longer than upper one ; Brunner’s organ vestigial or absent. Phallic complex primitive; ectophallus sac-like; cingulum rudimentary; penis rudi- mentary, paired, valves not divided. Epiphallus plate-like, without lophi and ancorae ; oval sclerites absent. The family Pneumoridae is so different from other families of Acridoidea, that there is no doubt of its isolated position. It shares, however, some features of stridulatory mechanism, as well as a similar type of epiphallus, with Tanaoceridae and Xyronotidae. The latter character is shared with Charilaidae, Pamphagidae and Trigonopterygidae also. The primitive phallic complex and wing venation suggest that the family probably represents a surviving branch of very ancient Acridoidea. By the shape of the epiphallus and spermatheca and the position of the ocelli the family is sharply divided into two groups, one consisting of the genera Pneumora and Physophorina and the other of the genera Physemacris, Bullacris and Prostalia. The family is distributed in South Africa and in East Africa, as far north as Uganda. List of known genera : 1. Bullacris Roberts, 1941 4. Pneumora Thunberg, 1775 2. Physemacris Roberts, 1941 5. Prostalia I. Bolivar, 1906 3. Physophorina Westwood, 1874 Family Xyronotidae (Text-fig. 6) Type genus: Xyronotus I. Bolivar, 1884 Body laterally compressed. Head conical. Fastigial furrow present. Prosternal process present. Elytra, wings and tympanum absent. Lower basal lobe of hind REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 367 —————- =— ce% -- 7 ~~ 7d le eer See 7 “ is ties 4 - (Seat Oe Pie en ft ad vis ste fe Pa : . mi \ Ke | \ \e ewe | | . x ie nt : x I 2 " a ea Ve | eo! . . hh x eo. - 2, - FA FIG. 5. 1. Bullacris longicornis (St.), whole insect. 2-6. Phallic complex of Physemacris variolosa (L.)._ 2. From above. 3. Dorso-distal view. 4. In profile. 5. Endophallus in profile. 6. The same from above. 7. Epiphallus of Pueumora inanis (F.) Spermatheca. 8. Pnewmora inanis (F.). 8-9. 9. Bullacris longicornis (St.). 368 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA femur shorter than upper one. Brunner’s organ present. External apical spine of hind tibia present. Sides of third abdominal tergite of male with a row of sharp, small, transverse ridges (part of stridulatory mechanism, the other part being serrated ridge on internal side of hind femur). Ectophallus weakly differentiated ; cingulum primitive. Epiphallus shield-like, without lophi and with pair of pro- jections. Oval sclerites absent. I. Bolivar (1909) placed the genus Xyronotus, which is the only one of the family, into “ Sectio Xyronoti”’ of the family Pyrgomorphidae. Kevan (1952) regarded Fic. 6. Xyvronotus aztecus I. Bol. 1. Whole insect, female. 2. Epiphallus. it as a tribe “. . . temporarily attached to the Trigonopterygidae’’. It was raised to family rank by Dirsh (1955). As can be seen from the diagnosis, there are several characters, like the presence of the fastigial furrow and the shape of the hind femur, which Xyronotus shares with other families, but the stridulatory mechanism is extremely peculiar, similar to that in Pneumoridae and Tanaoceridae, to which Xyronotidae are not otherwise related. The mechanism and the primitive phallic complex do not permit Xyronotus to be placed into any known family and there is no alternative to regarding it as the only known genus of a distinct family. The only genus, Xyronotus I. Bolivar, 1884, occurs in Mexico. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 369 Family Trigonopterygidae (Text-fig. 7) Type genus : Trigonopteryx Charpentier, 1841 Body strongly laterally compressed. Head conical. Fastigial furrow present. Prosternal process present. Elytra widening towards apex, with radial and medial veins fused. Remigium of hind wings almost as wide as vannus. Tympanum absent. Lower basal lobe of hind femur shorter than upper one. Brunner’s organ present. External spine of hind tibia present. Phallic complex in reversed position, dorsal side turned ventrad, with penis directed towards anterior end of body and epiphallus located on ventral side. Ectophallus differentiated and strongly special- ized ; cingulum well developed ; valves of penis paired, divided. Epiphallus plate- like. Oval sclerites absent. No stridulatory mechanism known. Westwood (1841), who described the genus Systella, placed it “‘ between Truxalides and Conophori’’. Walker (1870) regarded the two known genera as a family which he named Trigonopterygidae, but I. Bolivar (1884) placed it in Pyrgomorphinae as a subtribe and in 1909 referred it to Pyrgomorphinae as “ sectio Systellae’’. Dirsh (1952) restored the group as a subfamily Trigonopteryginae and in 1956, owing to the peculiar structure of the phallic complex, re-instated it as a family. The very peculiar, strongly specialized and reversed phallic complex is alone sufficient to separate Tvigonopterygidae from the other families. The unusual shape of the elytron and wings, the elytron widening towards the apex, with the radius and media fused, and the wide remigium of the hind wing, do not occur in other families except Pneumoridae. The combination of a distinct fastigial furrow and the lower basal lobe of the hind femur being shorter than the upper one, occurs only in Trigonopterygidae and Xyronotidae, but the latter are extremely different in all other respects. All diagnostic features indicate that the family is isolated from the others. The family is found in Malaya, Australasian Archipelago and Philippines. List of examined genera : 1. Systella Westwood, 1841 2. Trigonopteryx Charpentier, 1841 Family Charilaidae (Text-fig. 8) Type genus : Charilaus Stal, 1875 Body subcylindrical. Head conical. Fastigial furrow present. Pronotum with two parallel median carinae. Prosternal process present. Mesosternal furcal suture curved backwards. Elytra and wings fully developed or reduced. In fully winged forms, wing-elytron stridulatory mechanism present. Tympanum present. Lower basal lobe of hind femur longer than or equal to upper one. Brunner’s organ present. External apical spine of hind tibia present. Ectophallus differentiated ; 370 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA a . ‘ ep Trigonopteryx hopei Westw. 1. Whole insect, male. 2. Fastigium of vertex from 3. Dorsal view. 4. The same, ventral view. 6. The same, with cingulum removed. 7. Whole phallic complex, in profile. 8. The same, with FIG. 7. above. 3-10. Phallic complex. 5. Ventral view, but ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed. ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed. 9. Endophallus, in profile. to. Epiphallus. 11. Epiphallus of Systella rafflesii Westw. 12. End of abdomen of Trigonopteryx hopet Westw. in profile, showing the position of penis. 13. Spermatheca of Systella rafflesii Westw. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 371 Essie ess (_} HOST YY WA42 BB LP, Suk aI, eI Se aud Sao} = Az EN SS SS << ao ener Nyt re wens iy AI nan Linart i a —? Sam. ° Fic. 8. Charilaus carinatus St. 1. Whole insect, male. 2-6. Phallic complex. 2. Whole phallic complex from above. 3. The same, but ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed. 4. The same, in profile. 5. Endophallus from above. 6. Epiphallus. 7. Spermatheca. 372 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA cingulum differentiated, without zygoma and rami; with apodemes disconnected ; valves of penis paired, divided ; spermatophore sac dorsal. Epiphallus shield-like, without ancorae and lophi, with ventro-lateral appendices. Oval sclerites absent. The family Charilaidae includes three known genera. The first, Charilaus, was placed by Stal (1875) in Pyrgomorphidae. Karsch (1896) suggested that it belongs neither to Pyrgomorphidae nor to Pamphagidae and referred it to “‘ Caloptenoden ’’. Saussure (1889) placed Charilaus in Pamphagidae, and so did I. Bolivar (1916). Uvarov (1943) suggested that it belongs to the “ Pamphaginae-Pyrgomorphinae ”’ complex. Dirsh (1953) erected for the group a new subfamily Charilainae and in 1956, mainly on the basis of the phallic complex, raised it to family rank. The phallic complex of Charilaidae has very little in common with Pyrgomor- phidae and approximates more to that in Pamphagidae, from which, however, it differs strongly in the disconnected apodemes of the cingulum, the absence of zygoma and rami, and the presence of ventro-lateral appendices of the epiphallus. The external characters separating Charilaidae from Pamphagidae and Pyrgo- morphidae are the double median carina of the pronotum, a character unique in Acridoidea, and the type of stridulatory mechanism, which does not occur in the two above-mentioned families. The family is distributed in S. and SW. Africa. List of known genera : 1. Charilaus Stal, 1875 3. Pamphagodes I. Bolivar 1878 2. Hemicharilaus Dirsh, 1953 Family Pamphagidae Type genus : Pamphagus Thunberg, 1815 Body of variable shape. Head of variable shape. Fastigial furrow present. Prosternal process present. Mesosternal furcal suture straight. Elytra and wings fully developed, reduced, or absent. Stridulatory mechanism of various types present. Tympanum usually present. Krauss’s organ mostly present. Lower basal lobe of hind femur longer than upper one. Brunner’s organ present. Ecto- phallus differentiated ; cingulum differentiated ; valves of penis paired, divided and articulated ; spermatophore sac dorsal. Epiphallus shield-like, with ancorae and without lophi. Oval sclerites absent. The Pamphagidae are a well defined family which has no clear affinity with other Acridoidea. In the structure of the phallic complex it has some characters in common with Charilaidae, such as the divided valves of the penis, the position of the spermatophore sac and the shape of the epiphallus, but other characters are very different (see Charilaidae). The family is distributed throughout Africa and S. Europe and occurs in moun- tainous and semi-desert parts of Asia as far as the Far East. The Pamphagidae are divided here into four subfamilies. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 373 KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF Pamphagidae 1 (6) Middle tibia without teeth or tubercles on upper side. If winged, second vannal vein of hind wing not curved and no areas of hind wing expanded 2 (3) Body strongly elongated, comparatively slender, cylindrical. Fastigium of vertex and upper part of frons, strongly projecting forwards. Antenna triangular in cross-section. Epiphallus mostly with deeply excised posterior margin. Krauss’s organ absent ; , . Echinotropinae 3 (2) Body stout, compressed or depressed. Fastigium of werees moderately or not at all projecting forwards. Antenna of variable shape. Posterior margin of epiphallus not excised. Krauss’s organ mostly present. 4 (5) Costal area of elytron (in case of fully developed or shortened elytra) expanded and covered with dense, parallel, ridge-like veinlets (stridulatory specializa- tion). Upper carina of hind femur strongly serrated , ; Porthetinae 5 (4) Elytra never fully developed, lobiform, lateral, without stridulatory specializa- tion. Upper carina of hind femur smooth, slightly serrated or rarely strongly serrated . f : é Pamphaginae 6 (1) Middle tibia on upper side witha a row of teeth or tubercles. If winged, second vannal vein of hind wing curved and first and third vannal area expanded é A kicerinae Subfam. Echinotropinae (Text-fig. 9) Type genus: Echinotropis Uvarov, 1944 Body strongly elongated, cylindrical. Integument strongly rugose. Antenna triangular in cross-section, tapering towards apex. Fastigium of vertex and upper part of frons strongly protruding forwards. Pronotum spined or tuberculate. Prosternal process low, collar-like. Elytra fully developed, lobiform, or absent. Tympanum present or absent. Krauss’s organ absent. External apical spine of hind tibia present or absent. Epiphallus mostly with deeply excised posterior margin. No stridulatory mechanism known. The genera of this subfamily represent a natural and a very peculiar group. The most distinctive features are elongate, slender body, which is unusual for Pampha- gidae, complete absence of Krauss’s organ and a characteristic epiphallus, with the posterior end deeply excised in the middle (in two genera). The subfamily occurs only in S. Africa. List of known genera : 1. Echinotropis Uvarov, 1944 3. Thrincotropis Saussure, 1899 2. Geloiomimus Saussure 1899 Subfamily Porthetinae nov. (Text-fig. 10) Type genus: Porthetis Serville, 1831 Large, with body compressed or depressed. Integument rugose. Antenna compressed, differentiated or tapering towards apex, or ribbon-like. Frons, in profile, with protruding fastigium of vertex or straight. Pronotum from highly crested to flat, depressed. Prosternal process of variable shape. In most cases 374 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA SRT OX ees KISS FFISs Fic. 9. 1. Echinotropis horrida (Sauss.), female. 2-5. Geloiomimus spinosus (Dirsh), 2.male. 3.Headfromabove. 4. Wing. 5.Epiphallus. 6. Epiphallus of Gelotomimus nasicus Sauss. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 375 males winged, females wingless. Costal area of elytron (except Bolivarella with small lobiform elytra) expanded and provided with dense, parallel, ridge-like stridulatory veinlets. Krauss’s organ present. Tympanum present, open, without subtympanal ante 5 Pass lt z Wa ssee x 4 “est ey Fic. 10. Porthetis carinata (L.). 1. Male. 2. Female. 3. Epiphallus. lobe. External apical spine of hind tibia present. Apical valves of penis mostly serrated. The Porthetinae were regarded as a group (Dirsh, 1958), but according to all the characters and particularly owing to the peculiar stridulatory mechanism, it deserves to be accorded subfamily rank. 376 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA This subfamily is distributed from S. Africa to Angola, E. Africa, the Red Sea area and the SW. corner of Arabia. List of known genera : 1. Aphantotropis Uvarov, 1924 8. Porthetis Serville, 1831 2. Bolivarella Saussure, 1887 9. Puncticornia Dirsh 1958 3. Cultrinotus I. Bolivar, 1925 10. Stolliana I. Bolivar, 1916 4. Hoplolopha Stal, 1876 11. Tvachypetrella Kirby, 1910 5. Lamarckiana Kirby, 1910 12. Tvansvaaliana Dirsh, 1958 6. Lobosceliana Dirsh, 1958 13. Vansoniacris Dirsh, 1958 7. Pagopedilum Karsch, 1896 14. Xtphoceriana Dirsh, 1958 Subfamily Akicerinae (Text-fig. 11) Type genus: Akicera Serville, 1831 Of medium size; body compressed or depressed. Integument mostly strongly rugose. Antenna from filiform to ensiform. Head from conical to subglobular. Pronotum from high crested to flat, depressed ; metazona mostly longer, sometimes slightly shorter, than prozona. Prosternal process mostly collar-like. Elytra and wings fully developed, shortened, vestigial, or absent. Second vannal vein of hind wing curved and first and third vannal areas expanded (stridulatory specialization). Krauss’s organ present, sometimes poorly developed. Tympanum present. Middle tibia on upper side with row of small teeth or tubercles (second part of stridulatory specialization). External apical spine of hind tibia mostly present. This subfamily represents a combination of several groups or tribes which were known as Akicerim, Adephagim, part of Thrinchim and part of Batrachotetrigint. They are all united by a common stridulatory specialization of the venation of the hind wing and specialization of the middle tibia. In this respect they constitute a natural group equal to the others of subfamily rank. However, their appearance is rather diverse and they can be easily subdivided into lower taxonomic units, cor- responding to the groups or tribes mentioned above. Akicerinae occur in S. and N. Africa, SE. Europe and Asia. List of known genera : 1. Akicera Serville, 1831 15. Haplotropis Saussure, 1888 2. Adephagus Saussure, 1887 16. Ivanotmethis Uvarov, 1943 3. Astotmethis Uvarov, 1943 17. Melanotmethis Uvarov, 1943 4. Atrichotmethis Uvarov, 1943 18. Mongolotmethis Bey-Bienko, 1948 5. Batrachornis Saussure, 1884 19. Pezotmethis Uvarov, 1943 6. Batrachotetrix Burmeister, 1838 20. Prionotropis Fieber, 1853 7. Eotmethis Bey-Bienko, 1948 21. Pseudotmethis Bey-Bienko, 1948 8. Evemocharis Saussure, 1884 22. Rhinotmethis Sjdstedt, 1933 9g. Evremopeza Saussure, 1884 23. Strumiger Zubowsky, 1896 10. Evemotettix Saussure, 1888 24. Thrinchus Fischer v. Waldheim, 1833 11. Evemotmethis Uvarov, 1943 25. Imethis Fieber, 1853 12. Filchnerella Karny, 1908 26. Tuarega Uvarov, 1943 13. Glyphanus Fieber, 1853 27. Utubius Uvarov, 1936 14. Glyphotmethis Bey-Bienko, 1948 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 377 Ses Rewer {I~ =s, (> Ss aang NC IKI Fic. 11. 1-4. Akicera fusca (Thunb.). 1. Male. 2. Middle tibia, with dorsal serration. 3. Wing. 4. Epiphallus. 5. Epiphallus of Tmethis ctsti (F.) Subfamily Pamphaginae (Text-fig. 12) Type genus : Pamphagus Thunberg, 1815 From small to large size ; body compressed to depressed. Integument rugose, sometimes shiny. Antenna filiform, ribbon-like or weakly ensiform. Fastigium of 378 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA / Ed Ejs Fic. 12. Pamphagus elephas (L.). 1. Male. 2-5. Phallic complex. 2. Whole phallic complex from above. 3. The same, but ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed. 4. The same in profile. 5. Epiphallus. 6. Spermatheca. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 379 9 Fic. 13. 1-3 Batrachidacris tuberculata (Rehn). 1. Male, in profile. 2. The same, from above. 3. Face (antennal grooves painted black). 4-7. Phallic complex of Batra- chidacris rubridens (Uv.). 4. Whole phallic complex from above. 5. The same, but ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed. 6. Penis,fromabove. 7. Endophallus, in profile. 8. Epiphallus of Batrachidacris tuberculata (Rehn). 9. Spermatheca of Lathicerus cimex Sauss. 380 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA vertex slightly projecting forwards. Pronotum from crest-like to flat, depressed ; metazona always much shorter than prozona. Prosternal process of variable form. Elytra and wings lobiform, lateral, vestigial or absent. Tympanum present or absent. Krauss’s organ mostly present. External apical spine of hind tibia present. Of all the subfamilies of Pamphagidae this is probably the most heterogeneous. It contains genera of widely diverse appearance, which are united by the retro- gression of characters connected with the loss or great reduction of wings ; genera which cannot be placed into other, well defined subfamilies. Nevertheless, the characters (see key and diagnosis) are sufficient to differentiate the Pamphaginae, even if it is a rather artificia] assemblage. The subfamily is distributed in N. Africa, S. Europe and W. Asia. List of known genera : 1. Acinipe Rambur, 1838 16. Ocnerodes Brunner, 1882 2. Acrostiva Enderlein, 1929 17. Ocneropsis Uvarov, 1942 3. Ananothrotes Mistshenko, 1951 18. Ovonothrotes Mistshenko, 1951 4. Avaxiana Mistshenko, 1951 19. Pamphagus Thunberg, 1815 5. Bufonocarodes Mistshenko, 1951 20. Paraeumigus I. Bolivar, 1914 6. Eunapiodes I. Bolivar, 1907 21. Paranocaracris Mistshenko, 1951 7. Eunothrotes Adelung, 1907 22. Pavanocarodes 1. Bolivar, 1916 8. Euryparyphes Fischer, 1853 23. Paranothrotes Mistshenko, 1951 9g. Finotia Bonnet, 1884 24. Pseudamigus Chopard, 1943 10. Glauia I. Bolivar, 1912 25. Pseudonothrotes Mistshenko, 1951 11. Glauvarovia Morales, 1949 26. Prionosthenus I. Bolivar, 18 78 12. Ivanacris Mistshenko, 1951 27. Purpuraria Enderlein, 1929 13. Nocaracris Uvarov, 1928 28. Savalania Mistshenko, 1951 14. Nocarodes Fischer v. Waldheim, 1846 29. Tvopidauchen Saussure, 1887 15. Ocneridia I. Bolivar, 1912 30. Znojkiana Mistshenko, 1951 Family Lathiceridae (Text-fig. 13) Type genus: Lathicerus Saussure, 1888 Body robust, depressed. Head mostly prognathous. Fastigial furrow present. Antenna short, 7-13 segmented, closely fitted into deep antennal groove on sides of frontal ridge. Ocelli absent. Prosternal process present. Metasternal interspace short and very wide. Elytra, wings and tympanum absent. Lower basal lobe of hind femur longer than upper one. Brunner’s organ present. External apical spine of hind tibia absent. Ectophallus differentiated ; cingulum shield-like, without apodemes ; valves of penis paired, divided ; spermatophore sac ventral. Epiphallus bridge-shaped, with lophi and without ancorae. Oval sclerites present. Stridula- tory mechanism not known. The first two genera of the family, Lathicerus and Crypsicerus, when described by Saussure in 1888, were placed by him in ‘“‘ Thrincites”’ of Oedipodinae. In 1943 Uvarov transferred the three then known genera of the group to the tribe Thrinchint of Pamphagidae. Dirsh, after study of the phallic complex, raised the group to subfamily rank (1954) and later (1956) to family rank. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 381 The reasons for regarding this group as a family are obvious from the diagnosis. Such a striking character as the antennal grooves is not known in other families. The cingulum and penis are also quite unique. Lathiceridae occur in S. and SW. Africa only. List of known genera : 1. Batrachidacris Uvarov, 1939 3. Crypsicerus Saussure, 1888 2. Crypsiceracris Miller, 1932 ' 4. Lathicerus Saussure, 1888 Family Pyrgomorphidae (Text-fig. 14) Type genus: Pyrgomorpha Serville, 1838 Body of variable shape. Head acutely conical. Fastigial furrow present. Prosternal process present. Elytra and wings fully developed, reduced or absent. Tympanum normally present. Lower basal lobe of hind femur normally longer than upper one. Brunner’s organ present except few genera, with thin, almost cursorial hind legs. External apical spine of hind tibia present or absent. Ectophallus differen- tiated ; cingulum capsule-like ; valves of penis paired, undivided ; spermatophore sac in dorsal position. Epiphallus bridge-shaped, with dorso-lateral appendices ; ancorae absent ; lophi hook-like. Oval sclerites absent. No stridulatory mechan- ism known. The name Phymateidae was used for this family by Jakobson & Bianki (1904) and earlier as a group name by various authors, but for the last fifty years and more it was known as Pyrgomorphidae and this usage should be retained as less likely to cause confusion. The Pyrgomorphidae are a very well defined family, with a peculiar phallic complex which is rather uniform through the family. The relationship with other families is rather obscure and no close affinities exist. They have some common features with Lentulidae, such as the undivided, paired valves of the penis and the dorsal position of the spermatophore sac, and others with Ommexechidae, such as the presence of a fastigial furrow and the paired un- divided valves of the penis. All other characters, however, are so distinct that the relationship is a very remote one. Pyrgomorphidae are represented in all the tropical and subtropical parts of the world by a large number of genera, a list of which appears unnecessary. Family Ommexechidae (Text-fig. 15) Type genus : Ommexecha Serville, 1831 Body of variable shape. Head of variable shape. Fastigial furrow present. Prosternal process present. Elytra and wings fully developed, shortened or absent. Cubital vein of elytron unbranched. Tympanum present or absent. Stridulatory ENTOM, I0, 9. 29 382 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA — ————__ — — SSS = te pas 3S as x # ee - oa S335 bounties bp oa sie font: : Ejs 6 7 Fic. 14. 1. Phymateus viridipes St., male. 2. Head of Pyrgomorphella arachidis Dirsh (Ff. fastigial furrow. Fa. fastigial area). 3-6. Phallic complex of Phymateus morbil- losus (L.). 3. Whole phallic complex from above. 4. The same, in profile. 5. Endo- phallus, in profile. 6. Penis, from above. 7. Epiphallus of Phymateus purpurascens Karsch. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 383 Ectm, % TTP FR TS Dee: 3 m r & - Ew 5. 7, > 2S $ are Y ror y, FI Er Fic. 15. 1-7. Ommexecha servillei Blanch. 1. Female. 2-7 Phallic complex. 2. Whole phallic complex from above. 3. The same, but ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed. 4. Endophallus from above. 5. In profile. 6. The same, with ectophallic membrane removed. 7. Endophallus in profile. 384 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA mechanism (elytron-femur) sometimes present, but very imperfect. Lower basal lobe of hind femur as long as, or slightly longer than, upper one. Brunner’s organ present. External apical spine of hind tibia absent. Ectophallus differentiated ; cingulum differentiated, forming apodemes; valves of penis paired, not divided ; ejaculatory sac with additional pockets. Epiphallus bridge-shaped, with lateral plates joined by membrane ; ancorae absent ; lophi present. Oval sclerites present. This family is very insufficiently studied. Very remote affinity with the Pyrgo- morphidae is suggested by the presence of the fastigial furrow and by the undivided valves of the penis ; the latter, which were described (Dirsh, 1956) as flexured owing to the presence of a very long and thick flexure, may be better regarded as not divided, but rather as having a very elongate and rather thin medial part. The peculiar joining of the lateral plates of the epiphallus by membrane is found elsewhere only in Pauliniidae. The Ommexechidae occur in S. America only. List of known genera : 1. Graea Philippi, 1863 4. Parossa Bruner, 1911 2. Ommexecha Serville, 1831 5. Spathalium I. Bolivar, 1884 3. Pachyossa Rehn, 1913 Family Pauliniidae (Text-fig. 16) Type genus: Paulimia Blanchard, 1843 Body subcylindrical. Head subconical. Fastigial furrow absent. Ocelli very large. Prosternal process absent. Elytra and wings fully developed or shortened. Medial and cubital veins of elytron unbranched. Tympanum present. Lower basal lobe of hind femur shorter than upper one. Brunner’s organ present. Hind tibia strongly expanded; external apical spine present; basal tarsal segment expanded. Ectophallus differentiated ; cingulum differentiated ; valves of penis paired, divided ; ejaculatory sac with lateral pockets. Epiphallus bridge-shaped, with ancorae and lophi; lateral plates connected with bridge by membrane. Oval sclerites present. Ovipositor strongly reduced, shorter or hardly exceeding sub- genital plate. Stridulatory mechanism not found. The family Pauliniidae is insufficiently studied and its position is rather doubtful. The structure of the epiphallus and ejaculatory sac approximate it to Ommexechidae, but the lobes of the hind femur, the lower lobe being shorter than the upper, and the absence of the fastigial furrow and of the prosternal process, suggest some affinity with Acrididae. However, the whole phallic complex, with its complicated structure, the divided valves of the penis, the complicated ejaculatory sac, and the peculiar epiphallus, isolate it from Acrididae. According to the size of chromosomes (Helwig, 1958), the Pauliniidae cannot be placed in Acrididae. The family at present contains two genera: Paulinia Blanchard, 1843, and Marellia Uvarov, 1929, but the latter genus probably does not belong here. Its affinity needs further study. The family occurs in S. America only. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 385 i 7 a ey, nwaeera een OD ae ae - a Oe eee a KY Fic. 16. 1-8. Paulinia acuminata (DeGeer). 1. Male. 2. Right elytron. 3-8. Phallic complex. 3. Whole phallic complex from above. 4. The same, but ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed. 5. Endophallus, from above. 6. As 4, but in profile. 7. Endophallus, in profile. 8. Penis, in profile. 9. Left hind tibia from above. 386 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA Family Lentulidae (Text-fig. 17) Type genus: Lentula Stal, 1878 Body of variable shape. Head of variable shape. Fastigial furrow absent. Pronotum short. Prosternal process present. Elytra, wings and tympanum absent. Lower basal lobe of hind femur shorter than upper one. Brunner’s organ present. External apical spine of hind tibia present or absent. Ectophallus differentiated ; cingulum differentiated ; valves of penis paired, undivided ; sperma- tophore sac dorsal. Epiphallus bridge-shaped, with ancorae and lophi. Oval sclerites present. Stridulatory mechanisms not found. This recently erected family (Dirsh, 1956) consists of genera with highly retro- gressive external characters. They have lost wings and tympanum, and the pro-, meso- and metathorax are reduced. As a result they have a nymphal appearance and are externally similar to the wingless and tympanum-less representa- tives of other families. The phallic complex, however, provides an excellent character. Its structure is only remotely similar to that of Pyrgomorphidae (Dirsh, 1956) and quite different from that in all other families. It is not possible to relate this family closely to any known family. The most difficult problem presented by the Lentulidae is that there are no reliable external characters, and for identification of its representatives it is necessary to investigate the phallic complex. The only external character which is consistent in this family is the complete absence of wings and tympanum, while in the other families this state occurs only as a retro- gression. Moreover, in the only species of the family studied with regard to the anatomy, the indirect flight muscles are completely absent in the adult, while they are present in other wingless acridoids (Ewer, 1958). Lentulidae are distributed in South Africa and part of East Africa. List of known genera : 1. Bacteracris Dirsh, 1956 11. Mecostiboides Dirsh, 1957 2. Basutacris Dirsh, 1953 12. Mecostibus Karsch, 1896 3. Betiscoides Sjéstedt, 1923 13. Nyassacris Ramme, 1929 4. Devylderia Sjéstedt, 1923 14. Paralentula Rehn, 1944 5. Evemidium Karsch, 1896 15. Qachasia Dirsh, 1956 6. Gymnidium Karsch, 1896 16. Shelfordites Karny, 1910 7. Helwigacris Rehn, 1944 17. Swaziacris Dirsh, 1953 8. Karruacris Dirsh, 1958 18. Sygrus I. Bolivar, 1889 9. Karruia Rehn, 1945 19. Usambilla Sjéstedt, 1909 10. Lentula Stal, 1878 Family Acrididae Type genus : Acrida Linnaeus, 1758 Body and head of extremely variable shape. Fastigial furrow absent (rarely present, but apparently as a secondary formation). Prosternal process present or absent. Elytra and wings fully developed or reduced, or absent. Tympanum REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 387 normally present. Stridulatory mechanisms of various structure found in the majority of subfamilies. Lower basal lobe of hind femur mostly shorter than or equal to upper one. Brunner’s organ present. External apical spine of hind tibia s Fic. 17. 1-7. Lentula callani Dirsh. 1. Male. 2-6. L. obtusifrons St. phallic complex. 2. From above. 3. From below. 4. Penis from above. 5. Whole phallic complex, in profile. 6. Endophallus, in profile. 7. Spermatheca. present or absent. Ectophallus differentiated ; cingulum differentiated ; valves of penis paired, flexured or divided. Epiphallus mostly bridge-shaped, sometimes disc-shaped, sometimes divided ; ancorae and lophi present (sometimes lost). Oval sclerites present. 388 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA The family Acrididae is the most numerous, most heterogeneous and probably most recent and advanced family. It is divided below into seventeen subfamilies of unequal value and probably of different phylogenetic status. It is possible that further study, particularly of the so-called aberrant genera, would demand a revision, and the present arrangement of the subfamilies should be regarded as tentative and practical rather than natural. As a family the Acrididae show remote affinity with Paulinidae but no close relationship with the other families. TABLE III.—Subfamilies of Acrididae and their Main Characters Valves Comstock- Basal lobes of Epi- Kellogg of hind Stridulatory Tym- Subfamily penis phallus glands* femur mechanism panum Dericorythinae . Paired . Bridge- . — . Equal . —or+ . Normally flexured shaped length present Chilacridinae . ae Pe DIGCOe sn ee DILLO. re ? DIttO- |. — «. Ditto Romaleinae . : ee : of - +or— . 3 ‘ + : PP Lithidiinae . 3. Paireds = Fy : ? . Lower lobe . — . Absent divided shorter Hemiacridinae an Ditto | % na ‘ + . Ditto . +or— . Normally present Tropidopolinae . Paired . : + : me -. —or+ ._ Ditto flexured Oxyinae ; . Ditto . Divided . + - : _ F Set or with tendency to be divided Coptacridinae . F A . Divided + 7 — a Calliptaminae - a . Plate-like . + - — be Euryphyminae - : . Divided + ss _ 3 Eyprepocnemidinae. 5 . Bridge- + $6 — ” shaped Catantopinae . 7 ie . Bridge- . +or— . . 2 _ , A shaped sometimes divided Cyrtacanthacri- io . Bridge- . + 5 or ‘ _ ; Se dinae shaped Egnatiinae . : a <= Ditto). See ee - +or— . re Acridinae e e ”» . ” . at o ” . a or — . ” Eremogryllinae ; “i . Divided . ? Fe “s : ae : a Truxalinae . ‘ PP - Bridge- . _ “ ey . ao < Ms shaped * According to Slifer (1939-43). REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 389 9 (10) Io (9) I (26) 12 (13) 13 (12) 14 (15) 23 (24) KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF Acrididae Lower basal lobe of hind femur as long as upper one or only insignificantly longer or shorter. First vannal area of hind wing (if present) without stridulatory specialization. Hind tibia curved. Median carina of pronotum raised in prozona. Cingulum of ectophallus with long apodemes. (Asia, Africa) . ; ‘ Dericorythinae Hind tibia not curved. Median carina of pronotum not raised. Cingulum of ectophallus with short, plate-like apodemes. (S. America) : Chilacridinae First vannal area of hind wing with series of parallel, transverse, finely serrated stridulatory veinlets ; medial, cubital and second vannal areas expanded, with row of parallel thickened, transverse veinlets. Hind tibia not curved. Median carina of pronotum of variable shape or absent. : Romaleinae Lower basal lobe of hind femur distinctly shorter than upper one. Body depressed. Tympanum absent even in fully winged species. Meso- sternal interspace very large and wide, often separated from metasternal only by suture. : . Lithidiinae Body not depressed or rif depressed, then tympanum present. Sometimes tym- panum absent, but then body compressed or cylindrical. Mesosternal inter- space variable, but well distant from metasternal. Radial area of elytron with a series of regular, parallel stridulatory veinlets (Text-fig. 22). If apterous, then body compressed and tympanum absent Hemiacridinae Stridulatory veinlets of radial area of elytron absent. If apterous, then typanum (at least rudimentary) present. Prosternal process, or collar present. Lower external lobe of hind knee with spine-like apex (Text-fig. 24) : Oxyinae Lower external lobe of hind knee with apex rounded, angular or subacute, but not spine-like. Last abdominal tergite in male (in majority of genera) with well developed furcula ; supra-anal plate mostly with attenuate or trilobate apex ; subgenital plate with transverse fold : , ‘ : Coptacridinae Last abdominal tergite in male without well developed furcula; supra-anal plate variable ; subgenital plate without transverse fold. Mesosternal interspace closed . ; , P ; : 2 Tropidopolinae Mesosternal interspace open. Mesosternal lobes rounded or obtusangular. Male cerci pincers-like, strong, ai aes incurved. Epiphallus discoidal, without lophi_ . . ‘ Calliptaminae Male cerci variable, but not pincers- like. Epiphallus variable, but always with lophi. Male cercus with large basal articulation ; posterior margin of the last abdominal tergite strongly sclerotized. Shee divided, with large, mostly angular, lophi_ . ; ‘ Euryphyminae Basal articulation of male c cerci small. Posterior margin of the last abdominal tergite not strongly sclerotized. Epiphallus not divided, or if divided, then with comparatively small, lobiform lophi. Dorsum of pronotum flat or weakly tectiform, with median and lateral carinae linear (lateral carinae sometimes obliterated). Male cercus with strongly com- pressed lobiform or subacute apex . ' : @ Eyprepocnemidinae 24 (23) Dorsum of pronotum of variable shape; lateral carinae, if present, not linear. 25 (18) Male cercus variable, but not with strongly compressed lobiform or subacute apex . ; : ; ; ; : 3 Catantopinae Mesosternal lobes rectangular ; , : , ‘ ; Cyrtacanthacridinae 390 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 26 (11) Prosternal process or collar usually absent ; if present, then antenna ensiform and body strongly elongated. 27 (30) Stridulatory serration on internal side of hind femur absent. 28 (29) Furcal suture of mesosternum curved backwards in the middle, thus shortening the mesosternal interspace (Text-fig. 31). Sides of abdominal tergites often with transverse (stridulatory) ridges : ‘ , f Egnatiinae 29 (28) Furcal suture of mesosternum of normal shape. No stridulatory specialization on sides of abdominal tegites . ’ i : : : : . Acridinae 30 (27) Stridulatory serration on internal side of hind femur present. 31 (32) Male cercus strongly thickened in basal part with strongly incurved apex Evemogryllinae 32 (31) Male cercus simple, mostly conical mn : . : r ‘ . Truxalinae Subfamily Dericorythinae (Text-fig. 18) Type genus: Dericorys Serville, 1838 Size large, medium or small. Head variable. Pronotum with strong crest or at least hump in prozona only. Prosternal process or collar present. Mesosternal interspace open. Elytra and wings fully developed, shortened, lobiform or absent. pane pelea, SOE wen ee RNG SARA ee MER SARE es oe — 2 Us C. | Oy alw Fic. 18. 1. Dericorys albidula Serv., female. 2. Epiphallus of Dericorys tibialis (Pall.). Tympanum present or (in apterous species) absent. Lower basal lobe of hind femur as long as, or slightly longer than, upper one. Hind tibia curved ; external apical spine present. Basal and apical valves of penis connected by flexure. Epiphallus bridge-shaped, with ancorae and lophi. Stridulatory mechanism not found, except in one species, in which it is represented by inflated part of subcostal area of hind wing. This subfamily was erected by Jakobson (Jakobson & Bianki, 1904), but was disregarded by the later authors, who placed the subfamily into Catantopinae. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 391 Dericorythinae are remarkable in that the shape of the lower basal lobe of the hind femur is of the same length as or slightly longer than the upper one, a condition found also as a normal feature in Romaleinae and Chilacridinae only amongst other subfamilies of Acrididae. It is not possible to retain Dericorythinae in Catantopinae because of the shape of the basal lobes of the hind femur, nor is it possible to regard them as a family, since all the families with this type of femur are characterized by other features, such as the phallic complex, fastigial furrow, and stridulatory mechanism. Dericorythinae are distributed in SW. and central Asia and Northern Africa. List of examined genera : 1. Anamesacris Uvarov, 1934 4. Dericorys Serville, 1838 2. Bolivaremia Morales-Agacino, 1949 5. Pamphagulus Uvarov, 1929 3. Corystoderes I. Bolivar, 1936 Subfamily Chilacridinae (Text-fig. 19) Type genus: Chilacris Liebermann, 1943 Of medium size, integument rugose. Antenna filiform. Head subglobular ; fastigium of vertex mostly with faint trace of fastigial furrow. Three sulci crossing dorsum of pronotum. Prosternal process present. Meso- and metasternal inter- space short and wide. Elytra and wings fully developed, reduced or absent. Tympanum normally present. Lower basal lobe of hind femur as long as or slightly longer than upper one. External apical spine of hind tibia absent or present. Ectophallus membraneous ; cingulum poorly sclerotized, plate-like, with apodemes wide, short, plate-like, poorly differentiated ; sheath of penis wide, covering whole apical valves of penis. Endophallus strongly sclerotized ; basal valves of penis form long posterior projections, distal ends of which meet distal ends of apical valves of penis, proximal part of them plate-like, widened ; proximal ends of apical valves of penis close to lower part of basal valves; they are connected by short flexure. Spermatophore sac placed in space between posterior projections of basal valves and apical valves of penis ; ejaculatory sac partly below, partly between proximal parts of basal valves of penis. Epiphallus bridge-shaped, with strong, non-articulated ancorae and strong, hook-shaped lophi. Oval sclerites present. Spermatheca variable, with widened single distal end or forming apical and preapical diverticula. This subfamily was erected by Liebermann and called Chilacrinae in 1942, but the name has to be amended to Chilacridinae. He included in it four genera: Aucacris Hebard, 1929, Chilacris Liebermann, 1943, Philippiacris Liebermann, 1943, and Elasmoderus Saussure, 1888. Later the genus Uvetacris Liebermann, 1943, was included in the subfamily and Elasmoderus was excluded (Liebermann, 1959, in litt.). Bufonacris Walker, 1871, should also be included here. Dr. J. Liebermann kindly sent me the types of his genera and I was able to study the phallic complex and spermatheca. The phallic complex proved to be of 392 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA peculiar structure, which was not found in other families and subfamilies of Acri- doidea. The most striking features are: firstly, the poorly developed cingulum, which resembles that in the primitive families Tanaoceridae, Xyronotidae and Pneu- moridae ; secondly, the peculiar shape of the endophallus, with the basal valves of oe a a a tt rT 77 tae Oe ee ne ee - ESE 5 Fic. 19. Chilacris maculipennis Lieb., male type. 2-5. Philippiacris rubiosus Lieb. 2. Ectophallus, from above (whole proximal part of ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed). 3. Endophallus, from above. 4. Endophallus, lateral view. 5. Epiphallus. 6. Chilacris maculipennis, spermatheca. the penis forming long posterior projections, which extend to the point of meeting of the apices of the apical valves of the penis, with the spermatophore sac located between them. These general features of the phallic complex are similar in all studied genera of the subfamily, though they vary in details. The phallic complex of REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 393 Philippiacris is figured (Text-fig. 19), since the several specimens of this genus were in the best condition for dissecting and drawing. It is difficult to suggest the position and relationship of Chilacridinae with other groups of Acridoidea. Their genitalia are quite peculiar without a close parallel in the rest of Acridoidea. The shape of the basal lobes of the hind femur suggest a possible link with Romaleinae and Dericorythinae. Tentatively, Chilacridinae are placed in the family Acrididae, but further detailed studies of South American Acridoidea are needed to establish their exact position. List of known genera : 1. Aucacris Hebard, 1929 4. Philippiacris Liebermann, 1943 2. Bufonacris Walker, 1871 5. Uretacris Liebermann, 1943 3. Chilacris Liebermann, 1943 Subfamily Romaleinae (Text-fig. 20) Type genus: Romalea Serville, 1831 Size mostly Jarge or medium. Body of variable shape. Head of variable shape. Prosternal process present. Mesosternal interspace open. Highly specialized stridulatory mechanism present: first vannal area of hind wing narrow, convex, forming tube-like fold, when the wing is folded; this area has arched, parallel, finely, but strongly serrated, transverse veinlets—sometimes adjoining longitudinal veins are serrated as well; cubital, second vannal and sometimes medial area are expanded, with thickened, regular, transverse veinlets. Lower basal lobe of hind femur about as long as upper one. External apical spine of hind tibia present or absent. Basal and apical valves of penis connected by strong, thickened flexure. Epiphallus robust, bridge-shaped, with short ancorae and lophi. The subfamily Romaleinae was established by Roberts (1941) on the basis of the phallic complex, but although this character alone is not sufficient for separating the subfamily, several other characters support its status, in particular the peculiar stridulatory mechanism which occurs only in this subfamily and may be traced even in the strongly reduced wings of micropterous species. Sometimes it may be reduced as in Afplatacris or strongly reduced as in Munatia, in which only weak traces of the serration may be observed. Another character, which occurs elsewhere in Acrididae, as a stable normal character, only in Dericorythinae and Chilacridinae is the lower basal lobe of the hind femur being as long as the upper one. Yet another character is the flexure of the valves of the penis being more robust than is usual in other Acrididae. Members of the Romaleinae present the same extreme diversity in the shape of the body and in general appearance as the other large subfamilies. There are amongst them some forms strikingly similar to certain representatives of the Pampha- gidae (Phrynotettix, Dracotettix), and of the Acridinae (such as Legua, which super- ficially resembles Acrida ; Callonotacris, which superficially resembles Pyrgodera) ; and Tropidacris and allied genera which are very similar to Cyrtacanthacridinae. 394 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA we Wittens HHT} TAS aw i (reg ced uy WS > Peeks nd © ite ay We fivaas s << a as SOR RT TT et / ’ ~ i ‘. b a a ee me a THIS eS wane! Mee Serer WAY \ ato 17 OY Oma [S34 &liw. Fic. 20. 1. Romalea microptera (Beauv.), male. 2. Wing of Colpolopha obsoleta Serv. 3. Part of the stridulatory mechanism under large magnification. 4. Epiphallus of Romalea microptera. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 395 Romaleinae occur mainly in S. America with a few in N. America, but several genera are known from NE. Africa and S. Asia. List of examined genera : 1. Acrostegastes Karsch, 1896 21. Lophacris Scudder, 1869 2. Aeolacris Scudder, 1875 22. Lyrotyloides Bey-Bienko, 1956 3. Agriacris Walker, 1870 23. Lyrotylus Uvarov, 1923 4. Alcamenes Stal, 1878 24. Munatia Stal, 1875 5. Alophonota Stal, 1873 - 25. Pelecinotus I. Bolivar, 1881 6. Antandrus Stal, 1878 26. Phrynotettix Glover, 1872 7. Aplatacris Scudder, 1875 27. Prionacris Stal, 1878 8. Brachystola Scudder, 1876 28. Prionolopha Stal, 1873 9g. Callonotacris Rehn, 1909 29. Procolpia Stal, 1873 10. Chartacris Walker, 1870 30. Robecchia Schulthess, 1898 11. Chromacris Walker, 1870 31. Romalea Serville, 1831 12. Cibotopteryx Rehn, 1905 2. Taeniopoda Stal, 1873 13. Colpolopha Stal, 1873 33. Teratodes Brulle, 1835 14. Coryacris Rehn, 1909 34. Titanacris Scudder, 1869 15. Draconata Pictet & Saussure, 1887 35. Tropidacris Scudder, 1869 16. Dracotettix Bruner, 1889 36. ? Tropidostethus Philippi, 1863 17. Eurynotacris Ramme, 1931 37. Tytthotyle Scudder, 1897 18. Eutropidacris Hebard, 1923 38. Xestotrachelus Bruner, 1913 19. Kabulia Ramme, 1928 39. Xyleus Gistl, 1848 20. Legua Walker, 1870 4c. Zoniopoda Stal, 1873 Subfamily Lithidiinae nov. (Text-fig. 21) Type genus: Lithidium Uvarov, 1925 Small or medium size, robust, body depressed. Male much smaller than female. Antenna filiform or slightly thickened in apical part. Headsubglobular. Fastigium of vertex short, wide. Pronotum short, wide, depressed. Prosternal collar present or absent. Mesosternal interspace very large, close or fused with the metasternal or separated from it only by suture. Elytra and wings present or absent. Tym- panum absent. Lower lobe of hind femur shorter than upper one. External apical spine of hind tibia present or absent. Valves of penis paired, divided ; apical ones being thin and reduced. Epiphallus bridge-shaped, with short ancorae and short, hook-shaped lophi. Stridulatory mechanism not found. Only four genera of this family are known. The first one, Eneremius was placed by Saussure in the “ Strips Evemobia ’’, then of the subfamily Oedipodinae. Uvarov (1925) removed it, with Lithidium, to the tribe Thrinchini, then of Oedipodinae, but in 1943 he transferred the tribe to Pamphagidae. Dirsh (1956) referred these two genera and Lithidiopsis tentatively to the family Lentulidae. The only winged genus, Microtmethis, was described by Karny as a member of the Oedipodinae. The males of Lithidium and of Microtmethis have only recently become available. In the phallic complex they proved to be very similar to one another, but strongly different from the Lentulidae and from all other known subfamilies of Acrididae, except perhaps Hemiacridinae. In the divided valves of the penis the Lithidinae approximate to Hemiacridinae, 396 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA Fic. 21. 1-4. Lithidium bushmanicum Dirsh. 1. Female, in profile. 2. The same, from above. 3. Face. 4. Meso-and metasternum. 5-9. Phallic complex of Lithidium pusillum Uv. 5. From above. 6. From below. 7. In profile. 8. Penis, in profile. g. Epiphallus. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 397 but the apical valves are strongly reduced. The epiphallus is rather simplified, with narrow bridge and simple, small ancorae and lophi. The latter character, the shape of the meso- and the metasternum and the absence of the tympanum even in winged species, preclude placing the Lithidiinae in Hemiacridinae. The subfamily is found in S. and SW. Africa only. List of known genera : 1. Lithidium Uvarov, 1925 2. Lithidiopsis Dirsh, 1956 3. Microtmethis Karny, 1910 4. ?Eneremius Saussure, 1888. (Known from females and its subfamily position is uncertain) Subfamily Hemiacridinae (Text-fig. 22) Type genus: Hemiacris Walker, 1870 Body of variable shape. Head prognathous, orthognathous or opisthognathous. Prosternal process present. Mesosternal interspace open or closed. Elytra and wings fully developed, reduced or absent; radial area of elytron with series of regular, thickened, transverse, stridulatory veinlets. Tympanum present, in apterous forms absent. Lower basal lobe of hind femur shorter than upper one. External apical spine of hind tibia present or absent. Basal and apical valves of penis disconnected, but sometimes there is a tendency to form flexure. Epiphallus bridge- shaped, sometimes with divided bridge ; ancorae and lophi present. The subfamily was established recently by Dirsh (1956) on the basis of divided valves of the penis and the presence of a peculiar stridulatory mechanism. The first character is shared with Lithidiinae and also links them to some extent with Tropidopolinae, which have a tendency towards disappearance of the flexure. The peculiar stridulatory mechanism does not occur in other subfamilies of Acrididae. The subfamily is distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia, the Australasian Archipelago and Australia, and there are two genera in S. America. List of examined genera : 1. Acanthoxia I. Bolivar, 1906 2. Aleuas Stal, 1878 . Bermius Stal, 1878 . Merehana Kevan, 1957 . Mesopsera I. Bolivar, 1908 . Ovaistes Karsch, 1896 . Calviniacris Dirsh, 1956 23. Parahieroglyphus Carl, 1916 . Castetsia I. Bolivar, 1902 24. Paraspathosternum Ramme, 1929 . Clonacris Uvarov, 1943 25. Pareuthymia Willemse, 1930 26. Perakia Ramme, 1930 . Dirshacris Brown, 1959 . Gesonula Uvarov, 1940 . Glauningia Ramme, 1929 . Hemiacris Walker, 1870 12. Hemipristocorypha Dirsh, 1952 13. Hieroglyphus Krauss, 1877 14. Kassongia I. Bolivar, 1908 15. Leatettix Dirsh, 1956 16. Leptacris Walker, 1870 17. Lopheuthymia Uvarov, 1943 18. Loryma Stal, 1878 19. Malagasacris Rehn, 1944 ENTOM. I0, 9. 3 4 5 6 7. Diademacris Ramme, 1929 8 9 10 II . Phalinus Rehn, 1944 . Pristocorypha Karsch, 1896 . Pseudocarsula Kirby, 1914 . Spathosternum Krauss, 1877 . Sudanacris Uvarov, 1944 . Tarbaleus Brunner, 1898 . Tauchira Stal, 1878 . Uvarovidium Dirsh, 1956 . Willemsella Miller, 1934 . Xentppa Stal, 1878 . Zygoclistron Rehn, 1905 30 398 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA aot tt tlt tp. <) HIG? 22: Hemiacris fervens Walk. complex from above. 3. The same, but ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed. 4. Penis, from above. 5. As the fig. 3, but in profile. 1. Male. 2-6. Phallic complex. 2. Whole phallic 6. Penis, in profile. Subfamily Tropidopolinae (Text-fig. 23) Type genus: Tropidopola Stal, 1873 Body cylindrical, elongated (sometimes strongly). and acutely conical to subglobular. Head from strongly elongated or absent. Median and lateral carinae of pronotum present Prosternal process beak-like or cylindrical or with widened, flat or concave REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 399 apical surface. Mesosternal interspace closed. Elytra and wings fully developed or reduced. Tympanum present. Lower basal lobe of hind femur shorter than upper one. External apical spine of hind tibia present. Male cercus of variable shape. Flexure between basal and apical valves of penis has tendency to disappear. Epiphall- SS ID ee eR Ba ae 8 Fic. 23. 1-4. Afroxyrrhepes acuticercus Dirsh. 1. Male. 2. Meso- and metasternum. 3. End of abdomen, in profile. 4. The same, from above. 5-8. Epiphalli. 5. Tropi- dopola cylindrica (Marsh.). 6. Tristria lacerta St. 7. Homoxyrrhepes punctipennis (Walk.). 8. Afroxyrrhepes procera (Burm.). us bridge-shaped, sometimes divided ; ancorae and lophi present. Stridulatory mechanism sometimes present (thickened veinlets in costal and subcostal areas of elytron). There are four features, the combination of which characterizes this subfamily. These are the closed mesosternal interspace, the presence of an external apical spine 400 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA on the hind tibia, a tendency towards losing the flexure between the basal and apical valves of the penis, and the shape of the prosternal process. None of these characters could be regarded as absolute, since they can be found separately in other subfamilies of Acrididae. However, their combination defines the Tropidopolinae as a natural group. This subfamily is distributed in S. Asia and Africa, and with one genus reaching S. Europe. List of examined genera : 1. Afroxyrrhepes Uvarov, 1943 8. Musimoja Uvarov, 1953 2. Bambusacris Henry, 1933 9. Oxyrrhepes Stal, 1873 3. Calamippa Henry, 1940 10. Petamella Giglio-Tos, 1907 4. Chloroxvrrhepes Uvarov, 1926 11. Tinnevellia Henry, 1940 5. Homoxyrrhepes Uvarov, 1926 12. Tristria Stal, 1873 6. Limnippa Uvarov, 1941 13. Tvopidopola Stal, 1873 7. Mesopsilla Ramme, 1929 Subfamily Oxyinae (Text-fig. 24) Type genus Oxya Serville, 1831 Size small or medium. Head subconica] ; fastigium of vertex short. Pronotum cylindrical or subcylindrical ; median carina weak, linear or absent ; lateral carinae absent. Prosternal process conical. Mesosternal interspace open. Elytra and wings fully developed, shortened or absent. Tympanum present. Two or three distal abdominal sternites (in the majority of genera) with brush-like lateral groups of hairs. Lower basal lobe of hind femur shorter than upper one ; lower lobe of hind knee spine-like. Hind tibia (in the- majority of cases) expanded ; external apical spine (except Gerista) present. Valves of ovipositor and female subgenital plate (in most genera) with teeth, spines or serration. Basal and apical. valves of penis flexured. Epiphallus bridge shaped, with bridge divided or with tendency to division, with ancorae and lophi. Stridulatory mechanism not found. Members of the subfamily Oxyinae form a natural assemblage which differs from the other subfamilies of Acridoidea in the presence of a spine-like lower lobe of the hind knee, the more or less divided bridge of the epiphallus and the hairy distal sternites of the abdomen. These characters are found in other subfamilies also, but their combination defines the Oxyinae reasonably well. The subfamily Oxyinae is distributed in Africa, Asia and Australia. List of examined genera : 1. Austiniella Ramme, 1931 10. Genditia I. Bolivar, 1911 2. Badistica Karsch, 1891 11. Gerista I. Bolivar, 1905 3. Caledonia Willemse, 1923 12. Lucretilis Stal, 1878 4. Caryanda Stal, 1878 13. Oxya Serville, 1831 5. Cercina Stal, 1878 14. Pterotiltus Karsch, 1893 6. Chitaura I. Bolivar, 1918 15. Quilta Stal, 1860 7. Dapperia Sjéstedt, 1921 16. Racilia Stal, 1878 8. Dibastica Giglio-Tos, 1907 17. Zulua Ramme, 1929 9. Digentia Stal, 1878 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 401 Ea Be, 3 Fic. 24. 1-3. Oxya hyla Serv. 1. Male. 2. Hind knee, external side. 3. Ovipositor. 4-6. Epiphallus. 4. Oxya hyla Serv. 5. Dibastica major I. Bol. 6. Pterotiltus inuncatus (Karsh). Subfamily Coptacridinae (Text-fig. 25) Type genus: Coptacra Stal, 1873 Size small or medium. Head subconical; occiput forming angle with vertex, mostly separated by ridge. Pronotum without lateral carinae. Prosternal process conical. Mesosternalinterspace open. Elytra and wings fully developed or reduced. Tympanum present. Lower basal lobe of hind femur shorter than upper one. External apical spine of hind tibia absent. Last abdominal tergite of male mostly with furcula ; supra-anal plate mostly with attenuate apex ; subgenital plate with transverse fold. Male cercus widened in basal and compressed in apical half, with downcurved or complicatedly shaped apex. Basal and apical valves of penis flexured. Epiphallus bridge-shaped, with divided bridge ; ancorae and lophi present. Stridu- latory mechanism not found. 402 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA The subfamily Coptacridinae was regarded as a group (Brunner, 1893), later as a tribe (Mistshenko, 1952), of Catantopinae, but when the characters were studied in more detail, it became necessary to separate it as a subfamily. The combination of characters is as follows: the divided bridge of the epiphallus; the presence, in the majority of genera, of a furcula on the last abdominal tergite of the male ; the peculiar shape of the supra-anal plate and male cercus ; a transverse fold in the subgenital plate of the male, and the separation of vertex and occiput. last characters are apparently peculiar to the Coptacridinae. 2 Fic. 25. 1-3. Cyphocerastis laeta Karsch. 4 1. Male. 2. End of abdomen from above. 3. Left cercus. 4. Eucoptacra anguliflava (Karsch), left cercus. 5-7. Epiphalli. 5. Coptacra ensifera 1. Bol. 6. Poecilocerastis striata Ramme. 7. Eucoptacra praemorsa St. The subfamily is distributed in tropical Africa and Asia. List of examined genera : . Apalacris Walker, 1870 . Bocagella I. Bolivar, 1889 . Coptacra Stal, 1873 . Cyphocerastis Karsch, 1891 . Dubitacris Henry, 1938 Epistaurus I. Bolivar, 1889 . Eucoptacra I. Bolivar, 1902 SE ANRW DH . Exochoderes I. Bolivar, 1881 Opharicus Uvarov, 1940 Paracoptacra Karsch, 1896 . Parepistaurus Karsch, 1896 . Poecilocerastis Ramme, 1929 . Ruwenzoracris Rehn, 1914 . Traulia Stal, 1873 The two REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 403 Subfamily Calliptaminae (Text-fig. 26) Type genus: Calliptamus Serville, 1831 Size small to medium. Head subconical to subglobular ; frons in majority of genera vertical; fastigium of vertex roundly merging with frontal ridge; inter- ocular distance wide. Pronotum with median and lateral carinae (lateral ones SSS SO 4 5 | ee 6 Fic. 26. 1-3. Calliptamus italicus (L.). 1. Male. 2. End of abdomen from above. 3. Male left cercus. 4-6. Epiphalli. 4. Calliptamus italicus (L.) 5. Sphodromerus tuareg Uv. 6. Caloptenopsis glaucopsis (Walk.). sometimes obliterated); dorsum crossed by three sulci. Prosternal process cylindrical, conical or antero-posteriorly compressed. Mesosternal interspace open. Elytra and wings fully developed or reduced. Tympanum present. Hind femur usually wide, its lower basal lobe shorter than upper one. External apical spine of hind tibia absent. Two last abdominal tergites of male fused, inflated and upcurved. Cercus large, strong, incurved, bilobate, adapted for gripping. Basal and apical 404 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA valves of penis flexured. Epiphallus plate-like, mostly trapezoidal, with ancorae and without lophi. Stridulatory mechanism not found. The subfamily Calliptaminae was erected by Jakobson (Jakobson & Bianki, 1904), but was disregarded as such by the majority of later authors ; Mistshenko (1952) treated it as a tribe of Catantopinae. The representatives of this subfamily havea very characteristic plate-like epiphallus, not known in other subfamilies of Acrididae. The pincer-like male cerci also are peculiar, without close parallel in other subfamilies. Calliptaminae are distributed in Europe, Africa and Asia. List of known genera : 1. Acorypha Krauss, 1877 8. Palaciosa C. Bolivar, 1930 2. Bosumia Ramme, 1929 9g. Paracaloptenus I. Bolivar, 1876 3. Bothrocaracris Uvarov, 1954 10. Peripolus Martinez, 1902 4. Brachyxenia Kirby, 1914 11. Sphodromerus Stal, 1873 5. Caloptenopsis I. Bolivar, 1889 12. Sphodronotus Uvarov, 1943 6. Calliptamus Serville, 1831 13. Stobbea Ramme, 1929 7. Indomerus Dirsh, 1951 Subfamily Euryphyminae (Text-fig. 27) Type genus: Euryphymus Stal, 1873 Size small to medium. Antenna filiform. Head subconical to subglobular. Frons vertical or slightly oblique. Median and lateral carinae of pronotum present. Prosternal process present. Mesosternal interspace open. Elytra and wings fully developed, reduced or vestigial. Tympanum present. Lower basal Jobe of hind femur shorter than upper one. External apical spine of hind tibia absent. Posterior margin of last abdominal tergite of male strongly sclerotized and slightly upcurved, with serrated or toothed edge. Male cercus of variable, mostly complicated shape, with expanded basal articulation. Ectophallic membrane with secondary sclerotiza- tion. Basal and apical valves of penis flexured. Epiphallus bridge-shaped, with divided bridge, lobiform ancorae and very large, tooth-shaped or elongate-lobiform lophi. Stridulatory mechanism not found. The subfamily Euryphyminae was erected (Dirsh, 1956) mainly on the basis of the structure of the epiphallus, which is divided and has peculiar lophi, and the characteristic structure of the male cerci, with specialized basal articulation, which allows a wider range of movement of the cerci than in other groups. In both respects the subfamily is so well separated from all other subfamilies of Acrididae that it might be regarded as a family. However, the flexured basal and apical valves of the penis suggest that the Euryphyminae belong to the family Acrididae. The subfamily Euryphyminae is distributed in S., SW., and E. Africa. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 405 LE OEE OS ck Sec cues > 7 oes ee — Fic. 27. 1. Euryphymus haematopus (L.), male. 2. Amblyphymus rubripes Uv., posterior end of male abdomen in precoital position, showing position of supra-anal plate (dotted), epiphallus (black) and cerci. 3-5. Cerci. 3. Brachvphymus vyldemi St. (Ba, basal articulation). 4. Amblyphymus miniatus Uv. 5. Acrophymus ocreatus Uv. 6-8. Epiphalli. 6. Brachyphymus vylderi St. 7. Amblyphymus miniatus Uv. 8. Acrophymus ocreatus Uv. 9. Posterior margin of the last abdominal tergite and supra-anal plate of Amblyphymus miniatus Uv., showing strong sclerotization. 406 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA List of known genera : 1. Acoryphella Giglio-Tos, 1907 12. Pachyphymus Uvarov, 1922 2. Acrophymus Uvarov, 1922 13. Phymeurus Giglio-Tos, 1907 3. Amblyphymus Uvarov, 1922 14. Platacanthoides Kirby, 1910 4. Anabibia Dirsh, 1956 15. Plegmapteroides Dirsh, 1959 5. Aneuryphymus Uvarov, 1922 16. Plegmapteropsis Dirsh, 1956 6. Brachyphymus Uvarov, 1922 17. Plegmapterus Martinez, 1898 7. Calliptamicus Uvarov, 1922 18. Rachitopis Uvarov, 1922 8. Calliptamuloides Dirsh, 1956 19. Rhodesiana Dirsh, 1959 9g. Calliptamulus Uvarov, 1922 20. Somaliacris Dirsh, 1956 10. Euryphymus Stal, 1873 21. Surudia Uvarov, 1930 11. Kevanacris Dirsh, 1961 7 8 Fic. 28. 1-2. Eyprepocnemis plorans (Charp.). 1. Male. 2. Dorsum of pronotum, showing characteristic pattern. 3-5. Male cerci. 3. Phyllocercus bicoloripes Uv. 4. Heteracris herbacea (Serv.). 5. Eyprepocnemis plorans (Charp.). 6-8. Epiphalli. 6. Heteracris calliptamoides Uv. 7. Phyllocercus bicoloripes Uv. 8. Eyprepocnemis plorans Charp. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 407 Subfamily Eyprepocnemidinae (Text-fig. 28) Type genus: Eyprepocnemis Fieber, 1853 Size small to large. Head subconical to subglobular. Fastigium of vertex merging roundly with frontal ridge ; inter-ocular distance wide. Pronotum with median and lateral carinae (lateral sometimes obliterated) ; dorsum crossed by three sulci. Prosternal process cylindrical or antero-posteriorly compressed. Mesosternal interspace open. Elytra and wings fully developed or reduced. Tympanum present. Lower basal lobe of hind femur shorter than upper one. External apical spine of hind tibia absent. Male cercus at apex flattened, widened or subacute and down curved. Basal and apical valves of penis flexured. Epiphallus bridge-shaped, mostly with poorly sclerotized bridge; ancorae and lophi present. Stridulatory mechanism not found. The subfamily Eyprepocnemidinae was established by Jakobson (Jakobson & Bianki, 1904), but was disregarded by later authors and considered as part of the subfamily Catantopinae and recently (Mistshenko, 1952) as a tribe of it. The subfamily is defined by the following combination of characters: a weakly sclerotized and rather wide bridge of the epiphallus, with curved and sometimes rather complicated ancorae; slender hind femur (with few exceptions); rounded and rather wide fastigium of the vertex ; presence of lateral carinae on the pronotum (rarely obliterated) ; and apically compressed male cerci. These characters are not confined to the Eyprepocnemidinae, but their combination defines the Eyprepocnemt- dinae as a natural group. Eyprepocnemidinae are distributed in Africa, S. Europe, Asia and Australia. List of examined genera : 1. Amphiprosopia Uvarov, 1921 15. Heteracris Walker, 1870 2. Asmara I. Bolivar, 1914 16. Hovaeocerus Saussure, 1899 3. Belonocnemis I. Bolivar, 1914 17. Jucundacris Uvarov, 1921 4. Brownacris Dirsh, 1958 18. Macrocarva Uvarov, 1930 5. Burmacris Ramme, 1941 19. Navasia Kirby, 1914 6. Cataloipus I. Bolivar, 1890 20. Oxyaeida I. Bolivar, 1914 7. Choroedocus I. Bolivar, 1914 21. Pavraeuprepocnemis Brunner, 1893 8. Cyathosternum I. Bolivar, 1881 22. Parathisoicetrus Ramme, 1929 9. Cyclopternacris Ramme, 1928 23. Phyllocercus Uvarov, 1941 10. Macrotona Brunner, 1893 24. Taramassus Giglio-Tos, 1907 11. Euprepocnemides I. Bolivar, 1914 25. Thisoicetrellus Uvarov, 1921 12. Eyprepocnemis Fieber, 1853 26. Thisoicetrinus Uvarov, 1921 13. Eupreponotus Uvarov, 1921 27. Tropidiopsis I. Bolivar, 1911 14. Habrocnemis Uvarov, 1930 28. Tylotropidius Stal 1873 Subfamily Catantopinae (Text-fig. 29) Type genus: Catantops Schaum, 1853 Size from small to large. Head of variable shape. Median carina of pronotum present or absent ; lateral carinae only rarely present. Prosternal process present. 408 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA : Gor Eys 6 Fic. 29. Catantops melanostictus Schaum. 1. Male. 2-6. Phallic complex. 2. Whole phallic complex from above. 3. The same, but ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed. 4. Penis, from above. 5. As fig. 3, but in profile. 6. Endophallus, in profile. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 409 Mesosternal lobes rounded. Elytra and wings fully developed, reduced or absent ; intercalary vein of medial area of elytron absent (rarely present). Tympanum normally present, rarely absent. Lower basal lobe of hind femur normally shorter than upper one. External apical spine of hind tibia present or absent. Basal and apical valves of penis flexured. Epiphallus bridge-shaped, sometimes with divided bridge ; ancorae mostly present ; lophi of variable form, mostly present. Stridula- tory mechanism not found. The Catantopinae are closely related to Cyrtacanthacridinae and Acridinae, but may be separated from Cyrtacanthacridinae by the rounded mesosternal lobes ; and from Acridinae by the presence of a prosternal process, the absence of an intercalary vein in the medial area of the elytron and the non-articulated ancorae of the epiphallus, although these three characters do occur in certain Acridinae. The subfamily urgently needs further study. It would be premature to attempt to subdivide it now, since there must be a large number of undescribed genera, particularly in the tropics. The large subfamily Catantopinae, even in its present reduced scope, still represents a highly heterogeneous assemblage. It was usual to put into the subfamily any genus which would not fit elsewhere. As a result, the subfamily not only contains the basic group Catantopini but has also been a dumping ground for everything which needs further investigation. | The subfamily Catantopinae is distributed in the whole world, and includes a large number of genera. No list is given for obvious reasons. Subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae (Text-fig. 30) Type genus : Cyrtacanthacris Walker, 1870 Size large or medium. Antenna filiform. Head subglobular; frons vertical. Pronotum without lateral carinae; dorsum crossed by three sulci. Prosternal process large. Mesosternal interspace open ; mesosternal lobes rectangular. Elytra and wings fully developed or reduced. Tympanum present. Lower basal lobe of hind femur shorter than upper one. External apical spine of hind tibia absent. Basal and apical valves of penis flexured. Epiphallus robust, bridge-shaped, with small or without any ancorae; lophi large lobiform or tooth-like. Stridulatory mechanism not found. The main characteristic features of Cyrtacanthacridinae are the rectangular mesosternal lobes, the large size of the body, the strong epiphallus, with the ancorae shortened or absent, and the absence of lateral carinae on the pronotum. It might be possible to regard Cyrtacanthacridinae as a group or a tribe within the subfamily Catantopinae, but their characters are sufficiently definite for them to be regarded as a separate subfamily. 410 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA The subfamily is distributed over the tropical, subtropical and temperate zones of the whole world. List of known genera : . Acanthacris Uvarov, 1924 . Acridoderes 1. Bolivar, 1889 . Adramita Uvarov, 1936 . Anacridium Uvarov, 1923 . Austracris Uvarov, 1924 Bryophyma Uvarov, 1923 . Chondracris Uvarov, 1924 . Congoa I. Bolivar, 1911 . Cyrtacanthacris Walker, 1870 . Finotina Uvarov, 1924 11. Gowdeya Uvarov, 1923 12. Kinkalidia Sjéstedt, 1931 13. Kraussaria Uvarov, 1924 14. Melicodes Uvarov, 1923 90 ONANAWHNH Lal 15. Nomadacris Uvarov, 1924 16. Ootua Uvarov, 1927 17. Ornithacris Uvarov, 1924 18. Orthacanthacris Karsh, 1896 19. Pachyacris Uvarov, 1923 20. Pachynotacris Uvarov, 1923 21. Patanga Uvarov, 1923 22. Phyxacra Karny, 1907 23. Rhadinacris Uvarov, 1923 24. Rhytidacris Uvarov, 1923 25. Schistocerca Stal, 1873 26. Valanga Uvarov, 1923 27. Willemsea Uvarov, 1923 amar & Fic. 30. 1. Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (L.), male. 2. Meso- and metasternum of Schisto- cerca gregaria Forsk. 3-5. Epiphalli. 3. Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (L.). 4. Ornithacris cyanea (Stoll). 5. Anacridium aegyptium (L.). Subfamily Egnatiinae (Text-fig. 31) Type genus: Egnatius Stal, 1876 Small. Head subconical. Median and lateral carinae of pronotum present. Pro- sternum with low convexity. Mesosternal interspace very short, mesosternal furcal suture being strongly curved backwards. Elytra and wings fully developed or REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 411 reduced ; weak intercalary vein of medial area of elytron present or absent. Tym- panum present. Abdominal tergites of male, on sides, often with transverse stridu- latory ridges. Arolium very small. Basal and apical valves of penis flexured. Epiphallus bridge-shaped ; ancorae articulated with bridge ; lophi present. The affinities of the subfamily Egnatiinae are rather obscure. Not long ago the genera concerned were regarded as members of the Oedipodinae. Bey-Bienko (1951) recognized them as a separate subfamily on the basis of the peculiar shape of the mesosternal] furcal suture, the peculiar stridulatory mechanism in some of the genera PF s oe segue ae ne a Ose eS eS Re Tyee ea pipe Prd Pr ss SA 4 SS am,’ al _| | Re 7 FIG. 31. 1-2. Egnatius apicalis St. 1.Male.2.Meso-and metasternum. 3-6. Epiphalli. 3. Charora crassivenosa Sauss. 4. Egnatius apicalis St. 5. Egnatiella cabrerai I. Bol. 6. Leptoscirtus isphahanicus Uv. and the poor development or absence of a vena intercalata in the medial area of the elytron. Slifer (1939) noticed that they possess Comstock-Kellogg glands, which are otherwise believed to occur only in Catantopinae. Bryantseva (1953) studied the foregut in Egnatiinae, and found that the folds and sculpture of its internal surface are similar to those in Catantopinae and different from those of Oedipodinae. On this basis it can be suggested that they are nearer to the Catantopinae than to any other subfamily. 412 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA The Egnatiinae are distributed in N. Africa and SW. Asia. List of known genera : 1. Charora Saussure, 1888 4. Egnatiella I. Bolivar, 1914 2. Egnatius Stal, 1876 5. Leptoscirtus Saussure, 1888 3. Egnatioides Vosseler, 1902 6. Paregnatius Uvarov, 1933 ania te AD 3 4 » I Gor Fx b BUEN, tN S Ol eae Na ONE \ L — Ejs SPS fe) 0.5mm. 7 Fic. 32. Acrida turrita L. 1. Male. 2-6 Phallic complex. 2. Whole phallic complex from above. 3. The same, but ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed. 4. Penis from above. 5. As fig. 3, but in profile. 6. Penis, in profile. 7. Serrated intercalary vein of Oedipoda miniata (Pall.). Subfamily Acridinae (Text-fig. 32) Type genus: Acrida Linnaeus, 1758 Size small to large. Head of variable shape. Median and Jateral carinae of pro- notum mostly present. Prosternal process mostly absent. Elytra and wings fully REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA ~413 developed, reduced or absent ; intercalary vein of medial area of elytron sometimes strong and serrated, sometimes weak, disappearing, but mostly present. Stridulatory mechanism, consisting of variable serration of elytra or wings, often present. Tym- panum normally present. Lower basal lobe of hind femur shorter than upper one. Basal and apical valves of penis flexured. Epiphallus bridge-shaped; ancorae mostly present, articulated with bridge ; lophi mostly present. The subfamily Acridinae is related on the one hand to Catantopinae, on the other to Truxalinae. The presence in some genera of a prosternal process connects them with Catanto- pinae, from which they differ, however, in the combination of other characters (see Catantopinae). From Truxalinae they differ clearly in the absence of stridulatory serration on the internal side of the hind femur. In the case of wingless genera and species, however, it is extremely difficult to decide to what subfamily they belong, since the phallic complex of Acridinae and Truxalinae does not provide clear separating features. The subfamily may be divided into several groups or tribes and one of them could be Oedipodint, which has been in the past regarded as a subfamily, mainly on the grounds of general appearance. Dirsh (1956) reduced it toa group. The only diagnostic character of Oedipodini suggested by Uvarov (1942), the serrated intercalary vein of the medial area of the elytra, is not reliable since there is a full transition to the Acridinae, the intercalary vein of which may be serrated, irregular, or altogether absent. The Acridinae are distributed throughout the world and include a vast number of genera, a list of which would be superfluous. Subfamily Eremogryllinae (Text-fig. 33) . Type genus: Evemogryllus Krauss, 1902 Small. Head subconical or subglobular. Pronotum with median and lateral carinae. Prosternum with low, transverse convexity and slightly raised anterior margin. Mesosternal interspace short and wide. Elytra and wings fully developed ; elytron with sharp radial vein (stridulatory specialization) ; intercalary vein of medial area absent. Tympanum present. Stridulatory serration, consisting of articulated pegs on internal side of hind femur present ; lower basal lobe of hind femur shorter than upper one. Male cercus short, thickened, with incurved, acute apex. Subgenital plate shortened, transverse. Phallic complex relatively very small. Basal and apical valves of penis flexured. Epiphallus with divided bridge ; ancorae small, incurved ; lophi tooth-like, with strongly acute apices. The subfamily Evemogryllinae was established recently (Dirsh, 1956) mainly on the basis of the peculiar structure of the epiphallus and the external genital append- ages of the male. It shares the type of stridulatory mechanism with Truxalinae but the structure of the phallic complex is very different. There is no close relationship between Evemogryllinae and the other subfamilies of Acrididae. The Evemogryllinae occur only in N. Africa. List of known genera : 1. Evemogrylius Krauss, 1902 2. Notopleura Krauss, 1902 ENTOM, I0, 9. 3t 414 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA tee na ne Ce A AD a rr eG A SINAN Aare roe ee LI any eo SEEDS Fic. 33. 1-4. Evemogryllus hammadae Kr. 1. Male. 2. Stridulatory serration on internal side of hind femur. 3. End of male abdomen from above. 4. Epiphallus. 5. Epiphallus of Notopleura saharica Kr. Subfamily Truxalinae (Text-fig. 34) Type genus: Tvuxalis Fabricius, 1775 Size from small to large. Head of variable shape. Median and lateral carinae of pronotum mostly present. Prosternal process absent, rarely present. Elytra and wings fully developed or reduced ; radial or radial and medial vein of elytron sharp (stridulatory specialization) ; intercalary vein of medial area absent. Tympanum present. Lower basal lobe of hind femur shorter than upper one; stridulatory serration with articulated or not articulated pegs on internal side of hind femur present. Basal and apical valves of penis flexured. Epiphallus bridge-shaped ; ancorae articulated with bridge ; lophi present. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA Imm. Fic. 34. Tvruxalis grandis Klug. 1. Male. 2-6. Phallic complex. 2. Whole phallic complex from above. 3. The same, but ectophallic membrane and epiphallus removed. 4. Penis from above. 5. As fig. 3, but in profile. 6. Penis in profile. 7. Stridulatory serration on internal side of hind femur (not articulated). 8. Gomphocerus sibiricus (L.), stridulatory serration (articulated). 415 416 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA The name Truxalinae has been used by many authors for the complex which is now divided into Acridinae and Truxalinae. Externally, representatives of both subfamilies present a series of parallel forms, but Tvuxalinae possess a stridulatory mechanism of a definite structure, found elsewhere only in Evemogryllinae. A some- what similar structure is found in two South American genera of Catantopinae (see p. 358). It might be argued that a single character is insufficient for separating the Truxalinae from the Acridinae, but it consists of a complicated structure of articu- lated or non-articulated stridulatory pegs, combined with the second part of the mechanism comprising sharp veins for friction and often widened areas of the elytron which serve as resonators. This highly specialized stridulatory mechanism consti- tutes a character so well defined that no confusion between winged members of the two subfamilies can possibly arise. There are no intermediate forms between Truxalinae and other subfamilies. The Truxalinae are distributed throughout the world except Australia and Madagascar. List of examined genera: 1. Acantherus Scudder, 1902 33. Dichromorpha Morse, 1896 2. Achurum Saussure, 1861 34. Dnopherula Karsch, 1896 3. Acocksacris Dirsh, 1958 35. Dociostaurus Fieber, 1853 4. Acridarachnea I. Bolivar, 1908 36. Eleutherotheca Karny, 1907. 5. Acrolophitus Thomas, 1871 37. Evemiacris Hebard, 1929 6. Afrohippus Uvarov, 1941 38. Evemippus Uvarov, 1926 7. Ageneotettix McNeil, 1897. 39. Eritettix Bruner, 1890 8. Amblytropidia Stal, 1873 40. Evmia Popov, 1957 9. Amesotropis Karsch, 1893 41. Euchorthippus Tarbinsky, 1925 10. Amphitornus McNeil, 1897 42. Euplectrotettix Bruner, 1902 11. Anablepia Uvarov, 1938 43. Eupnigodes McNeil, 1897 12. Anaptygus Mistshenko, 1951 44. Euthystiva Fieber, 1853 13. Arcyptera Serville, 1839 45. Faureia Uvarov, 1921 14. Aswatthamanus Kirby, 1914 46. Gomphocerippus Roberts, 1941 15. Aulacobothrus I. Bolivar, 1902 47. Gomphocerus Thunberg, 1815 16. Aulocava Scudder, 1876 48. Goniatron Bruner, 1905 17. Azarea Uvarov, 1926 49. Gontocara Uvarov, 1953 18. Batdoceracris Chopard, 1947 50. Heliaula Caudell, 1915 19. Bodenheimerella Uvarov, 1933 51. Kivmania Uvarov, 1933 20. Bootettix Bruner, 1890. 52. Komandia Uvarov, 1953 21. Brachycrotaphus Krauss, 1877 53. Krausella I. Bolivar, 1909 22. Brainia Uvarov, 1922 54. Leuconotus Bruner, 1904 23. Capulica I. Bolivar, 1918 55. Leva I. Bolivar, 1909 24. Clinocephalus Morse, 1896. 56. Ligurotettix McNeil, 1897 25. Chloealtis Harr, 1841 57. Lounsburyna Uvarov, 1922 26. Chorthippus Fieber, 1852 58. Macneillia Scudder, 1898 27. Chromotruxalis Dirsh, 1951 59. Madurea I. Bolivar, 1902 28. Chrysochraon Fischer, 1853. 60. Mermiria Stal, 1873 29. Cophohippus Uvarov, 1953 61. Mesochloa Scudder, 1898 30. Cordillacris Rehn, 1901 62. Mesopsis I. Bolivar, 1906 31. Dhimbama Henry, 1940 63. Milleriola Uvarov, 1953 . Diablepia Kirby, 1902 . Mizonocara Uvarov, 1912 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 417 65. Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 66. Morseiella Hebard, 1925 67. Myrmeleotettix I. Bolivar, 1914 68. Napaia McNeil, 1897 69. Notostaurus Bey-Bienko, 1933 70. Ochrilidia Stal, 1873 71. Omocestus I. Bolivar, 1878 72. Opeia McNeil, 1897 73. Oxytruxalis Dirsh, 1950 74. Paragonista Willemse, 1932 75. Paragymnobothrus Karny, 1910 76. Pararcyptera Tarbinsky, 1930 77. Paropomala Scudder, 1899 78. Pedioscirtetes Thomas, 1873 79. Peruvia Scudder, 1890 80. Phlibostroma Scudder, 1875 81. Phonogaster Henry, 1940 82. Phorenula I. Bolivar, 1909 83. Platypternodes I. Bolivar, 1908 84. Pnorisa Stal, 1861 85. Podismopsis Zubowsky, 1899. 86. Primnia Stal, 1873 87. Pesctrocnemus Henry, 1940 88. Pseudegnatius Dirsh, 1956 89. Pseudoarcyptera I. Bolivar, 1909 90. Pseudogmothela Karny, 1910 g1. Pseudopomala Morse, 1896 92. Psoloessa Scudder, 1875 93. Ptygonotus Tarbinsky, 1927 94. Quangula Uvarov, 1953 95. Ramburiella I. Bolivar, 1906 96. Raphotitta Karsch, 1896 97. Scyllina Stal, 1873 98. Silvitettix Bruner, 1904 99. Sinipta Stal, 1860 100. Sporobolius Uvarov, 1941 1o1. Stauroderus I. Bolivar, 1897 102. Staurorhectus Giglio-Tos, 1897. 103. Stenobothrus Fischer, 1853 104. Stenohippus Uvarov, 1926 105. Stivapleurva Scudder, 1876 106. Syrbula Stal, 1873. 107. Thyridota Uvarov, 1925 108. Tinaria Stal, 1861 109. Truxalis Fabricius, 1775 110. Truxaloides Dirsh, 1950 111. Xenotruxalis Dirsh, 1950 112. Xerohippus Uvarov, 1942 113. Yendia Ramme, 1929 114. Zapata Brunner, 1902 EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS USED IN THE FIGURES OF THE PHALLIC COMPLEX Ap, apical valves of penis. Apd, apodemes. Art, articulation. Bf, basal fold. Bp, basal valves of penis. Cng, cingulum. Cu, valves of cingulum. Da, dorsal appendices of penis. Ect, ectophallus. Ectm, ectophallic membrane. Ectv, ectophallic valves. Ejd, ejaculatory duct. Ejs, ejaculatory sac. End, endophallus. Eph, epiphallus. Fx, flexure. Gpr, gonopore processes. Gprs, gonopore sclerite. m, Membrane. Op, opening. Os, oval sclerites. P, penis. Pht, phallotreme. Po, pouch of phallus. Rm, ramus of cingulum. Scl, sclerites of indefinite meaning. Sh, sheath of penis, Sps, spermatophore sac. Va, ventral appendices of penis. Zyg, zygoma. REFERENCES ANDER, K. 1939. Vergleichend-anatomische und phylogenetische Studien uber die Ensifera (Saltatoria). Opusc. ent. Suppl. II, Lund. BEIER, M. 1955. Orthopteroidea. Jn Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen. Leipzig. BeEy-BIEnko, G. J. & MISTSHENKO, L. L. Vol. t; 2; Acridids of the fauna of U.S.S.R, Leningrad, 418 REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA Borivar, I. 1884. Monografia de los Pirgomorfinos. An. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. 13. 1904. Notas sobre los Pirgomorfidos. Bol. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. 4. 1909. Pyrgomorphinae. Genera Insect. 90. 1916. Pamphaginae. Ibid. 170. BRUNNER VON WATTENWYL, C. 1893. Revision du systéme des Orthoptéres et description des espéces rapportées par M. Leonardo Fea de Birmanie. Ann. Mus. Stor. nat. Genova (2), 18. BryantTsEVA, I. B. 1953. Peculiarities in the structure of the foregut of Acridids of the subfamily Egnatiinae (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Rev, Ent. U.R.S.S. 33. Leningrad. Burtt, E. 1946. Observations on East African Pamphagidae (Orthoptera, Acrididae) with particular reference to stridulation. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 21, pt. 7.9. CARPENTIER, F. 1933. Sur quelques particularités du thorax et des pattes de Cylindroryctes spegazzinit Giglio-Tos. V. Int. Congr. Ent. 1936. Le thorax et ses appendices chez les vrais et chez les faux Gryllotalpidae. Mém. Mus. Roy. de l’Hist. Nat., 2 ser., 4. CHOPARD, L. 1920. Recherches sur la Conformation et le développement des derniers segments abdominaux chez les Orthoptéres. Paris. 1938. La Biologie des Orthoptéres. Enc. Entom. Paris. 1949. Orthoptera. In Tyvaité de Zoologie. Ed. P. Grassé. Vol. IX. Paris. DirsH, V. M. 1952. The restoration of the subfamily Trigonopteryginae Walker (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12), 5. 1954. Lathicerinae, a new subfamily of Acrididae (Orthoptera). Ibid. (12), 7. 1955. Tanaoceridae and Xyronotidae: two new families of Acridoidea (Orthoptera). Ibid. (12), 8. 1956. The phallic complex in Acridoidea (Orthoptera) in relation to taxonomy. Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 108 : 7. 1957. The spermatheca as a taxonomic character in Acridoidea (Orthoptera). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 32: 7-9. 1958. Revision of the group Portheti (Orthoptera, Acridoidea). Eos, Madr. 34. Ewer, D. W. 1958. Notes of acridid anatomy. V. The pterothoracic musculature of Lentula callani Dirsh. J. Ent. Soc. S. Afr. 21, i. HANDLIRSCH, A. 1908. Die fossilen Insecten und die Phylogenie der vezenten Formen. Leipzig. HE.Lwic, E.R. 1958. Cytology and Taxonomy. B70s, 29, ii. 2. Henry, G. M. 1942. Three remarkable stridulatory mechanisms in Acrididae. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A),17. Jacosson, G. & Bianxi, V. L. 1904. Orthoptera and Pseudoneuroptera of the Russian Empire. St. Petersburg. KarscuH, F. 1896. Neue Orthopteren aus dem tropischen Africa. Stettin. ent. Zig. 57. Kevan, D. Ke1tH McE. 1952. On the systematic position of two anomalous genera previ- ously placed in the subfamily Pyrgomorphinae (Orth., Acrididae). Ent. mon. Mag. 88. 1953. An unusual stridulatory mechanism in Xyronotus aztecus Sauss. (Orth., Acrididae). Ibid. 89. 1954. Méthodes inhabituelles de production de son chez les Orthoptéres. Amn. Epiphyt., Coll. ’ Acoust. d. Orth. LaTREILLE, P. A. 1793. Précis des cavactéves Génériques des Insectes. Bordeaux. —— 1817. Les Crustaces, les Arachnides et les Insectes. Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.). Le Régne Animal. Paris. LIEBERMANN, J. 1942. Lista definitiva de los Acridoideos de Chile. Bol. Sanid. veg., Santiago, 2, No. 2. 1943. Generos y especies de nuevos Acridoideos Chilenos. Rev. soc. Ent. argent. ii, No. 5. MELLO-LeEITAO, C. DE. 1939. Estudio monograéfico de los Proscopidos. Rev. Mus. La Plata, I. MISTSHENKO, L. L. 1952. Catantopinae. Fauna U.S.S.R. Leningrad. REVISION OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ACRIDOIDEA 419 RaGcE, D. R. 1955. The Wing-venation of the Orthoptera Saltatoria. Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.). London. REuN, J. A. G. 1938. On the relationship of the Nearctic genus Dracotettix (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 90. 1948. The Acridoid Family Eumastacidae (Orthoptera). A review of our knowledge of its components, features and systematics, with a suggested new classification of its major groups. Ibid. 100. 1948. The locust genus Tanaocerus as found in the United States, and the description of a related new genus (Orthoptera, Acridoidea).’ Ibid. 100. REN, J. A. G. & Grant, H. J. 1958. The phallic complex in the subfamilies of New World Eumastacidae and the family Tanaoceridae. J[bid. 110. 1959. On certain Old World genera of Teratodini recently placed in the subfamily Romaleinae. Not. Nat. Acad. Philad. No. 317. 1959. The correct placement of the genus Prionacris (Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; Cyrtacanthacridinae). Ibid. No. 323. — — 1959. Ananalysis of the tribes of the Romaleinae with special reference to their internal genitalia (Orthoptera ; Acrididae). Tvans. Amer. ent. Soc. 85. 1959. A review of the Romaleinae (Orthoptera ; Acrididae) found in America north of Mexico. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 111. RosBerts, H. R. 1941. A comparative study of the subfamilies of Acrididae (Orthoptera) primarily on the basis of their phallic structures. Jbid. 93, SAUSSURE, H. 1888. Additamenta ad Prodromum Oedipodiorum. Mém. Soc. Phys. Genéve, 30 (1). 1899. Orthoptera. In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Reisen in Madagascar und Ostafrica in den Jahren 1889-95 von Dr. A. Voeltzkow. Abh. senckenb. naturf. Ges. 21. SCHRODER, CH. 1925. Handbuch der Entomologie. Jena. SHVANWITSH, B. N. 1949. General Entomology (in Russian). Leningrad. SLIFER, E.H. 1939-43. The internal genitalia of female Acridinae. J. Morph.65:3; 66:1; 67552 2722 2: —— 1944. [Ileal caeca in the Eumastacidae (Orthoptera). Amn. ent. Soc. Amer. 37: 4. SnopGrass, R. E. 1935. The abdominal mechanism of a grasshopper. Smithson. misc. Coll. 94:6. Washington. STAL,C. 1875. Observations orthopterologiques. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 3 (14). 1876. Observations orthopterologiques. (2). Ibid. 4 (5). Uvarov, B. P. 1925. On some new short-horned grasshoppers (Acrididae) from South Africa. Ann. Nat. Mus. 5 (2). 1928. Locusts and Grasshoppers. London. 1928. Orthoptera (in Key for Insects, ed. I. N. Philipiev). Moscow. 1942. New and less known Palaearctic Orthoptera. Tvans. Amer. ent. Soc. 67. —— 1943. The Tribe Thrinchini of the subfamily Pamphaginae and the interrelations of the Acridid subfamilies. Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond 93: 1. 1948. Recent advances in Acridology. Anti-Locust Bull. 1. London. Uvarov, B. P. & Popov, G. B. 1957. The saltatorial Orthoptera of Socotra. journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., (Zool.) 43. WALKER, F. 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum. London. WALKER, E. M. 1919, 1922. The terminal structures of Orthopteroid insects. Amn. ent. Soc. Amer. 12 (4), 15 (1). WEBER, H. 1938. Lehrbuch der Entomologie. Jena. WESTWOOD, J.O. 1941. Arcana Entomologica, London. BUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN oF “4% Us q i: 0 JUL196) 7. % Ry Ba. py RENE JEANNEL BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10 No. 10 LONDON: 1961 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN PAR RENE JEANNEL wf. Pp. 421-456; 43 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 10, No. 10 LONDON: 1961 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar ‘year. This paper is Vol. 10, No. 10 of the Entomological series. © Trustees of the British Museum, 1961 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM L[ssued July,1961 Price Fourteen Shillings SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN Par te Dr. RENE JEANNEL EN 1892, Eugéne Simon fit un séjour 4 Ceylan et rapporta, entre autres insectes, une série de Psélaphides a laquelle A. Raffray a consacré un mémoire paru dans les Annales de la Société Entomologique de France en 1894, mémoire d’ailleurs suivi d’un autre dans les mémes Amnales, en IgoI, oti sont décrites quelques autres espéces cinghalaises recueillies par W. Horn. Tout récemment, le professeur P. Rémy, de Nancy, m’a remis une quinzaine de Psélaphides pris par lui 4 Ceylan au cours de ses recherches d’endogés.! L’intérét particulier de ces quelques espéces m’a déterminé a réviser l’ensemble de nos con- naissances sur les Psélaphides de Ceylan,en mettant en oeuvreles nombreux matériaux existant au British Museum, la plupart récoltés par G. Lewis, et que M. E. B. Britton m’a aimablement communiqués. Comme on va le voir, il ressort de cette étude que la faune des Psélaphides de Ceylan est essentiellement malaise, bien différente de celle de l’Inde. Les endémiques y sont trés nombreux et on remarquera en particulier l’extréme diversité des genres de la tribu des Batrisini. Subfam. FARONITAE Jeannel Les deux tribus des Octomicrini et Pyxidicerini sont largement répandues dans l’archipel Malais, ]’Indochine, le Siam et la Birmanie, mais on n’en connait encore aucune espéce de la péninsule Indienne. Les espéces de Ceylan relévent donc d’une faune malaise. Trib. OCTOMICRINI Jeannel Gen. OCTOMICRUS L.W. Schaufuss Octomicrus Schaufuss, 1877, Psel. Siams: 14; type: longulus Schaufuss. Jeannel, 1956, Rev. fr. @Ent. 23:86. Singhala Raffray, 1898, Rev. d’Ent. Caen, 17: 255; type: punctipennis Raffray. Diastictulus Raffray, nom. nov., 1903, Aun. Soc. ent. Fr. 72 : 528. 1. Octomicrus punctipennis Raffray, 1894 Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62: 445 (Octomicrus) ; type: Nuwara Eliya (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Nuwara Eliya, alt. 2,200 m. env., une femelle (E. Simon). Cet exemplaire unique a malheureusement été détruit par accident, alors que j’en examinais les caractéres. 1 Revue francaise d’Entomologie, 27 : 16-21 (1960). 32§ 424 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN Long, 1,4 mm. Raffray avait tout d’abord placé cette espéce dans le genre Octomicrus Schauf. et a voulu créer un genre nouveau a cause de la ponctuation des élytres. En réalité tous les caractéres de l’espéce punctipennis sont les mémes que ceux des espéces malaises du genre Octomicrus s. str. Le corps est peu convexe, paralléle, le vertex présente le sillon médian longitudinal caractéristique du genre Octomicrus. ’ {~ Trib. PYXIDICERINI Raffray Subtrib. PyxmDICERINA Jeannel Gen. PYXIDICERUS Motschoulsky Pyxidicerus Motschoulsky, 1863, Bull. Nat. Moscou 36: 422; type: castaneus Motschoulsky. Une dizaine d’espéces connues dans la région malaise et la Nouvelle-Guinée. 1. Pyxidicerus castaneus Motschoulsky, 1863 (fig. 1) Motschoulsky, loc. cit. : 423; type: Ceylan. CEYLAN. Hatton, hameau de Threher, alt. 1,500 m. env., un male (P. Rémy, 27 . Vili. 59). | . Long. 1,6 mm. Aptére. Allongé, épais et un peu convexe. Brun rougeatre, la pubescence assez dense. Téte volumineuse aussi large que le pronotum, ponctuée, le lobe frontal plus long que large, les yeux plus longs que les cétés des tempes. _Lobe externe de la massette en forme de gros bouton presque hémisphérique. Antennes de 11 articles, les articles du funicule larges et transverses, la massue de deux articles bien déliés. Pronotum un peu transverse, a cotés arrondis en avant, rétrécis et sinués en arriére, le disque aplani, fortement ponctué, les points non confluents, sans fossette médiane. Elytres quadrangulaires, nettement plus longs que larges, assez densement ponctués, deux fossettes basales. Abdomen large et peu convexe, subparalléle, les trois premiers tergites subégaux, leur bord basal déprimé. Pattes courtes. Edéage (fig. 1) simple, non déversé au repos, constitué par une tubulure avec un pavillon basal bien séparé et une large ouverture distale, remplie par le sac interne évaginé et dépassée par une forte apophyse gauche, épaisse et obtuse. En apparence voisin du P. rajah Schauf., de Sumatra. Méme aspect général, méme ponctuation forte et dense. Mais le castaneus est plus allongé, un peu plus grand, sans trace de fossette discale sur le pronotum et avec les élytres plus longs que larges. Chez le vajah, il existe une petite fossette discale sur le pronotum et les élytres ne sont pas plus longs que larges. D’autre part, l’édéage du rajah (fig. 3) est trés différent de celui du castaneus ; Vorifice distal est porté sur une tubulure flagelliforme et il existe une expansion latérale du bord gauche qui rappelle plutdét l’extraordinaire édéage de l’espéce suivante. SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 425 2. Pyxidicerus remyi sp. n. (fig. 2) Type : Hatton (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Hatton, hameau de Tepitortem, alt. 1,500 m. env., un male (P. Rémy, 26.viii.59). Jardin botanique de Peradeniya, alt. 500 m. env., une femelle (P. Rémy, 13. Vili. 59). Fics. tet 2. Gen. Pyxidicerus Motsch., édéages. Fig. 1. P. castaneus Motsch., de Hatton (x240). Fig. 2. P. remyin. sp., de Hatton, x 360. Long. 1,6 42 1,8 mm. Aptére. Testacé rougedtre, la pubescence assez dense. Méme forme générale épaisse et peu convexe. Téte petite, plus étroite que le prono- tum, ponctuée, le lobe frontal plus long que large, les yeux plus longs que les cétés des tempes. Méme structure des palpes. Antennes semblables quoique plus courtes, le pédicelle plus globuleux. Pronotum de méme forme que celui du castaneus mais plus petit, 4 ponctuation bien moins serrée et avec une large fossette médiane dont le fond est canaliculé. Elytres courts, moins longs que larges, 4 ponctuation assez dense mais superficielle, deux fossettes basales. Abdomen large et peu convexe chez le male, plus convexe chez la femelle, les trois premiers tergites subégaux, a bord basal déprimé. Pattes courtes. Edéage (fig. 2). Déversé au repos, avec une extraordinaire expansion semilunaire implantée sur son cété gauche. L’édéage est formé par une dilatation ampullaire portée sur un pavillon basal et effilé du cété distal en un long flagelle creux ren- fermant la terminaison du sac interne. Le cété gauche de l’ampoule présente une forte apophyse perpendiculaire qui porte une vaste lame chitineuse semilunaire dont 426 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN le bord convexe épaissi présente deux dents. dans sa partie distale. On retrouve sur l’édéage du P. vajah (fig. 3) le flagelle tubuleux distal qui est ici rabattu trans- versalement sur l’édéage au lieu d’étre dirigé dans l’axe, et une expansion chitineuse du bord gauche qui correspond sans doute a la formation semilunaire hypertélique du P. remyt. Fic. 3. Gen. Pyxidicerus Motsch., édéage (x 360) du P. vajah Schauf. de Sumatra. Fic. 4. Gen. Echinozethus Jeann., E. furcifer Raffr., femelle de Nuwara Eliya, xX 42, et palpe maxillaire droit, trés grossi. Subtrib. ZETHOPSINA Jeannel Gen. ECHINOZETHUS Jeannel Echinozethus Jeannel, 1954, Mém. Mus., Zool.8: 76; type: Zethopsus furcifer Raffray. 1. Echinozethus furcifer (Raffray, 1894) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62: 444 (Zethopsus) ; type: Nuwara Eliya (Mus. Paris). Jeannel, 1954, loc. cit. : 77, figs. 24 et 25. CryLAN. Nuwara Eliya, alt. 2,200 m. env., une femelle (E. Simon). Gen. ZETHOPSUS Reitter_ Zethopsus Reitter, 1880; type: opacus Schaufuss. Jeannel, 1954, Mém. Mus., Zool. 8 : 69. SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 427 1. Zethopsus opacus Schaufuss, 1877 . Schaufuss, Psel. Siams:12; loc. cit.: 71, figs. 9 & 11. sculptiformis Reitter, 1883; type: Batavia (Mus. Paris). be, CEYLAN. Hikkaduwa, colline de Wewala, a basse altitude, une femelle (P. Rémy, g.1X.1959). Gen. EUPLECTOMORPHUS Motschoulsky Euplectomorphus Motschoulsky, 1863, Bull. Nat. Moscou, 36: 424; type: Ewuplectomorphus pygmaeus Motschoulsky. Zethinellus Jeannel, 1950, Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, série in-8°, Zool. 2:31; type: Zethopsus nitidulus Reitter. I] est bien certain que l’Euplectomorphus pygmaeus de Motschoulsky est l’espéce nitidulus Reitt., pour laquelle j’ai créé le genre Zethinellus. L’espéce est de petite taille (0.8 mm.), aptére, avec des antennes de 8 articles et des palpes maxillaires de méme structure que ceux des Zethopsus (Jeannel, 1954, Mém. Mus., Zool. 8: 71, fig. 10). Mais l’édéague (fig. 5) est bien moins complexe que celui des Zethopsus. 1, Euplectomorphus pygmaeus Motschoulsky, 1861 Motschoulsky, Bull. Nat. Moscou, 24, pl. IX, fig. 17. 1863, loc. cit.: 424; type: Ceylan. nitidulus Reitter, 1882, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 32 : 382 (Zethopsus) ; type: Ceylan (Mus. Paris). testis Schaufuss, 1896, Tijdschr. Ent. 29: 281 (Euplectomorphus); type: Ceylan (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Deniyaya, prés du Rest house, alt. 1,500 m. env., une femelle (P. Rémy, 5.1X.59). | Subfam. EuUPLECTITAE Jeannel Trib. EUPLECTINI Raffray Une seule espéce de cette tribu, pourtant partout si nombreuse, est connue de Ceylan. Il est surprenant que P. Rémy n’en ait pas trouvé d’autres. Gen. EUPLECTUS Leach Euplectus Leach, 1817; type: manus Reichenbach. Jeannel, 1958, Mém. Mus., Zool. 18:9 (Subgen. Archeuplectus Jeann.). Le sous-genre Archeuplectus Jeann. (type: annamita Raffr.), a la vérité assez mal caractérisé, est formé de quelques espéces habitant la région Orientale. L’espéce suivante parait bien se rapprocher de l’annamita Jeann. et du sarawakensis Besuchet (1956, Entomologist, 59 : 88), mais elle ne présente pas le caractére invoqué pour définir le sous-genre, c’est-a-dire l’insertion de la piéce copulatrice hors de la capsule basale. 428 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 1. Euplectus (Archeuplectus) remyi sp. n. (fig. 6) Type: Naturawela (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Naturawela, 4 Nape, région de Korgoda, a basse altitude, un male (P. Rémy, 14.ix.59). | Long. 1 mm. Aptére. Testacé rougedtre luisant, la pubescence rare. Téte volumineuse, plus large que le pronotum, le lobe frontal assez grand et saillant, presque aussi long que la partie postoculaire du front, plus large que la moitié du front entre les yeux, son bord antérieur transverse, les bourrelets latéraux saillants, Fic. 5. Gen. Euplectomorphus Motsch., édéage de l’E. pygmaeus Motsch. de Deniyaya, X 360. Fic. 6. Gen. Euplectus Leach, édéage de l’E. (Archeuplectus) remyi n. sp., de Naturawela, x 360. presque sans échancrure externe, les sillons frontaux paralléles. Yeux petits, bien plus courts que les cétés des tempes, celles-ci bombées ; bord occipital avec une profonde échancrure. Antennes courtes, le scape et le pédicelle pas plus longs que larges, les articles du funicule un peu transverses, le g et le 10 trés transverses, le 10 deux fois aussi large que long, le 11 obtus, deux fois aussi long que large et aussi large que le 10. Pronotum un peu transverse et trés rétréci a la base, les cétés arrondis, sans sinuosité postérieure ni échancrure, les angles postérieurs tout a fait effacés ; disque avec une large dépression médiane au fond de laquelle se trouve un sillon longitudinal. Elytres plus longs que larges, déprimés, 4 épaules éffacées, trois fossettes basales. Abdomen avec les deux premiers tergites déprimés a la base entre les carénules qui sont distantes l’une de l’autre du tiers de la largeur du disque du tergite. Pattes courtes. Edéage (fig. 6) de méme type que celui de l’annamita Raffr. (vide Jeannel, 1958, Mem. Mus., Zool, 18: to, fig. 8) en ce sens qu’il est aussi petit, avec une capsule SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 429 basale sphérique, les piéces distales non divisées et 4 peine étranglées a la base. Le sac interne est sclérifié 4 partir de l’intérieur de la capsule et se termine par un mince tube effilé. Pas de soies. Subfam. BaTRIsSITAE Jeannel Trib. BATRISINI Raffray Les genres africains des Batrisini ont été repartis dans cinq divisions principales (Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, sér. in-8, Zool., 75: 272). Seulement trois de ces divisions se retrouvent dans la faune de la région Orientale. TABLEAU DES GENRES 1. Elytres a trois fossettes basales ; cétés du pronotum avec des sillons latéraux Division IT . Elytres & deux fossettes basales ; cétés du pronotum avec des sillons latéraux : 2 2. Yeux situés sur les cétés du front, les tempes plus ou moins développées. Edéage sans piéce articulée ; : ; ‘ ; . Division IV -. Yeux situés a la base de la téte, les tempes effackes. Edéage de type “ arthromélien”’ Division V Division II 1. Espéces robustes, larges, 4 caractéres sexuels males portant sur la massue antennaire et les pattes. Edéage 4 sac interne membraneux . ; Gen. Tribasodema nov. —. Espéces gréles, allongées, 4 caractéres sexuels males portant sur les antennes. Edéage & sac interne sclérifié . : ; : ‘ i : Gen. Nesiotomina nov. Division IV 1. Abdomen avec les trois premiers tergites munis de carénules externes. Massette palpaire des mAles renflée 4 la base. Téte trapézoidale, pronotum a cétés brusque- ment échancrés, élytres trés étroits ala base . ‘ . Gen. Batrisomalus Raftr. -. Abdomen avec le premier tergite seul muni de carénules externes . , . : 2 2. Premier tergite abdominal caréné latéralement 4 la base seulement. Pronotum & peine sillonné, avec deux carénules discales. Palpes simples . Gen. Cratnodes nov. -. Premier tergite abdominal caréné latéralement sur toute sa longueur. Pronotum sillonné sur la ligne médiane, sans carénules discales. Massette palpaire renflée et dentée chez les males : . F ‘ ‘ ‘ Gen. Batribolbus Raffr. _ Division V 1. Caractéres sexuels des males portant sur le premier tergite abdominal Gen. Batrisiella Raffr. Gen. TRIBASODEMA nov. Type: Batrisus armatus Raffray. Genre créé pour une espéce de forme robuste, 4 pubescence formée de soies trés longues et hérissées. Téte arrondie, les yeux petits, situés sur les cotés, en avant de longues tempes convexes. Massette palpaire fusiforme non pédonculée, antennes a scape court. Pronotum sans denticule latéral, le disque trisillonné, avec deux paires 430 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN de grosses dents. Elytres amples, 4 épaules effacées, avec trois fossettes basales et une strie discale trés courte. Premier tergite abdominal seul caréné latéralement, les parties latérales du disque déprimées. Pattes longues et robustes. Caractéres sexuels males portant sur la massue antennaire et les pattes. Edéage (fig. 9) constitué par un collier basal trés asymétrique, prolongé par une grande lame distale, Sac interne membraneux. Fics. 7-9. Gen. Tribasodema nov. Fig. 7. T. avmatum Raffr., male, de Nuwara Eliya, x22. Fig. 8. Tarse intermédiaire droit du male. Fig. 9. Edéage, face dorsale, x I10. 1. Tribasodema armatum (Raffray, 1894) (figs. 7 4 9) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62: 447 (Batrisus) ; type: Nuwara Eliya (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Nuwara Eliya, alt. 2,200 m. env., 2 males et 2 femelles (E. Simon, 1892). Long. 2,2 et 2,4 mm. Rougeatre foncé, luisant, la pubescence constituée par de grandes soies dressées. Téte large, arrondie et déprimée, avec deux profonds sillons longitudinaux encadrant le vertex; yeux petits, bien plus courts que les tempes. Antennes longues et gréles. Pronotum court, profondément sillonné sur la ligne médiane et déprimé en dehors des épines discales. Elytres trés larges, courts et convexes, éparsement ponctués. L’abdomen atténué, le premier tergite trés grand. Pattes robustes, SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 431 Male. Article 10 des antennes élargi et denté a la base, le 11 un peu asymétrique, tronqué a la base. Tibia antérieur avec une dent au tiers distal du bord interne, puis cilié jusqu’au sommet, la face dorsale du tibia déprimée et excavée au niveau de la dent; premier article du tarse intermédiaire (fig. 8) avec une épine ventrale ; sommet du tibia postérieur aplati et incurvé sur sa face interne, puis armé d’un grand éperon. Edéage (fig. 9) a collier basal muni d’un profond diverticule de son bord gauche ; la Jame distale épaisse, fortement incurvée 4 gauche et terminée par une palette. Gen. NESIOTOMINA nov. Type: Batrisus spinicollis Motschoulsky. Espéces gréles et allongées, 4 pubescence formée de longues soies dressées. Téte allongée, les yeux petits, placés sur les cétés, en avant de tempes convexes. Massette palpaire fusiforme non pédonculée a la base. Antennes 4 scape court. Pronotum allongé, sans denticule latéral, le disque profondément sillonné, avec deux paires de fortes épines. Elytres a trois fossettes basales, sans strie discale ni strie suturale, la surface couverte de gros points. Premier tergite abdominal caréné latéralement, avec une carénule externe paralléle au bord. Pattes trés longues. Caractéres sexuels males portant sur la massue antennaire. Edéage (fig. rr) constitué par un collier basal avec une longue apophyse du bord gauche. Sac interne soutenu par une baguette chitineuse aussi longue que l’apophyse. 1. Nesiotomina spinicollis (Motschoulsky, 1858) (figs. ro et II) Motschoulsky, Et. ent. 7:27 (Batrisus); type: Ceylan. Raffray, 1893, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62 : 446 (Batrisus). CEYLAN. Nuwara Eliya, alt. 2,200 m. env., un male et 2 femelles (E. Simon, 1892). Long. 1,7 mm. Rougeatre luisant, la pubescence constituée par de grandes soies dressées. Téte subcarrée, trés déprimée, les yeux petits, les tempes longues et convexes. Antennes peu longues, le funicule épais, les articles 6 et 8 courts, la massue trés épaisse aussi longue que le funicule. Le pronotum presque aussi long que large, profondément sillonné sur la ligne médiane, déprimé en dehors des é€pines discales. Elytres trés bombés, a épaules effacées, couverts de gros points peu serrés. Premier tergite abdominal trés grand. Pattes longues, les fémurs brusquement amincis dans le quart distal. Male. Derniers articles des antennes asymétriques, le 10 bossu en dedans, le rr denté en dedans a la base. Edéage (fig. 11) 4 collier basal large et apophyse du bord gauche fortement incurvée en dedans, large et anguleuse a la base, progressivement atténuée au sommet. 32§§ 432 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 2. Nesiotomina longicollis sp. n. (Fig. 12) Type: Hatton (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Hatton, au pied d’une haie le long de la voie ferrée, alt. 1,400 m. env., 1 male (P. Rémy, 27.viii.59). Long. 1,8 mm. Voisin du précédent, mais plus allongé, avec les antennes plus fines et plus longues, les articles du funicule plus longs que larges, la massue moins épaisse, nettement plus courte que le funicule. Pronotum plus long que large. Elytres moins renflés. Mémes caractéres sexuels. Fics. 10-12. Gen. Nesiotomina nov. Fig. 10. N. spinicollis Raffr., male, de Nuwara Eliya, x22. Fig. 11. Edéage, face dorsale, x110. Fig. 12. Edéage du N. longicollis n. sp., de Hatton, x IIo. Edéage (fig. 12) a collier basal plus étroit et apophyse du bord gauche non incurvée en dedans, étroite a la base, brusquement terminée par un crochet a l’extrémité. Méme structure du sac interne. Gen. BATRISOMALUS Raffray Batrisomalus Raffray, 1904, Ann. Soc. ent. Fy. 73:12 et 60; type: Batrisus microphthalmus Raffray. Déprimés, la téte trapézoide, rétrécie en avant, a lobe frontal peu saillant, yeux petits, formés d’un petit nombre d’ommatidies, les tempes anguleuses. Massette palpaire élargie a la base, acuminée au sommet. Pronotum cordiforme, a4 bosses latérales trés saillantes, brusquement tronquées en arriére, la base trés étroite. Disque avec trois sillons longitudinaux trés profonds et deux carénules. Elytres SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 433 courts, trés rétrécis 4 la base, deux fossettes basales. Abdomen avec les trois premiers tergites rebordés, munis de carénules externes obliques et entiéres, le premier tergite trés grand. Hanches postérieures trés écartées, l’apophyse intercoxale du métaster- num tronquée. Pattes courtes, robustes. Raffray a placé dans ce genre quatre espéces, dont trois de Ceylan et une de 1’Inde méridionale, mais cette derniére ayant trois fossettes basales aux élytres doit se placer dans un autre genre. TABLEAU DES ESPECES 1. Allongé, peu déprimé. Téte avec des sillons frontaux étendus sur tout le front, le vertex triangulaire et caréné sur la ligne médiane. Pronotum un peu plus large que la téte. Elytres moins atténués en avant, a ponctuation éparse et superficielle. Long,2,3 mm. . . : : ; ‘ 1. microphthalmus (Raffray) -. Trés déprimé, le pronotum bien plus large que la téte. Elytres trés atténués en avant, a ponctuation forte et éparse . : ; : ; . ; ; : 2. Téte trapézoide, a sillons frontaux obliques et convergeants en avant, le vertex large, transversalement caréné entre les yeux. Long.1,6mm. . 2. depressus (Raffray) —. Téte plus rétrécie en avant, ses cdtés plus explanés, les sillons frontaux paralléles dans leur partie postérieure, le vertex étroit. Elytres proportionnellement plus courts. Long.1,6mm. _ . P : , : ; é ; 3. hemipterus (Raffray) 2 1. Batrisomalus microphthalmus (Raffray, 1894) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62: 448 (Batrisus); type Nuwara Eliya. CEYLAN. Nuwara, Eliya, alt. 2,200 m. env., 2 femelles (E. Simon, 1892). 2. Batrisomalus depressus (Raffray, 1894) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62 : 448 (Batrisus) ; type: Hakgala. CEYLAN. Hakgala, une femelle (E. Simon, 1892). 3. Batrisomalus hemipterus (Raffray, 1894) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62 : 449 (Batrisus) ; type: Nuwara Eliya. 1904, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 73 : 60, fig. 44. CEYLAN. Nuwara Eliya, alt. 2,200 m. env., 2 males et 2 femelles (EZ. Simon, 1892). Gen. CRATNODES nov. Type: Cratnodes lewtst n. sp. Robuste, coloration foncée, la pubescence couchée. Téte arrondie, les yeux petits situés sur les cOtés du front, les tempes convexes. Pronotum triangulaire, rétréci a la base, sans denticule sur les bosses latérales, le disque a peine sillonné sur la ligne médiane avec deux carénules longitudinales. Elytres 4 deux fossettes basales. Premier tergite abdominal caréné latéralement dans sa partie antérieure, les carénules externes du disque courtes. Hanches postérieures trés écartées, l’apophyse inter- coxale du métasternum tronquée. 434 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN Pas de caractéres sexuels apparents. Edéage (fig. 14) constitué par un bulbe basal prolongé par une gaine dorsale infléchie, qui renferme le sac interne. Du cété ventral se trouve une piéce lamelleuse articulée par sa base au bord du bulbe basal et atténuée en longue pointe. 1. Cratnodes lewisi n. sp. (figs. 13 et 14) Type: Kandy (Brit. Mus.). CEYLAN. Kandy, alt. 600 m., un male (G. Lewis) ; Bogawantalawa, alt. 1,800 m. env., un male (G. Lewis). Fic. 13 et 14. Gen. Cratnodes nov. Fig. 13. C. lewisi n. sp., male de Bogawantalawa, x23. Fig. 14. Edéage, x 110. Long. 1,9 mm. sans doute ailé. Brun rougeatre foncé, les élytres, les antennes et les pattes rougeatres, la pubescence dorée, assez longue. Téte médiocre, le front déprimé par deux larges sillons frontaux, le lobe frontal court ; yeux plus courts que les tempes qui sont convexes. Antennes gréles, les articles du funicule plus longs que larges, la massue a peine €paissie. Pronotum:aussi long que large, a bosses latérales arrondies et saillantes, le disque réguli¢rement et peu convexe, la base trés étroite ; pas de fovéole basale. Elytres peu convexes, a épaules assez saillantes et carénées, la surface éparsement ponctuée, la strie discale écourtée. Premier tergite abdominal long et densement ponctué. Pattes robustes. Edéage : fig. 14. Gen. BATRIBOLBUS Rafiray Batribolbus Raffray, 1904, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 73:61; type: Eubatrisus dentipes Raffray. Les types des trois espéces de ce genre ont été perdus.1 Parmi les matériaux 1 Les dix derniers des genres de Batrisini énumérés dans le Catalogus Junk manquent dans la collection Raffray. Ils ont été perdus lors du déménagement de cette précieuse collection de Rome a Paris. SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 435 recueillis par P. Rémy se trouve un male du B. pubescens, ce qui me permet de constater que l’édéage est d’un type assez particulier, volumineux, trés sclérifié, formé d’une capsule basale close, avec des piéces distales non articulées (fig. 15). TABLEAU DES ESPECES Femelles 1. Lobe frontal haut et large, aussi large en avant qu’au niveau des yeux. Pubescence longue et dense, doublée par de trés longues soies dressées sur les tergites abdo- minaux. Long. 1,64 1,8 mm. s : . 1. dentipes (Raffray) -. Lobe frontal court et bas, rétréci en avant. Pubescence simple, sans longues soies dressées , ; 2 2. Pronotum transverse, a bosses latérales trés saillantes. Pygidium de la femelle avec une corne sagittale. Pubescence trés dense. Long. 1,5 4 1,6 mm. 2. pubescens (Raffray) -. Pronotum étroit, & bosses latérales peu saillantes. Pygidium inerme. Plus allongé, la pubescence moins dense. Long. 1,441,5 mm. . ‘ . 3. palpator (Raffray) 1. Batribolbus dentipes (Raffray, 1894) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62 : 450 (Eubatrisus) ; type: Nuwara Eliya. CEYLAN. Nuwara Eliya, alt. 2,200 m. env. (E. Simon, 1892). Hakgala, dans le jardin botanique, alt. 1,500 m. env., une femelle (P. Rémy, 23.viii.59) ; Dikoya, alt. 800 m. env., 2 femelles (G. Lewis) ; Bogawantalawa, alt. 1,800 m. env. (G. Lewis). 2. Batribolbus pubescens (Raffray, 1894) (fig. 15) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62 : 451 (Eubatrisus) ; type: Kandy. CEYLAN. Hatton, au pied d’une haie le long de la voie ferrée, alt. 1,400 m.'env., 3 femelles (P. Rémy, 27.viii.1959) ; Kandy alt. 600 m. males et femelles (E. Simon, 1892). Edéage (fig. 15) volumineux, trés sclérifié, constitué par une capsule basale arrondie, avec vaste orifice basal ventral, prolongée par une gaine distale, large et courte, dont Vorifice apical s’ouvre entre quatre apophyses inégales : une ventrale, comprimée en lame de couteau, deux latérales plus petites, une dorsale trés longue et incurvée, lobée a l’extrémité, cette derniére apophyse paraissant formée par une sclérification partielle du sac interne. Batribolbus palpator (Raffray, 1894) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62: 451 (Eubatrisus) ; type: Wakwele. CEYLAN. Nuwara Eliya, ravin dans Elephant estate, alt. 2,100 m., une femelle (P. Rémy, 21.viii.59) ; Kandy, alt. 600 m. (G. Lewis) ; Wakwele, male et femelle (E. Simon). 436 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN Gen. BATRISIELLA Rafiray Batrisiella Raffray, 1904, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 73: 11 et 59; type: Eubatrisus caviventris Raffray. Arthromelinus Jeannel, 1952. Rev. fr. d’Ent. 19:98; type: Batrisus (Batrisodes) angulatus Raffray (1892) (Sumatra). Il ne me parait pas douteux qu’il n’existe aucune différence générique entre les espéces indo-malaises que j’ai placées dans le genre Arthromelinus et le Batrisiella caviventris (Raffr.), de Ceylan. Fic. 15. Gen. Batribolbus Raffr., édéage du B. pubescens Raffr., de Hatton, x 110. Fic. 16. Gen. Batrisiella Raffr., édéage du B. caviventris Raffr. de Anuradhapura, x IIo. Les types de cette derniére espéce sont perdus, mais les espéces certainement voisines du caviventris recueillies 4 Ceylan par G. Lewis puis par P. Rémy me font constater qu’il n’existe aucune différence dans l’écartement des hanches postérieures permettant de les distinguer des espéces de l’archipel Malais, de 1’Indochine ou du Tonkin. C’est donc le nom générique de Baztrisiella qui doit étre attribué a ces derniéres. TABLEAU DES ESPECES DE CEYLAN Edéage a capsule basale arrondie et lame distale droite, bien développée (fig. 16) . 2 Edéage de forme particuliére, en ‘‘ toupie’’, la lame distale trés courte, la capsule basale transverse, avec une saillie caudée basale formée par un diverticule de orifice basal (figs. 21 et 22) . ; - . , . ; 4 Pas de caractéres sexuels sur les tergites andominnak Court, les antennes et les pattes courtes. Lame distale de pane large, paralléle, 4 sommet large et multidenté. Long.1,8mm. . : I. état sp. n. Premier tergite abdominal des mAles avec une foase bien développée 3 3 Téte, pronotum et élytres grossiérement ponctués. Abdomen du male avec une fosse relativement petite mais profonde sur la partie postérieure du tergite, entre deux grandes aires ponctuées. Edéage (fig. 16) 4 lame distale longue et ponctuée, mais aussi avec un diverticule caudé de I’orifice basal. Long. 2 mm. 2. caviventris (Raffray) SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 437 -. Téguments lisses. Abdomen du male avec une vaste fosse peu profonde, sans bords abrupts, avec une apophyse médiane. Antennes et pattes peu longues. Edéage (fig. 18) & lame distale pointue, sans diverticule caudé a la base. Long. 1,8 mm. 3. saucia (Raffray) 4. Fosse du tergite du male petite, étroite et profonde, 4 bords abrupts, occupant le milieu du bord postérieur du tergite et divisée en deux loges arrondies par deux apo- physes médianes. Antennescourtes. Edéage (fig. 19) 4 capsule basale difforme. Long.1,8mm. . . 4. Singhalensis (Raffray) -. Fosse du tergite du male large, ayant Vaspeéct d’une vaste dépression, sans bords abrupts. Antennes trés longues. Edéage (fig. 21) 4 capsule en ii si trés régu- liére . ‘ 5 5. Fosse du tergite des males occupant toute la longueur du tergite, trés peu profonde, encadrée en avant par deux bosses. Lame distale de l’édéage avec une dilatation apicale transverse (fig. 22). Long.2,2mm. . . 5. remyi sp. n. -. Fosse du tergite des males n’occupant que la moitié postérieure, trds profonde et bien limitée ; partie basale du tergite avec deux fossettes arrondies (fig. 20). Lame distale de l’édéage atténuée en pointe (fig. 21). Long. 2,2 mm. . . 6. lewisi sp. n. 1. Batrisiella puberula sp. n. (fig. 17) Type : Lunawa (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Lunawa, sur le littoral, un male (P. Rémy, 16.ix.1959). Long. 1,8 mm. Ailé. Rougedtre foncé, les élytres et les pattes plus clairs, la pubescence courte, mais dense. Téte 4 front subcarré, convexe, large en avant, les yeux trés grands, saillants. Massette palpaire elliptique, non renflée chez le male. Antennes courtes, les articles du funicule briévement ovales, les 9 et 10 un peu plus longs que larges, le 11 elliptique. Pronotum 4 peine plus long que large, les bosses latérales trés peu saillantes (male). Premier tergite abdominal trés grand, un peu moins long que large et légérement rétréci en arriére, trés réguliérement convexe et uni chez le male. Pattes courtes. Edéage (fig. 17) petit, A capsule basale transverse et orifice basal ouvert a la partie ventrale, sans diverticule basal. Lame distale large et paralléle, dirigée perpendicu- lairement a l’axe transversal de la capsule, son extrémité large et multidentée. Piéce articulée épaisse et réguli¢rement arquée. 2. Batrisiella caviventris (Raffray, 1894) (fig. 16) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62 : 452 (Eubatrisus) ; type: Nuwara Eliya. CEYLAN. Nuwara Eliya, alt. 2,200 m. env., males et femelles (E. Simon, 1892) ; Anuradhapura, un male pris 4 la lumiére (J. W. S. Pringle, iii. 1953). Les types sont perdus. Je crois cependant pouvoir rapporter a cette espéce un male des collections du British Museum. Long. 2mm. Ailé. Testacé rougedtre brillant, 4 pubescence rare. Téte et disque du pronotum densement et fortement ponctués, les élytres amples 4 ponctuation éparse et superficielle. 438 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN Premier tergite abdominal avec une fosse arrondie sur la partie postérieure du tergite, encadrée par deux larges aires ponctuées. Edéage (fig. 16) 4 capsule basale arrondie, non transverse, et lame distale longue, large a la base, amincie et pointue au sommet. Orifice basal avec un diverticule arrondi saillant a la base de la capsule. Piéce articulée caudée, sa partie distale rectiligne, renflée, son orifice distal ouvert entre deux dents dont l’une porte une apophyse rétrograde. Fics. 17-19. Gen. Baitrisiella Raffr., édéages, face dorsale (x110). Fig.. 17. B. puberula sp. n. de Lunawa. Fig. 18. B. saucia Raffr. de Trincomali. Fig. 19. B. singhalensis Raffr. de Banderawella. 3. Batrisiella saucia (Raffray, 1901) (fig. 18) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 70: 27 (Batrisocenus) ; type: Trincomali (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Trincomali, un male (W. Horn). Long. 1,8 mm. Ailé. Brun rougeatre foncé, les élytres, les antenbies et les pattes rougeatres. Peu convexe et lisse. Antennes peu longues avec tous les articles un peu plus longs que larges. Pronotum aussi long que large. Elytres amples, a épaules saillantes et disque peu convexe. Pattes courtes. Premier tergite du male avec une vaste dépression peu profonde, sans bords abrupts, dont le fond, en demi-cercle 4 convexité antérieure, porte un tubercule médian. Edéage (fig. 18) 4 capsule arrondie et lame distale longue et pointue comme celle du caviventris. Mais il n’existe pas de diverticule caudé a la base de la capsule. 4. Batrisiella singhalensis (Raffray, 1901) (fig. 19) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 70: 27 (Batrisocenus) ; type: Banderawella (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Banderawella, un male (W. Horn). Long. 1,8 mm. Ailé. Méme coloration. Plus convexe et lisse. Antennes aussi peu longues. Pronotum semblable. Elytres plus convexes, plus étroits en avant. Pattes courtes ‘. SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 439 Premier tergite du male avec une fosse arrondie, petite et profonde a bords abrupts, occupant le milieu du bord postérieur du tergite et divisée en deux loges arrondies par la saillie de deux apophyses s’opposant l’une 4 l’autre sur la ligne médiane. Edéage (fig. 19) 4 capsule basale difforme, la lame distale courte, avec une apophyse droite, la piéce articulée trés courte. 5. Batrisiella remyi sp. n. (fig. 22) Type : Hatton (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Hatton, au pied de haies le long de la voie ferrée, alt. 1,400 m. env., un male et une femelle (P. Rémy, 27.viii.1959) ; Dikoya, alt. 1,400 m. env., un male et une femelle (G. Lewis, 1882) ; Colombo, niveau de la mer, un male (G. Lewis, iv. 1882). Long. 2,2 mm. Ailé. Brun rougedtre foncé et luisant, les pattes rougeatres. Allongé, lisse. Téte 4 format subcarré et yeux trés grands. Antennes longues et gréles, les articles 2 4 8 env. deux 4 trois fois aussi longs que larges, les 9 a 11 allongés. Pronotum aussi long que large, 4 bosses latérales peu saillantes. Elytres amples et convexes, a épaules saillantes et surface lisse et luisante. Pattes peu longues. Male. Premier tergite relativement court, avec une large dépression occupant toute sa longueur entre deux voussures latérales. Au centre de la dépression se dresse une petite caréne sagittale. Femelle. Premier tergite court, deux fois aussi large que Jong, uni, réguliérement convexe. Edéage (fig. 23) en toupie réguliére, avec un diverticule basal aigu de l’orifice basal. Sommet de la lame distale transversalement dilaté. 6. Batrisiella lewisi sp. n. (figs. 20 et 21) Type : Colombo (Brit. Mus.). CEYLAN. Colombo, au niveau de la mer, un male (G. Lewis, 27.iv.1882) ; Kandy, alt. 200 m. env., une femelle (G. Lewis, 6.iv.1882) ; Bogawantalawa, alt. 1,800 m. env., une femelle (G. Lewis, 4.iv.1882). Long. 2,2 mm. Ailé. Brun rougedtre foncé luisant, les antennes et les pattes rougeatres. Allongé, lisse, la pubescence longue et espacée, dressée sur les élytres et l’abdomen, les soies devenant trés longues sur celui-ci. Téte comme chez le précédent. Antennes un peu plus longues. Pronotum encore plus rétréci 4 la base. Elytres semblables.. Pattes longues et robustes. Male. Premier tergite (fig. 20) plus long que chez vemyi, avec une trés profonde fosse transverse et un peu bilobée sur la partie postérieure du tergite. En avant de la fosse, deux fossettes latéralement, la surface du tergite est éparsement ponctuée. Bord antérieur du deuxiéme tergite déprimé, 440 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLON Femelle. Premier tergite long, de moitié plus large que long, non rétréci en arriére, la surface unie, convexe, pubescente avec quelques trés longues soies. Edéage (fig. 21) semblable 4 celui du vemyi, mais avec la lame distale atténuée en pointe caudée a angle droit et avec l’extrémité de la piéce articulée simple. Fics. 20-22. Gen. Bairisiella Raffr. Fig. 20. B. lewisi sp. n. de Colombo, x24. Fig. 21. Edéage du méme, x110. Fig. 22. Edéage du B. remyi sp. n., de Hatton, xX IIO. Subfam. ByTHINITAE Jeannel Trib. TANYPLEURINI Jeannel Subtrib. TANYPLEURINA Jeannel ; Gen. ACROCOMUS Raftfray Acrocomus Raffray, 1894, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62: 460; type: Acrocomus cribratus Raffray. Genre voisin de Dalmodes Reitt. dont les nombreuses espéces occupent l’Amérique du Sud, et le Sunorfa Raffr. qui réunit deux espéces malaises et une vingtaine d’autres de la Nouvelle-Guinée. Ces trois genres ont trois fossettes basales aux élytres, ce qui les distingue des autres Tanypleurini. Ces trois genres représentent donc la survivance d’une vieille lignée inabrésienne, datant du Secondaire (La Genese des faunes terrestres, 1942: 259). Les caractéres essentiels du genre Acrocomus sont les suivants : Téte large, arrondie, a petits yeux. Massette palpaire sécuriforme. Antennes a scape court. Pronotum avec une fovéole basale, sans sillon transverse. Elytres a 3 fossettes basales, sans strie suturale ni strie discale. Premier tergite abdominal seul rebordé latéralement ; premier sternite entier, libre, aussi long que le deuxiéme. Hanches postérieures trés écartées, SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 441 Edéage a capsule basale close, symétrique, avec une musculature interne; deux grands styles achétes. Ce type d’édéage est absolument le méme que chez un Sunorfa nodifera Rafir., de la Nouvelle-Guinée (fig. 25). Il différe par contre de celui des Dalmodes, dont la capsule basale subsphérique porte deux grands styles symétriques et achétes, trés saillants. Fics. 23 et 24. Gen. Acrocomus Raffr. Fig. 23. A. cribratus Raffr., de Maturata, x30. Fig. 24. Edéage, face dorsale du méme, x 120. Fic. 25. Gen. Sunorfa Raffr., édéage du S. nodifera Raftr., de la Nouvelle-Guinée, x 120. 1. Acrocomus cribratus Raffray, 1894 (figs. 23 et 24) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62: 460; type: Maturata (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Maturata, un male (E. Simon, 1892). Long. 1,8 mm. Aptére, brun rougeatre, la pubescence assez longue. Ponctuation de la téte et du pronotum peu dense, celle des élytres trés serrée ; abdomen sans ponctuation. Male. Le front, largement déprimé en avant, porte une dent médiane saillante au centre de la dépression et deux saillies anguleuses symétriques sur le bord postérieur de celle-ci. Edéage (fig. 24), robuste, fortement sclérifié. Capsule basale arrondie, avec une fenétre dorsale, et prolongée par une gaine étroite, rectiligne, contenant le sac interne renforcé par deux bandelettes chitineuses. Elytres trés grands, larges, atténués en pointe mousse. 442 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN Gen. SUNORFA Raffray Sunorfa Raffray, 1882, Rev. d’Ent. 1:28; type: Sunorfa capitata Raffray. Genre renfermant une vingtaine d’espéces, la plupart de Ja Nouvelle-Guinée ; deux sont connues de Singapore et de Sumatra. Le genre Swnorfoides Raffray, avec quelques espéces des Séchelles, semble ne pouvoir guére en étre séparé. 1. Sunorfa quadraticollis sp. n. (figs. 26 et 27) Fics. 26 et 27. Gen. Sunorfa Raffr. Fig. 26. S. quadraticollis n. sp., de Ratnalana, xX 36. Fig. 27. Edéage, face dorsale, x 185. Type: Ratnalana (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Ratnalana, prés de la céte (P. Rémy, 19.ix.1959). Long. 1,4 mm. Ailé. Testacé rougeatre, la pubescence courte et dense. Téte médiocre, le lobe frontal court et anguleux, les yeux plus courts que les tempes, le bord occipital du front avec une large fossette. Pattes gréles, 4 massette sécuriforme. Antennes a articles du funicule un peu transverses, le 10 trés transverse, la massue peu renflée. Pronotum aussi long que large et subcarré, la base large, les. cétés peu arqués ; disque convexe sans fossette discale, la fovéole basale avec un sillon trans- verse. Elytres larges, convexes, enveloppants, la gouttiére marginale invisible de haut, trois fossettes basales, la strie suturale presque nulle. Abdomen court et atténué, le premier tergite trés court, sans carénules basales, mais rebordé latérale- ment, les autres tergites non rebordés. Pattes courtes, les hanches postérieures trés écartées, le premier sternite abdominal court et libre. Edéage (fig. 27) 4 capsule basale allongée, deux styles sétiféres, trés inégaux, le gauche replié en dedans, le droit trés court, SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 443 Espéce bien différente de toutes les autres par la forme de son pronotum. La structure des styles de l’édéage est bien différente de celle d’un Sunorfa nodifera Raffr., de la Nouvelle-Guinée (fig. 25). Trib. BRACHYGLUTINI Raffray Gen. BATRAXIS Reitter Batraxis Reitter, 1881, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 31: 464; type: Batraxis hampei Reitter (Gréce). Raffray, 1904, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 73 : 198. Genre répandu dans toute la région Indo-Malaise, en Nouvelle-Guinée et méme en Australie. Les espéces sont remarquables par la finesse du rebord marginal du premier tergite, lui-méme trés grand. Beaucoup d’espéces sont glabres. 1, Batraxis singhalensis Raffray, 1894 Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62 : 453; type: Kandy (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Kandy, alt. 600 m. env., une femelle (E. Simon, 1892). Gen. DIROPTRUS Motschoulsky Diropirus Motschoulsky, 1858, Et. ent. 7:28; type: Diroptrus ceylonicus Motschoulsky. Raffray, 1894, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62 : 454. Genre voisin de Batraxis, mais différent essentiellement par la Jongueur de l'article distal des palpes maxillaires, aussi long que la moitié de la massette. Les trois espéces connues habitent Ceylan. TABLEAU DES ESPECES 1. Téte courte, transverse, le lobe frontal trés large en avant, ponctué, surplombant un épistome sans corne médiane chez le male. Partie préantennaire de la téte allongée en museau. Pronotum lisse. Long. 1,5 mm. ‘ . I. prognathus sp. n. -. Téte arrondie, non transverse, le lobe frontal rétréci en avant, l’épistome du mAle avec une petite corne médiane. Partie préantennaire de la téte normale . : 2 2. Pronotum bossu et éparsement cared Base des antennes du male simple. Long. 1,6 mm. : : 2. monoceros Raffray -. Pronotum large, modérément convexe ot lisse. Scape antennaire du male trés renflé et difforme. Long. 1,8 mm. : ‘ ; . 3. ceylonicus Motschoulsky 1. Diroptrus prognathus sp. n. (figs. 28 a 30) Type : Kandy (Brit. Mus.) CEYLAN. Kandy, alt. 600 m. env., un male (G. E. Bryant). Long. 1,5 mm. Aptére. Rougedtre luisant, glabre. Téte transverse, le front uni et plan, éparsement ponctué, son bord antérieur transverse, un peu échancré au milieu, saillant au dessus de l’épistome ; partie préantennaire allongée en museau 444 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN (fig. 29), yeux petits. Antennes longues, le scape un peu dilaté au sommet (male), les articles 2 4 5 un peu plus longs que larges, les 6 4 9 globuleux, le ro gros et tron- conique, le 11 renflé, asymétrique et allongé. Pronotum aussi long que large, réguliérement convexe et lisse. Elytres un peu plus longs que larges. Premier tergite abdominal trés grand, modérément convexe, a4 cétés subparalléles. Pattes robustes. Pas de caractéres sexuels, si ce n’est, peut-étre, une dilatation de la partie distale du scape antennaire. Edéage (fig. 30), allongé, la capsule basale globuleuse, avec un petit appendice basal, prolongée par une gaine distale longue. Styles larges et soudés, leur base saillante en dehors, leur extrémité distale avec quelques petites soies. Fics. 28-30. Gen. Diroptrus Motsch. Fig. 28. D. prognathus n. sp. de Kandy, x 32. Fig. 29. Téte de profil. Fig. 30. Edéage, face dorsale du méme, x 120. 2. Diroptrus monoceros Raffray, 1894 Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62: 456; type: Cottawa (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Cottawa, un male (E. Simon, 1892). Long. 1,6 mm. Facile a reconnaitre 4 son pronotum bossu et ponctué, a faces latérales du disque impressionées. L’article ro des antennes est transverse, l’article rr plus court et plus large que chez l’espéce précédente. 3. Diroptrus ceylonicus Motschoulsky, 1858 Motschoulsky, Et. ent. 7:28; type: Ceylan. Raffray, 1894, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62: 455. CEYLAN. Maturata, un male (E. Simon, 1892). Long. 1,8 mm. Chez le male le scape antennaire est trés élargi dans sa partie SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 445 apicale qui forme comme une corolle dont la lévre ventrale donne insertion au pédicelle. La massue antennaire est comme celle du monoceros. Gen. EUPINES King Eupines King, 1866, Trans. ent. Soc. N.S. Wales: 310; type: Bryaxis clavatula King, 1864. Raffray, 1904, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 73 : 202. Genre avec de nombreuses espéces en Australie et une espéce dans la région Indo- Malaise. 1. Eupines sphaerica (Motschoulsky, 1851) Bryaxis sphaerica Motschoulsky, Bull. Nat. Moscou, 24 (2): 92; type: Ceylan. Raffray, 1904, loc. cit : 202. CEYLAN. Wackwele, 2 males (EZ. Simon, 1892). Connu en outre de Singapore, de Saigon, de Java et Sumatra, de Célébes, de Bornéo, de la Nouvelle-Guinée. Gen. LEPTORRACHIS nov. Type : Leptorrhachis nigra sp. n. Trés gréle, l’arriére corps subsphérique, les membres trés longs. Téte a front déprimé, les antennes trés gréles, les palpes petits, 4 intermédiaire renflé, Pronotum hexagonal, sans sillon transverse unissant la fovéole basale aux fossettes latérales. Elytres trés longs et trés renflés, enveloppants ; deux fossettes basales. Abdomen court, peu visible, le premier tergite toutefois plus long que le deuxiéme, sans carénules basales, finement rebordé latéralement. Pattes trés longues et trés gréles. Tout le corps couvert de longs poils trés espacés, fins et onduleux sur l’avant-corps, devenant des soies dressées sur les cétés des élytres. Caractéres sexuels portant sur la longueur des articles antennaires. Edéage (fig. 33) de méme type que chez les Atenisodus Raffray, mais avec les styles libres, non soudés. Genre créé pour une espéce d’un noir profond et d’un aspect étrange, mais se plagant sans aucun doute auprés d’Atenisodus Raffray, dont deux espéces sont Indo-Malaises, une autre vit 4 Formose. L’édéage de 1’A. longicornis Raffr. (Jeannel, 1952, Rev. fr. d’Ent. 19 : 83) est semblable a celui du Leptorrachis mais avec trois soies aux styles qui sont soudés. 1. Leptorrachis nigra sp. n. (figs. 31 & 33) Type: Horton plains (Brit. Mus.). CEYLAN. Horton plains, alt. 2,000 m. env., 2 males et 2 femelles (G. Lewts, iii. 1892). Long. 1,4 mm. Ailé. Avant-corps gréle, arriére-corps renflé, les antennes et les" pattes trés longues. Noir profond, luisant, les antennes et les pattes d’un brun rougeatre, les palpes testacés. Téguments lisses, la pubescence dressée, trés clair- semée. Téte assez grande, le front déprimé, le lobe frontal trés réduit, l’épistome 446 SUR LES. PSELAPHIDES DE .CEYLAN largement évasé. Yeux petits et saillants plus courts que les tempes qui sont arrondies. Palpes petits. Antennes trés fines. Pronotum hexagonal a disque bossu, la fovéole basale aussi grande que les fossettes latérales. Elytres trés convexes, lisses, sans trace de strie discale. Abdomen trés court. Pattes trés longues, les fémurs postérieurs dépassent amplement le niveau du sommet de l’abdomen. Méle. Antennes plus longues, les articles de la massue plus développés (fig. 31). Chez la femelle (fig. 32) les articles 10 et 11 sont notablement plus court. Edéage (fig. 33) a capsule basale courte, a bord distal anguleux. Styles lamelleux, larges et triangulaires, contigus sur la ligne médiane, avec une soie ie subapicale externe. Sac interne avec deux grandes dents inégales. Fics. 31.-33. Gen. Leptorrachis nov. Fig. 31. L. nigva sp. n., male, de Horton Plains, x30. Fig. 32. Sommet de l’antenne de la femelle. Fig. 33. Edéage, face dorsale, X 240. Gen. RYBAXIS Saulcy Rybaxis Saulcy, 1876, Spec. 2: 136; type: Bryaxis sanguinea Leach. Jeannel, 1959, Aun. Mus. Congo Belge, série in-8°, Zool. 75 : 513. 1. Rybaxis gigantea Motschoulsky, 1863 Motschoulsky, 1863, Bull. Nat. Moscou, 36: 422. Type: Mont Patavas (Mus. Paris). Raffray, 1894, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62 : 460. CEYLAN. Sommet du Mont Patavas, une femelle (Motschoulsky). SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 447 Gen. REICHENBACHELLA Jeannel Reichenbachella Jeannel, 1950, Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, série in-8°, Zool. 2: 80; type: Reichen- bachia punctulata Raffray. 1959, Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, série in-8°, Zool. 75 : 521. 1, Reichenbachella rufa (Schmidt-Goebel, 1836) (fig. 35) Schmidt-Goebel, Beitr. Mon. Pselaph.:6; type: Ceylan. Raffray, 1891, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 60 : 486 (pars). CrYLAN. Wackwele, une vingtaine d’exemplaires (EF. Simon, 1892). Raffray a réuni sous le nom de rufa (Schm.-Goeb.) toute une série de Reichenbachia a carénules basales écartées seulement d’un peu moins du quart du disque du tergite, provenant de Ceylan, du Siam, de l’Annam, de Singapore, de Java, de Célébes et des iles Philippines. J’ai cité l’espéce de Saigon (1952, Rev. fr. d’Ent. 19 : 87) et je constate aujourd’hui que l’édéage des exemplaires de Saigon (loc. cit., fig. 24) est bien différent de celui des R. rufa typiques, de Ceylan. Il y aura donc lieu de réviser tous ces R. rufa de provenances diverses se trouvant dans la collection Raffray. Pour l’instant je dois constater que le Reichenbachella de Saigon est une espéce différente du véritable vufa et je lui donne le nom nouveau de R. barbieri sp. n. Le R. rufa, de Ceylan, correspond a la variété y de Raffray (loc. cit., 487), a caractéres sexuels trés réduits. L’édéage (fig. 35) élargi 4 la base, a des styles longs et gréles, sinueux et terminés par une petite dilatation transverse ; de plus ces styles portent deux soies externes a la base, alors que les styles du barbieri sont achétes. Gen. ANASIS Raffray Anasis Raffray, 1891, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 60: 492; type: Anasis laevicollis Raffray. Genre voisin de Reichenbachia Leach, dont il ne différe guére que par la forme de la massette palpaire dilatée en dehors 4 la base. Trois espéces, l’une a Ceylan, les deux autres 4 Sumatra et 4 Manille. 1. Anasis singhalensis Raffray, 1894 (fig. 34) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62: 459; type: Kandy (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Kandy, alt. 600 m. env., 4 femelles (E. Simon, 1892) ; 8 exemplaires, males et femelles (I. C. E. Bryant, vi. 1908). Aspect d’un Reichenbachia a carénules basales du premier tergite écartées de plus du tiers de la largeur du disque du tergite. Pas de différences sexuelles apparentes. Edéage (fig. 34) 4 capsule basale arrondie, fortement sclérifiée, en forme d’urne a orifice apical largement ouvert entre deux bourrelets latéraux. Styles représentés par une lamelle courte et bilobée, fortement inclinée du cété ventral, sans soies. 448 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN Gen. TRISSEMUS Jeannel . Trissemus Jeannel, 1949, Mém. Mus. H. n. Paris, 29:95; type: Bryaxis antennata Aubé (1833). 1959, Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, série in-8°, Zool. 75 : 529. 1. Trissemus (Trissemites) ceylanicus sp. n. (fig. 36) Type: Colombo (Brit. Mus.). schaufussi Raffray, 1894, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62: 458 (nec Reitter). CEYLAN. Colombo, un male et 3 femelles (M. Cameron, xi.1915); Kandy, alt. 600 m., un exemplaire (EF. Simon, 1892). Long. 1,44a1,5 mm. Ailé. Testacé rougeatre, Ja pubescence courte et rare. Téte petite, arrondie, plus étroite que le pronotum, le lobe frontal étroit, les yeux peu saillants, plus longs que les tempes qui sont arrondies, effacées, Antennes courtes, les articles 2 4 6 nettement plus longs que larges, les 7 et 8 courts, les 9 et 10 pas plus Fic. 34. Gen. Anasis Raffr., édéage de 1l’A. singhalensis Raffr., de Kandy, x 110. Fic. 35. Gen. Reichenbachella Jeann., édéage du R. rufa Schm.-Goeb., de Wackwele, x 110. Fic. 36. Gen. Trissemus Jeann., édéage du T. (Trissemites) ceylanicus sp. n., de Colombo, X1II0O. — longs que larges, le 11 trois fois plus long que le 10, la massue peu renflée. Pronotum un peu transverse, convexe et lisse. Elytres un peu moins longs que larges. Premier tergite abdominal avec deux carénules basales espacées du quart de la largeur du disque a la base et un peu divergentes. Pattes courtes. Tibias intermédiaires avec une dent apicale interne chez le male. Edéage (fig. 36) 4 capsule basale ovale, renflée, membraneuse et deux styles écartés l’un de |’autre, incurvés et tronqués au sommet. Sac interne avec une paire de dents petites et flanquées en dehors pas des paquets d’épines. Espéce voisine de schaufussi Reitt., de Singapore, et appartenant a un groupe d’espéces répandu dans 1’Inde, SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 449 Subfam. PSELAPHITAE s. str. Trib. CYATHIGERINI Raffray Gen. MANULEIGER nov. Type: Manuleiger remyi sp. n. Genre bien différent des autres genres de la tribu qui sont tous d’un type trés constant. Alors que chez ces derniers les males ont le dernier articles-des antennes excavé en coquille, chez Manuleiger la coquille est portée sur les fémurs antérieurs. | Trés densement ponctué. Téte ayant la structure habituelle des Cyathigerini, le front convexe, a lobe frontal saillant, la face inférieure du crane largement excavée. .Palpes anormalement grands, la massette allongée, 4 extrémité mousse. Antennes de g articles, alors qu’elles n’ont que 7 articles chez les autres genres de la tribu, le Fics. 37 et 38. Gen. Manuleiger nov. Fig. 37. M. remyi sp. n., male, de Nuwara Eliya, x34. Fig. 38. Edéage du méme, face dorsale, x 185. scape court, le dernier article trés gros, mais non transverse. Pronotum globuleux, sans fovéole basale ni fossettes. Elytres courts et convexes, deux fossettes basales. Abdomen a segments entiérement soudés, sauf les deux derniers. I] se présente comme une boite close et rigide, convexe dorsalement, concave ventralement, avec un orifice anogénital arrondi, recouvert par le pygidium. Hanches postérieures bien séparées, les intermédiaires et les postérieures peu allongées, comme chez les autres Cyathi- -gerini. Un seul ongle. Fémurs antérieurs (fig. 37) avec une haute saillie transverse, arrondie et excavée, qui est bien probablement un caractére sexuel male. 450 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN Edéage (fig. 38) a capsule basale courte et arrondie, avec les piéces distales asymétriques et deux trés grands styles articulés et sétiféres. Sac interne chitinisé. 1. Manuleiger remyi sp. n. (figs. 37 et 38) Type: Nuwara Eliya (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Nuwara Eliya, ravin dans Elephant estate, alt. 2,300 m. env., un male (P. Rémy, 21 .viii. 1959). Long. 1,4 mm. Rougeatre, densement et fortement ponctué, la pubescence longue et dense. Téte déliée, 4 front bombé et lobe frontal saillant et bilobé. Yeux petits, situés a la partie postérieure d’une lame évasée formée par ]’épistome. Antennes épaisses, le scape et le pédicelle courts, les articles 3 et 4 petits, les 5 4 8 transverses et plus épais que le scape, le 9 enfin incurvé, épais et mousse, 4 base tronquée. Pronotum a peu prés aussi long que large. Elytres courts, moins longs que larges au sommet. Abdomen un peu plus long que les élytres. Pattes assez longues. Edéage (fig. 38) 4 capsule basale prolongée par un manchon assez court, dont le bord gauche porte une paire de trés grandes soies et la face ventrale se prolonge en une lame distale asymétrique, large a la base, mais effilée en pointe inclinée 4 gauche puis redressée, avec une dent sur son bord droit ; en dessous, la base de la lame distale est doublée d’une forte dent transverse. Styles trés longs, mobiles, avec deux dents apicales et trois soies sur la face interne. Articulés a la base, ces styles sont trés fragiles, et l’un d’eux a été perdu. Sac interne chitinisé sur toute sa longueur. Femelle inconnue. Trib. PSELAPHINI Raffray Gen. PSELAPHAULAX Reitter Pselaphaulax Reitter, 1909, Fn. Germ. Ka@f.2: 217; type: Pselaphus dresdensis Herbst (1792). Jeannel, 1959, Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, série in-8°, Zool. 75 : 593. 1. Pselaphaulax (s. str.) ceylanicus sp. n. Type : Colombo (Brit. Mus.). CEYLAN. Colombo, deux exemplaires (Dv. M. Cameron, xi.1915). Long. 2mm. Ailé. Brun rougeatre, déprimé, la pubescence courte et rare. Téte courte, le front large entre les yeux, la partie préoculaire plus courte que le reste de _ la téte, aplanie, sans sillon longitudinal sauf tout 4 fait en avant, entre les tubercules antennaires ; yeux trés grands, deux fois plus longs que les tempes ; pas de bosse occipitale. Dessous de la téte avec un amas villeux sous les yeux. Palpes longs et gréles, le renflement distal de la massette lisse, un peu moins long que son funicule. Antennes a scape a peine deux fois aussi long que large, les articles 3 4 Io tous un peu plus longs que larges. Pronotum aussi long que large, convexe. Elytres deux fois plus longs que le pronotum, la strie discale écourtée, la base convexe sans carénes. Plaque tergale large et déprimée, deux fois aussi large que longue. Pattes courtes et robustes, SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 451 Edéage épais, la capsule basale avec une calotte distale arrondie, flanquée de deux apophyses terminées en pointes incurvées en dehors. Styles trés gréles, membraneux. Gen. PSELAPHIDIUS Jeannel Pselaphidius Jeannel, 1951, Rev. fr. d’Ent. 18:9; type: Pselaphus filipalpis Reitter (1882). 1959, Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, série in-8°, Zool. 75 : 597. 1. Pselaphidius latifrons (Rafiray, 1909) Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 78 : 41 (Pselaphus) ; type: Kandy (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Kandy, alt. 600 m. env., une femelle (Coll. Raffray). Remarquable par la forme des palpes, dont le renflement distal de la massette, particuliérement grand, est un peu plus long que son funicule. Espéce a pattes courtes. 2. Pselaphidius laevicollis (Reitter, 1883) Reitter, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 23: 410 (Pselaphus) ; type: Ceylan (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN, 2 exemplaires (Coll. Raffray). Trib. CTENISTINI Raffray Gen. CTENISTES Reichenbach Ctenistes Reichenbach, 1816, Mon. Psel.: 75; type: Ctenistes palpalis Reichenbach. Jeannel, 1956, Mém. Mus., Zool. 14: 168. Subgen. Tecnesites nov. Type: Ctentstes (Tecnesites) ceylanicus sp. n. Le sous-genre Tecnesis Peyer. a été créé pour des espéces sahariennes de grande taille, dont le pédoncule palpaire n’est pas pénicillé. Le méme caractére se retrouve chez l’espéce suivante, de Ceylan, mais celle-ci présente un développement inusité de l’intermédiaire palpaire qui la distingue nettement des Tecnests. 1. Ctenistes (Tecnesites) ceylanicus sp. n. (figs. 39 a 47) Type: Dikoya (Brit. Mus.). CEYLAN. Dikoya, alt. 1,300 m. env., male et femelle (G. Lewis, ii. 1882). Long. 2 mm. Ailé. Testacé rougedtre. Téte courte, le lobe frontal relativement court, la partie postoculaire du front élargie, convexe, les yeux trés grands. Palpes maxillaires (fig. 40) 4 pédoncule sans pénicille, l’intermédiaire et la massette trés dissemblables, tous deux pénicillés. Pronotum aussi long que large, avec trois paquets villeux a la base. Elytres courts et amples, a épaules anguleuses et saillantes, le bord apical avec une grande frange membraneuse blanchatre. Abdomen court et large. Pattes gréles. 452 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN Maile, Antennes longues, a funicule plus court que l'article 8, l’article 3 un peu plus long que les 4 47 qui sont moins longs que larges. Article 8 six fois, 9 trois fois et demie, Io et 11 quatre fois aussi longs que larges. Femelle. Antennes plus courtes, les articles 3 4 6 une fois et demie aussi longs que larges, 7 un peu plus de deux fois, 8 globuleux et court, mais un peu plus épais que le 7; articles 9 et 10 épais et tronconiques, un peu plus longs que larges, le 11 pas tout a fait deux fois aussi long que le Io. Edéage (fig. 41) du type habituel, avec deux piéces chitineuses dans le sac interne. Pas de styles. Fics. 39-41. Gen. Ctenistes Redt. Fig. 39. C. (Tecnesites) ceylanicus sp. n., male, de Dikoya, x22. Fig. 40. Palpe maxillaire droit. Fig. 41. Edéage, x 120. Gen. PORODERUS Sharp Povroderus Sharp, 1883, Tvans. ent. Soc. Lond.: 294; type: Poroderus armatus Sharp (Japon), Jeannel, 1956, Mém. Mus., Zool. 18: 114. Ea) re Genre avec plusieurs espéces au Japon, une au Siam et une a Sumatra. pein lui a rattaché la suivante. 1. Poroderus angusticeps (Schaufuss, 1887) L. W. Schaufuss, Berl. ent. Zs. 31 : 289 (Enoptostomus) ; type: Ceylan. Je n’ai pas vu cette espéce qui fait défaut dans la collection Raffray. SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 453 Trib. TMESIPHORINI Jeannel Gen. TMESIPHORUS Leconte Tmesiphorus Leconte, 1850, Boston J. Nat. Hist.6:75; type: Tmesiphorus carinatus Leconte (Amérique du Nord). - Jeannel, 1956, Mém. Mus., Zool. 18 : 118. 1. Tmesiphorus laevis sp. n. (fig. 42) Fic. 42. Gen. Tmesiphorus Lec., T. laevis n. sp., femelle de Ceylan, x 18. Type: Ceylan (Brit. Mus.). CEYLAN. L’unique exemplaire connu porte la mention ‘‘ Bowring 63-47 ”’ Long. 3 mm. Noir de poix, les élytres, les antennes et les pattes rougeatres foncés. Gréle et allongé, le tégument absolument lisse et glabre. Téte 4 front convexe, sans profondes dépressions ni carénes, le lobe frontal petit et sillonné ; yeux plus courts que les tempes qui portent quelques soies mais n’ont aucune trace d’épines sous- oculaire. Cou trés délié. Palpes maxillaires comme chez les autres Tmesiphorus, le pédoncule et l’intermédiaire pénicillés, la massette légérement lobée latéralement. Antennes robustes, la massue de trois articles, tous trois, trois fois plus longs que larges. Pronotum plus long que large sans fossettes ni fovéole basale. Elytres a peu prés aussi longs que larges, étroits 4 la base, deux fossettes basales, la suture et les stries discales enfoncées dans la partie basale. Abdomen avec les tergites unis et convexes, sans la moindre trace de carénes. Pattes trés longues. Maile inconnu. Curieuse espéce qui devra peut-étre devenir le type d’un genre nouveau lorsque le male sera connu. 454 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN Gen. SYNTECTODES Reitter Syntectodes Reitter, 1882, Verh. naturf. Ver. Briinn, 20: 185; type: Sintectodes diversipalpus Reitter. Genre différent surtout de Tmesiphorus par l’absence de pénicilles sur les articles des palpes. II est spécial a Ceylan. 1. Syntectodes diversipalpus Reitter, 1885 Reitter, D. ent. Zs. 29 : 333; type: Ceylan (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Kandy, alt. 600 m. env., un exemplaire (G. Lewis, xi.82) ; Galle, niveau de la mer, un exemplaire (G. Lewis, xii.81) ; Nuwara Eliya, 2,200 m. env., un exem- plaire (E. Simon, 1892). Le dernier article des palpes est simple. Obs. Le S. crassus Schaufuss (1887, Berl. ent. Zs. 3 : 296) est sans doute identique au S. diversipalpus (Raffray, 1894 loc. cit. : 461). 2. Syntectodes fortipalpus Raffray, 1901 Raffray, Aun. Soc. ent. Fr. 70:28; type: Anuradhapura (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Anuradhapura, 2 exemplaires (E. Simon, 1892). Le dernier article des palpes est contourné. Trib. TYRINI Raffray Gen. CENTROPHTHALMUS Schmidt-Goebel Centrophthalmus Schmidt-Goebel, 1838, Beitr. Mon. Psel.:7; type: Centrophthalmus paria Schmidt-Goebel. Jeannel, 1949, Mém. Mus. Zool. 29 : 209. 1. Centrophthalmus clementis Schaufuss, 1877 L. W. Schaufuss, Psel. Siams: 20; type: Bangkok (Mus. Paris). forticornis Schaufuss, 1877, loc. cit.: 21; type: Bangkok (Mus. Paris). CrYLAN. Kandy, alt. 600 m. env., un male et 3 femelles (G. Lewis ii. 1882). Le forticornis est le male, le clementis est la femelle. L’espéce n’était connue que du Siam et de la Cochinchine. Gen. PSELAPHODES Westwood Pselaphodes Westwood, 1870, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 2:129; type: Pselaphodes villosulus Westwood. 1. Pselaphodes limoni Raffray, 1894 Raffray, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 62: 462; type: Cottawa (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Cottawa, une femelle (E. Simon, 1892). SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN 455. Gen, TYRODES. Raftfray Tyrodes Raffray, 1908, Gen. Ins. Psel. : 379; type: Tyrus histrioSchauf. Jeannel, 1957, Rev. fr. @’Ent. 26 : 31. 2 Trois espéces connues : clavatus Raffr. de Singapore, setosus Jeann. du Tonkin et la suivante : Fic. 43. Gen. Subulipalpus Schauf., S. spinicoxis Schauf., femelle de Ceylan, x 20. 1. Tyrodes histrio (L. W. Schaufuss, 1887) Tyrus histrio Schaufuss, 1887, Berl. ent. Zs. 31: 297; type: Ide (Mus. Paris). Jeannel, 1957, loc. cit., fig. 29. CEYLAN. Nuwara Eliya, alt. 2,200 m. env., 2 femelles (E. Simon, 1892) ; Dikoya, alt. 1,300 m. env., male et femelle (G. Lewis, vii. 1882). Gen. SUBULIPALPUS L. W. Schaufuss Subulipalpus Schaufuss, 1877, Psel. Siams:23; type: Subulipalpus spinicoxis Schaufuss. Raffray, 1904, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 73 : 365. 1. Subulipalpus spinicoxis L. W. Schaufuss, 1877 (fig. 43) Schaufuss, loc. cit.: 23; type: Bangkok (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Une femelle étiquetée “‘ Thwaites, 67-25 ”’ (Brit. Mus.). Trés voisin du myrmecophilus Raffr. de Hong-Kong. II ne différe guére que par la bosse discale du pronotum plus saillante. Décrit du Siam, le S. spinicoxis se retrouve a Ceylan, tout a fait semblable au type. 456 SUR LES PSELAPHIDES DE CEYLAN Gen. HORNIELLA Rafiray Horniella Raffray, 1904, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 73: 369; type: Hornia hirtella Raffray. Hornia Raffray, 1901, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 70: 29. 1. Horniella hirtella (Raffray, 1901) Raffray, loc. cit. : 30 (Hornia) ; type: Banderawella (Mus. Paris). CEYLAN. Banderawella, un exemplaire (W. Horn). INDEX TOOVOLUME]x New taxonomic names are in bold type aberiae, Allococcus achillalpina ssp.. See loti achillfilipendulae ab. See filipendulae 211-212, Pl. 20 ACRIDIDAE 386-390 ACRIDINAE 412 (fig.), 413 Acrocomus . 440-441 adalberti ab. See ephialtes adersi, Simulium : 53, 55 adspersa, Ducetia . : . : arr o2 aeolopa, Lobesia_ . ; ; spe l22 aestivalis f.t. See transalpina afghana, Zygaena . 253, Pl. 51 agilis ssp. See fausta AKICERINAE 376-377 (fig.) albata, Hieromantis : ; : 2 k5O albidorsella, Acrocercops. : : . 158 albimaculella, Labdia . ; - . 140 albipes ssp. See erythrus albitibiana, Olethreutes_ . : é 2eI25 alcocki, Simulium . : : 34-35 alcocki occidentale, Simulium - #735 alfacarensis ssp. See rhadamanthus algira, Zygaena 257-258, Pl. 51 alienus, Phenacoccus 217-218, Pl. 27 allardi ssp. See orana alluauda, Zygaena . alpherakyi, Zygaena alpina ssp. See transalpina altaratensis ssp. See exulans altitudinaria ssp. See transalpina alysoni, Cotachena 100, ror, 104 ( ne) PIS3;.6 BOA pal od Eee 304-305, Pl. 57 amianta, Pachyrhabda . : 154 amoena ab. See carniolica anaprobola, Olethreutes . : : eeetes anastrepta, Crusimetra . A : by er anceps ssp. See filipendulae ancosema solomonensis, Olethreutes er 24 angelica, Thiotricha PST El 5 anglica ssp. See viciae anglicola ssp. See filipendulae angusticeps, Poroderus . 452 angustifascia, Teldenia 319, 321 (fig.), 322 Ge), Pl. 65 anthyllidis, Zygaena Pied ies of Bole anticyma, Stathmopoda . : : e562 apenina ab. See carniolica apicella, Acrocercops : : ‘ . 158 apocrypha ssp. See fausta aprepes, Labdia +1145, PL 6 arenosella, Batrachedra . argophylla, Limnaecia arignota, Chelaria . : armatum, Tribasodema . armigera, Ascalenia arsitricha, Limnaecia aspera ssp. See loti asymetrica ab. See carniolica asymetrica ab. See lonicerae athamanthae ssp. See ephialtes athicaria ssp. See transalpina atopa, Limnaecia atrima ab. See diaphana attenuatella, Cosmopteryx aurantia ab. See filipendulae aurantiaca, Syngamia aurantiaca ab. See algira aurantiaca ab. See hilaris aurantiaca ab. See transalpina aurantiana, Adoxophyes aurata, Oreta aurata, Zygaena aurella, Cosmopteryx aureosimile, Simulium aurorina ab. See trifolii australis ssp. See trifolii balearica ssp. See sarpedon banausopa, Pachnistis : banghaasi ssp. See cocandica barbara ab. See orana barcelonensis ssp. See trifolii barcina ssp. See rhadamanthus Batribolbus Batrisiella Batrisomalus berenica, Drepana . berneri, Simulium . bicolor ab. See algira bicolor ab. See hilaris bicolor ab. See occitanica bicolorana, Statherotis binotata, Protobathra biramosa, Ducetia . biramosa, Paura birmanica, Albara . blachiera ssp. See aurata blacklocki unicornutum, Simulium blepharopis, Bactra - 149 r47- 148, Pl. 6 135 439-431 ae ot) 147 147 140 106 118-119, Pl. 5 330 245 140 49, 51 137 434-435 436-437 : 55, 56, 58 126, Pl. 5 139-140, Pl. 6 200-201 173 326 47 122 458 ; INDEX borreyi ab. See favonia bovis, Damalinia (Bovicola) . : » | §eZ bovis, Simulium . : . 68-69 brachyglypta, Acrocercops : ; st SERS brochogramma, Acrocercops . - 158 bruguierae, Pseudococcus brunnea, Apethistis brunnea ab. See fausta brunnea ab. See loti 223-234, Pl. 34 138, Pl. 6 cadillaci ssp. See favonia caerula, Acrocercops . ‘ 3 « 287 caerulea ab. See trifolii caerulescens ssp. See trifolii calidalis calidalis, Aethaldessa . 106-107 callicarpa, Idiophantis 133, 134 callicirrha, Timodora ‘ 5 e . 159 CALLIPTAMINAE 403 (fig.), 404 calypta, Labdia 143, Pl. 6 calxensis ssp. See filipendulae | Campaniae ssp. See filipendulae canis, Trichodectes (Trichodectes) . 77, 78 captiosella, Gerontha . : 2 . 166 cardinalis, Cobanilla : : : - 3306 carmencita ssp. See sarpedon carnea, Oreta carnea ab. See trifolii carnea nucicolor, Oreta . - 333 carniolica, Zygaena 263-265, 307, Pl. 52 carnioligiussana ab. See filipendulae 335 (fig.), 336 carpophthora, Decadarchis . : 2 64 castaneus, Pyxidicerus . : : - 424 castellana ssp. See loti CATANTOPINAE 407, 408 (fig.), 409 caveata, Stathmopoda . Se ae caviventris, Batrisiella 437, 438 (fig.) centralis ssp. See hippocrepidis centripuncta ab. See lonicerae cervicornutum, Simulium : . 44-45 ceylanica, Ducetia . 189-190 ceylanicus, Ctenistes (Tecnesites) 451, 452 (fig.) ceylanicus, Pselaphaulax s : - 450 ceylanicus, Trissemus (Trissemites) 448 (fig.) ceylonicus, Deroptrus 444-445 chaos ssp. See erebus CHARILAIDAE. < 369-372 chelocerea, Ducetia 197-198 chersaea, Ephysteris : av £30 CHILACRIDINAE 301, 302 (fig.), 393 chinensis, Ducetia . ! I90-IQI chlorospora, Tinea : : ; ¢, (566 cingulata ab. See viciae ciscaucasica ssp. See filipendulae citrina ab. See lonicerae clara ab. See exulans clementis, Centrophthalmus . - 454 cocandica, Zygaena 253, 306, Pl. 51, 57 coffearia, Homona . F . 120 colas-belcouri, Simulium F ? 67-68 commiphorae, Spilococcus 229-230, Pl. 42 concavifrons, Damalinia (Bovicola) 87 (fig.), 88 concolor ab. See algira confluens ab. See cuvieri confluens ab. See filipendulae confluens ab. See graslini confluens ab. See hilaris confluens ab. See lonicerae confluens ab. See trifolii confluens ab. See viciae confluens-sexmaculata ab. See trifolii conjuncta ab. See filipendulae contaminei, Zygaena contristans ssp. See orana CoOPTACRIDINAE + 249, Pi. 50 401, 402 (fig.) cornutella, Stathmopoda _ 152-153, Pl. 7 corsica, Zygaena 245, 304, Pl. 50, 57 corycia, Zygaena - 304, Pl. 57 costata, Ducetia 196-197 cramerella, Acrocercops . 5 « 257 erassus, Planococcus 216-420, Pl. 29 Cratnodes 433-434 cribratus, Acrocomus 441 (fig.) crosskeyi, Ducetia . 192-193 cruciata, Ducetia 188-189 eryophilus, Pseudococcus Red, ERS cryptogramma, Spilonota : : eee cuvieri, Zygaena 5 . 244, Pl. 50 cyanotoxa, Simaethis . : : ‘99 histrio, Tyrodes_. : - j - 455 holopetra, Labdia . é : : - 145 homalacta, Acrocercops . ; « TS? hospitus, Planococcus 221-222, Pl. 32 hyperacma, Decadarchis : - 165 hypogeus, Cataenococcus 21 4-214, Fi, 22 impar ab. See transalpina imperator, Stathmopoda : : «152 impukane, Simulium : ; E 40 incendium ab. See lonicerae inconspicua Psiloreta : : 5 26343 inculta, Decadarchis : ; : Pee dey? indentata, Oreta 336, 337 (fig.), 338 (fig-) indentata, Spilonota : : : . 120 indicata, Telephila : : : 536 inophora, Cythaula : : : = 1566 insignifica, Parascaptia . : ; . >TO insularis ssp. See lonicerae intermedia ab. See filipendulae intermedia ab. See trifolii intermedius hyaenae, Felicola (Protelicola) 02) (fig.) 503, 2152 intricata f.t. See trifolii ioterma, Adoxophyes : A : i118 ipomoeae, Bedellia . é , ; w® “160 iridopa, Tortyra_ . ‘ : : 4054 Ischnocanaba : ay (fig.), 168 isomella, Eucosma . : F Pato 2 isomerista, Labdia . ee tas, P16 ISOTIMOLA : ; . 206 italica-aestivalis f.t. See int janthina ssp. See loti japonica, Ducetia . : ; 182 jasmini, Cataenococcus at4— 215, ‘Pl, 23 javanica, Ducetia . ; : -) 188 johannae, Simulium : : 2 37 johannae, Zygaena : ‘ : . 305 junceae ssp. See fausta kajiadoensis, Spilococcus karatshaica ssp. See loti kenyae, Simulium : : 41, 43 kiesenwetterii ab. See rhadamanthus kindermanni ssp. See lonicerae kingi, Trichodectes (Stachiella) A : 79 kotzschi ssp. See formosa kriigeri ab. See trifolii 231-232, Pl. 44 laevicollis, Pselaphidius . : F - “457 laevisi, Tmesiphorus 453 (fig.) lahayei ssp. See orana latecincta ab. See rothschildi LATHICERIDAE 379 (fig.), 380-381 lathyri ssp. See purpuralis latifrons, Pselaphidius . : . 451 latilinea, Teldenia 318 (fig.), 310, 320 es latomarginata f. bc. See lonicerae lavandulae, Zygaena é ; Aeahe sy { LENTULIDAE . ‘ 386, 387 (fig.) Leptorrachis . : : ; : - 445 leucophaeta, Ereunetis . ; : » 163 leucoprepes, Opostega ; «| 160,/Pi57 leucospila, Holoreta : : «3g lewisi, Batrisiella 439, 440 (fig.) lewisi, Cratnodes 434 (fig.) libanicola ssp. See olivieri libanota, Tortyra . : é : s SESS limitans ssp. See orana limoni, Pselaphodes : 3 - 454 limuricus, Spilococcus 232-233, Pl. 45 lipeuroides, Damalinia (Tricholipeurus) 88-89 LITHIDIINAE 395, 396 (fig.), 397 littoralis ssp. See favonia Lobesia sp. . ’ ; ‘ 4 523 longicollis, Nesiotomina r . 432 (fig.) longicornis, Damalinia (Bovicola) . 86, 87 (fig.) longipalpis, Thyrsostoma . 130, Pl. 5 longipilosus, Trionymus . lonicerae, Zygaena 234-235, Pl. 47 299-303, 309, Pl. 56, 57 loosi, Ducetia 193-194 loti, Zygaena 267-270, 308, Pl. 52, 57 loutetense, Simulium : ‘ 62-63 loyselis, Zygaena . 245, Pl. 50 loyselis ungemachi, Zygaena F ‘ s y Baz lutescens ab. See filipendulae lutescens ab. See purpuralis lutescens-basalis ab. See trifolii lutescens-confluens ab. See trifolii lutescens-glycirrhizae ab. See trifolii macrocerca, Ducetia 195-196 323, 324 (figs.) 323, 325 (fig.), Pl. 65 magnifica, Drapetodes magnifica denotata, Drapetodes major ssp. See lonicerae mangeri, Zygaena . ; : ; - 306 Manuleiger . : : ‘ : - 449 marcuna, Zygaena . ‘ . 255, Pl. 51 maritima ssp. See transalpina maroccana, Zygaena . 262, Pl. 52 maroccensis ssp. See favonia mathewi, Atteva . : : ; . 156 mcmahoni, Simulium . i : 43-44 mediana, Laspeyresia . A 3 » 3726 mediana gratulata, Laspeyresia : Lares mediana turifera, Laspeyresia . ; +, eee medusaeforme, Simulium : : : Ge: INDEX 461 meeki, Opogona : ~ 262; Fh 7 megacentra, Pyroderces : Z ey melanacma, Thiotricha 133; 21.5 melilotoides ab. See viciae melliplanta, Limnaecia . : : AS melusina ab. See carniolica melusina ab. See fausta mendanai, Opogana meridiei ssp. See ephialtes meridionalis, Allococcus 212-213, Pl. 21 micingulata ab. See hippocrepidis microphthalmus, Batrisomalus : i) 433 mimosae, Spatularia : é : . .£O6 miniacea ssp. See loti miniata ab. See filipendulae miniata ab. See lonicerae minima, Bactra . 2 : ‘ he minor ab. See exulans minor ab. See filipendulae minor ab. See lonicerae minutus, Trichodectes (Neotrichodectes) 79-80 161-162, Pl. 7 mnesileuca, Bedellia : : P . 160 moderatana, Adoxophyes : TIO mollis, Dysmicoceus = 2 ee —216, Pl. 24 monachella, Monopis : : > 6165 monoceros, Diroptrus’ . : : - 444 montana ssp. See loyselis mormopa, Olethreutes . : : 224 moschlosema, Stathmopoda Rei el:.7, nana, Natalensia i Pl. 26 nephelomima, Prays : : + 9F56 Nesiotomina . : : ; : 431 nesocharis, Tinea . : : 3 a OO nevadensis, Zygaena : F F - 308 nigerrima ab. See lonicerae nigra, Leptorrachis nigricans ab. See hippocrepidis nigricans ab. See trifolii nigritulus, Planococcus nigrolimbata ab. See oa ata 445-440 (fig.) 222-223, Pl. 33 niphona, Zygaena . 283, Pl. 54 Nora. : : < : 206-208 nucivora, Stathmopoda : : Pi 52 oberthiiri ab. See orana obliquilinea, Oreta : : ‘ : 343 obscura ab. See purpuralis obscura ab. See rhadamanthus obscura ab. See trifolii obsoleta ab. See trifolii obtusa, Psiloreta. : : : 343 obtusa javae, Psiloreta . : 345, 346 (fig.) obtusa obtusa, Psiloreta . 344 (fig.), 345 obtusa speciosa, Psiloreta : : » 445 occidentalis ssp. See hippocrepidis occidentis ssp. See loyselis oceiduus, Pseudococcus 225-226, Pl. 36 occitanica, Zygaena : <0 202, P1. 752 ochreoviridella, Atasthalistis . ; me 7 ochrotypa, Labdia . : a PAT, 342 P16 ochsenheimeri ssp. See filipendulae octomaculatus, Trichodectes (Trichodectes) 78 oculata, Idiostyla . : : : Sen yy, olbiana ssp. See trifolii olivacea, Oreta 3 : ‘ * £333 olivacea ssp. See loyselis olivieri, Zygaena . 254, 306, Pl. 51 ombrodelta, Cryptophlebia ; : 223 OMMEXECHIDAE 381, 383 (fig.), 384 onobrychis ssp. See carniolica ononidis ssp. See hilaris opacus, Zethopsus . : : : Bie wr 59) operosa, Olethreutes : : : i 124 optima, Zygaena 3.254; .F 1.51 orana, Zygaena - 260-261, Pl. 51 oreamnidis, Damalinia (Bovicola) 85 (fig.), 86, Pie k oribasus ssp. See flaxini orichalca ab. See trifolii osborni, Trichodectes (Neotrichodectes) . 80 ossetica ssp. See alpherakyi ovis, Damalinia (Bovicola) 84, 85 (fig.), 86, Pl. 1 OXYINAE : 400, 401 (fig.) oxyopis, Thiotricha : : : PY oxytropis, Zygaena 273 ae le 53 pachnitis, Hermanias 4 ; ; 120 pachypleura, Olethreutes , Se 2A pagenstecheri, Grapholita pallens ab. See ephialtes pallida ab. See ephialtes pallida ab. See exulans pallida ab. See filipendulae pallidior ab. See hippocrepidis 127-128 (fig.) palmeri unicornutum, Simulium : cae 47, palpator, Batribolbus . ; ASS palpella, Lecithocera 136-4 37, Pl. 6 palpigera, Brachyacma . , 135 palustrella ssp. See trifolii palustris ssp. trifolii pamira ssp. See cocandica PAMPHAGIDAE - 372-373 PAMPHAGINAE : 377, 378 (fig.), 380 pandata, Idiophantis 133, Pl. 5 parallela, Damalinia (Tricholipeurus) 89-90 parisiensis ssp. See Carniolica parva, Ducetia . 205-206 PAULINIIDAE F 384, 385 (fig.) pelodes, Autosticha : : : 3 is39 peltophora, Steriophotis . ‘ : + giZ3 penalabrica ssp. See contaminei peractilis, Cotachena : : : 35 500, percrassus, Pseudococcus. - 226, Pl. 37 perichina, Stathmopoda . : PORE ICE: perprocerus, Rhizoecus perpusilla, Limnaecia 228-220, Pl. 40 148, Pl. 6 462 INDEX phaeacma, Cryptophlebia ; ; ee sy phaeoptilla, Pachnistis 139; PLS phaeostigma, Pyroderces. 146, Pl. 6 phanta, Pachyrhabda_ . ‘ ‘ . Bea physalodes, Acroclita . : : BU os physophora, Lobesia - 122 pinguis euarctidos, Trichodectes (Tricho- dectes) : : ‘ 78 pithanodes, Thylacosceles I 54, Pl. 7 platyrrhyncha, Decadarchis_ . : > 164 plebejana, Crocidosema . : : 7 27 pleurophaea, Dichomeris A : - 136 plumbosana, Laspeyresia 127, Pl. 5 PNEUMORIDAE . : : : . 366 PORTHETINAE 373-370 powelli ab. See favonia powelli ab. See lavandulae powelli ab. See orana praestans ssp. See carniolica probleta, Pityocona 129, Pl. 5 proconfluens ab. See filipendulae prognathus, Diroptrus 443-444 (fig.) PROSCOPIIDAE : 363-364 prosiliens, Adoxophyes . : . + 119 provincialis ssp. See hippocrepidis psacasta, Sitotroga ; : ‘ . 128 psarodes, Labdia 143, Pl. 6 pseudo diaphana ssp. See purpuralis pseudofaitensis ab. See rubicundus pseudorubicundus ab. See punctum puberula, Batrisiella 437, 438 (fig.) pubescens, Batribolbus 435, 436 (fig.) pubescens, Catachena 100-101, 103 (fig.), Pls 5 pulcherrimus, Pseudococcus » 226; PIs 38 pulchra ab. See exulans pullata, Limenarchis 129-130, Pl. 5 pulsatella, Epimactis 149-150, Pl. 7 punctata, Ducetia . 203-204 punctata, Pseudisotima . : : ey i: punctipennis, Ducetia 202-203 punctipennis, Octomicrus 423-424 punctum, Zygaena 249-250 purpuralis, Zygaena pusillus, Spilococeus : pygmaea ab. See trifolii pygmaeus, Euplectomorphus . Mr 64 | pygmaeus, Trionymus 235-236, Pl. 48 pyrenes ssp. See filipendulae PyYRGOMORPHIDAE 381, 382 (fig.) 251-252, Pl. 50 233-234, Pl. 46 quadraticollis, Sunorfa quadripunctata, Telaea quinquejuncta ab. See filipendulae quinquemaculata ab. See filipendulae quinquemaculata ab. See rhadamanthus 442-443 173, 202 ramburii ssp. See filipendulae ramulosa, Ducetia . F ‘ 198-199 remyi, Batrisiella_ . ‘ - 439, 440 (fig.) remyi, Euplectus sara icon 428-429 remyi, Manuleiger . 449 (fig.), 450 remyi, Pyxidicerus . 425-426 | resignata, Dichomeris . : ; » * £96 resplendens, Hieromantis ; : . 150 restituta ssp. See filipendulae restricta ssp. See loti reticulosa, Paura . ; : : . 202 rhadamanthus, Zygaena 271-273, Pl. 52 roepkei, Oreta 339, 341 (fig.), 342 (fig.), 343, Pl. 66 rohani, Felicola (Felicola) : : QI, 92 ROMALEINAE : ‘ 393, 394 (fig.), 395 rosa ab. See filipendulae rothschildi, Zygaena . 253, Pl. 51 rubicundus, Zygaena . 243, Pl. 50 rubricollis, Zygaena . 244, Pl. 50 rufa, Reichenbachella 447, 448 (fig.) ruficarne, Simulium : : : 48-49 ruficostata ab. See trifolii rufomarginata, Isotima 206, 207 rufula, Aethaloessa 107-108 sabulosa f. loc. See purpuralis sagitta, Ducetia 199-200 saliens, Labdia : ‘ E «343 sapporensis, Kuwayamaea 173, 190 sardiniensis ssp. See corsica sareptensis ssp. See diaphana sarpedon, Zygaena 248-249, Pl. 50 saturata, Liocrobyla 159, Pl. 7 saucia, Batrisiella . 438 (fig.) scheveni ab. See ephialtes schmidti ssp. See nevadensis schoutedeni, Simulium . ; 2 37-38 sciota, Blastobasis 155-156, Pl. 7 sedecimdecembrii, Damalinia (Bovicola) 82, 83 (fig.), 84 seeboldi ssp. See filipendulae segontii ssp. See purpuralis selenopa, Phyllocnistis . = E .. 260 semiculta, Olethreutes . é ‘ «| , coe semidiaphana ab. See lonicerae semifusea, Decadarchis 165, Pl. 7 semnolitha, Labdia = : * «EAS separata ab. See purpuralis sereptensis ssp. See diaphana seriziati ssp. See trifolii serriformis, Acrocercops é ‘ - 4158 setosus, Eutrichophilus . . ‘ <° ‘HOE sexmacula ab. See loti sexmaculata ab. See filipendulae sexmaculata ab. See trifolii sexpunctata ab. See viciae siciliana ssp. See carniolica sicula ssp. See viciae siepii ab. See lavendulae singapura, Oreta singapura continua, Oreta 329-330 330, 332 (fig.) INDEX 463 Singapura kalisi, Oreta. : (330 singapura singapura, Oreta 330, 331 (fig.) singhalensis, Anasis 447-448 (fig.) singhalensis, Batraxis . : : - 443 singhalensis, Batrisiella . 438-439 sogdiana, Zygaena : c : Oz, solomonensis, Autosticha F F tO somnulentella, Bedellia . : : . 160 sorrentina ssp. See transalpina spatula, Ducetia IQI—192 speciosa, Ripersia 229, Pl. 41 speciosa, Zygaena . 3 3045, Pla57, spenceri, Felicola (Felicola) 80, 81 (fig.), 82 sphaerica, Eupines : ‘ : - 445 spiladorma, Acroclita . ; ; inher spinicollis, Nesiotomina . : : 431 spinicoxis, Subulipalpus . spinulosus, Pseudococcus spoliata ab. See filipendulae staudingeriana ssp. See corycia stentzii ssp. See viciae stephensi f.t. See filipendulae striata ab. See exulans 455 (fig.) 227-228, Pl. 39 strophala, Acrocercops . : é e577 stygia ssp. See rhadamanthus sublignata, Campylopteryx . : we 320 subochracea ssp. See exulans subrostratus, Felicola (Feliocola) : = | 80 suleimanicola ssp. See speciosa syracusia ssp. See trifolii syriaca ssp. See filipendulae syrmica ssp. See carniolica TANAOCERIDAE 3 j 364-366 tatarana, Icelita . ; ; ; 5 E2I taurella, Anarsia 11345 P15 Tecnesites . ‘ : : ‘ - 451 templana, Adoxophyes . 3 ; Ae Re: tephroplintha, Chelaria . : : . 135 teriolensis ssp. See viciae testacea, Noia : : : : 3 4207 testaceus, Stoeberhinus . c 7 39 tethela, Thiotricha . F 131, 132,15 tetrarcha, Copromorpha . : E ue 50 tetrazyga, Stathmopoda ; : o B52 theryi, Zygaena 3273), P1153 torodoxa solomonensis, Labdia E41; Pl./6 totirubra ab. See carniolica transalpina, Zygaena transferens ssp. See lonicerae translonicerae ab. See filipendulae transvecta, Stathmopoda 3 - = 153 Tribasodema . : : . e 429-430 tricolor ab. See fausta 276-278, Pl. 53 tricolor ab. See hilaris tricolor ab. See optima tridens griseicolle, Simulium - 59 trifolii, Zygaena 293-299, Pl. 55, 56 TRIGONOPTERYGIDAE : 5 - 369 trimacula ab. See transalpina trinacria ssp. See trifolii trinotata, Catachena : ; =.) 99 trionymoides, Phenacoccus 18-ai0, P25 triplanetis, Proterocosma - F 2 146 tripselia, Adoxophyes. : : . 120 tristis ssp. See loti trivittata ab. See filipendulae trivittata ab. See lonicerae TROPIDOPOLINAE 398, 399 (fig.), 400 truculenta, Bactra 3 . is ay hey: TRUXALINAE 414, 415 (fig.), 416 tshimganica ssp. See sogdiana ulmarata, Anarsia 134-135, Pl. 5 unicolor ab. See hilaris unicornutum, Simulium . : : 45-46 ustimacula, Oreta . : ‘ ‘ . 330 valesiae ssp. See carniolica vanbraeckeli, Callidrepana ee 329 ee: Pl. 65 variana, Stegasta . ; . 130 vatama, Oreta : d : : 2343 veligera, Diactenis ; ; : + 120 veneta ssp. See filipendulae vernetensis ab. See sarpedon viator, Trionymus . viciae, Zygaena vigei ab. See hippocrepiis vinacea, Albara. i : « (326 236-237, Pl. 49 231-283, Pl. 54 vitriala, Ducetia 204-205 vitrina ssp. See favonia vorax, Simulium 64-65, 67 wagneri ssp. See loti weileri-tricolor ab. See carniolica wojtusiaki ssp. 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