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AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL DESIGNED FO EXPEDITE PUBLICATION OF RESEARCH: ON TAXONOMY & NOMENCLATURE OF PUNGI & LICHENS

eS REX | oe | - oe March 1984

CONTENTS.

Studies in ne ee tly Bs the Tong-spored, _lignicolous a of Lachnum. —

J. i. HAINES ‘and k, lige DUMONT

Ascosphaera species: inciting chalkbrood _ in North America and A UTARONORNC KG as sau es wees -- JOAN B. ROSE, |

| : MARTHA CHRISTENSEN, aac WILLIAM 7. WILSON Notice: NS and [APT Special Committee Meetings — at IMCS. “

Studies in- ‘the ‘Pezizaceae. 1. Introduction, oe Peziza

apiculata and ite relatives .....-...0.0; GERALD | HIRSCH Notice: XIV International Botanical Comgreses oes, a Mollicarpus, gen. nov. (Polyporaceae) with notes on j

_Coriolopsis byrsina, Phellinus crocatus, and

Polystictus crocatus var. sibiricus — ete eee GINNS _

A Tuber from Nova Scotia.

“K, A. HARRISON, KELLY A. GRATTO, and D. W. GRUND

Coniochaeta nepalica, a common Long Island soil fungus i ve! = vals in * coe ew 2 =. os ce

ayant ee au genre Dees es

hen leaf spot ee Marssonina balsamiferac, on Populus balsamifera in Manisa and Ontario.

“YASUYUKI HIRATSUKA Type Studies in the ec ae 15, species described by is ‘Oo; ee ae alone or with J. L. Lowe, | | a LL. RYVARDEN and R. EL. GILBERTSON

The Sa natoue hyphomycete Morrisographium pilosum (Earle) Morelet synonymous with a “coelomycete," “Cornularia” persicae (Schw.) Sacc.

W. 1. TILLMAN and G. P. WHITE

Wood decay fungi of Costa Rica.

J. CARRANZA and J. A. SAENZ R.

[CONTENTS continued overleaf |

ISSN 0093-4666 MYXNAE 19 1-560 (1984)

eterna BoE. GOCHENAUR two new ‘Tricladium ppecice from mountain streams. Oe LUDMILA MARVANOVA

bee des types. de Peck et de Murrill appartenant ou i

JACQUES oe

or

133

ne

165

151

Published quarterly by MYCOTAXON, Ltd., P.O. Box 264, Ithaca NY 14851 For subscription details, availability in microfilm and microfiche,

and availability of articles as tear sheets, see back cover

CONTENTS continued

Koorchaloma, Koorchalomella, and Kananascus gen. nov. T. R. NAG RAJ Flora neotropica I. Some lignicolous polypores from

Venezuela .cccccccccvccsccveveceeseses EDSON C. SETLIFF An index to fungal names and epithets sanctioned by PersOon ANd Fri€S ..ccccsscccscseceseccecesscces W. GAMS

Resolution of varietal relationships within the species Hansenula anomala, Hansenula bimundalis, and Pichia nakazawae through comparisons of DNA FEIGTOGNEES 20 ccd eabeetdasneeeneaewncees C. P. KURTZMAN The genus Brasiliomyces (Erysiphaceae) .. RU-YONG ZHENG Helicomyces torquatus, a new hyphomycete from Panama. L. ©. LANE and ©. A. SHEARER

Spot tests for detection of tyrosinase ... CURRIE D. MARR New or interesting microfungi XIII. Ascomycetes on Laurus nobilis leaf litter 2... .ccccecccceees P. M. KIRK

Cylindrodendrum album Bonorden a pleoanamorphic semiaquatic hyphomycete. NATHALIE BUFFIN and G. L. HENNEBERT New species, new varieties, and a new record of : Psilocybe from Brazil ...ccccssavewees GASTON GUZMAN, VERA LUCIA BONONI, and ROSELY ANA PICCOLO GRANDI New records of false truffles in pine forests of Arizona. JACK S. STATES Taxonomic notes on some powdery mildews (III).

UWE BRAUN Descriptions of new species and combinations in Micro— sphaera and Erysiphe (V) .....csscssecsccses UWE BRAUN

A new species of the genus Flosculomyces. SILVANO ONOFRI The genus Candelabrochaete (Corticiaceae) in North America and a note on Peniophora mexicana. HAROLD H. BURDSALL, Jr. On rhizoids of Entomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresenius (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae). STANISLAW BALAZY Notice: MYCOTAXON 20-volume Cumulative Index, 1974-1984. Latericonis, a new genus of dematiaceous hyphomycetes. VASANT RAO, K. ADINARAYANA REDDY, and G. S. DE HOOG The lichen flora of Navajo National Monument, Arizona. GLEN T. NEBEKER and LARRY L. ST. CLAIR Peziza pileocrocata Crouan & Crouan, a synonym of Arachnopeziza aurelia (Pers. : Fr.) Fuckel. RICHARD P. KORF Some fungi of Cercospora complex from Burma. MAUNG MYA THAUNG Three new marine Phytophthora species from New South Wales scsseues L. GERRETTSON-CORNELL and J. SIMPSON A new pileate species of Junghuhnia (Polyporaceae). SILVIA N. BLUMENFELD and JORGE E. WRIGHT

[CONTENTS continued inside back cover]

167 213

219

271 281

291 299

307

323

343 351 369 375 385

389 397 408

409 413

423 425 453 471

MYCOTAX.

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Printed in the United States of America

USA

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME NINETEEN January-March 1984

Studies in the Hyaloscyphaceae III: the long-spored ligni-

colous species of Lachnum, J. H. HAINES & K. P. DUMONT.. Ascosphaera species inciting chalkbrood in North America

and a taxonomic key, JOAN B. ROSE, MARTHA CHRISTENSEN,

BOLL TAMRAS WL GON ASG cicc sre ae tee Oreinie ele le W ta lets molec ae alee igre ats Notice: IMA and IAPT Special Committee meetings at IMC3..... Studies in the Pezizacede. 1. Introduction. 2. Peziza

apiculata and its relatives, GERALD HIRSCH................. Notice: XIV International Botanical Congress............se008. Mollicarpus, gen. nov. (Polyporaceae) with notes on

Coriolopsis byrsina, Phellinus crocatus, and Polystictus

erocatus' Var. ‘sibiricus, JIGINNS 3. i6's A sre erstes 6 a clevelniee ets wise 6s Ay Tauber: from—Nova.~- Scotia; K.« Az) ‘HARRISON; KELLYAAs

Ce ATED petSC Dia a Wise GRUND solace cru tenatelare slalovel els! o el eyorchetsi hens} iecahetatansiel ss Coniochaeta nepalica, a common Long Island soil fungus,

SHE OOO UNAUR sialge clear ere re(aicvake eters oleleeimie teretche tale rata lonwjotaiala sxe Two new Tricladium species from mountain streams,

UA MARA NOVA:cicpete te erst eel oc ato viele ype wie a) eubrala, clave) n(n jaleceieite'e eos e, = Etudes des types de Peck et de Murrill appartenant ou

ayant appartenu au genre Melanoleuca, JACQUES PFISTER... New leaf spot fungus, Marssonina balsamiferae, on Populus

balsamifera in Manitoba and Ontario, YASUYUKI HIRATSUKA. Type studies in the Polyporaceae 15, species described by

L. 0. Overholts, ‘either alone’ or with; J." LD. *,Lowe;

Blea RW DENG AScpiele o> Leip GLB ERT SONS sacievars clelela eine, ware ete lela eter eds The synnematous hyphomycete Morrisographium pilosum

(Earle) Morelet synonymous with a "'coelomycete,"'

"Cornularia" persicae (Schw.) Sacc., W. I. ILLMAN &

Wood decay fungi of Costa Rica, J. CARRANZA & J. A.

SEIN Zu alee te avtiors te ovet one a Canela pate a stelelales aie ele’ ste suis See elereaaiee o's és Koorchaloma, Koorchalomella, and Kananascus gen. nov.,

Diese MN aa REN tora tove to eterna gue acer elnlel'e this! Wiis lovers ete a eet cree ete ta a Tete ee ge 3 Flora neotropica I. Some lignicolous polypores from

MOMG ZC dirt) SON Cub Os UL dd Ar aiel chal a Gale wide eles Shelone Senta eters ee: siele An index to fungal names and epithets sanctioned by

PSCCOOM Ati tris 547, We OA Noaptea ciee sretaliers ie racelateretat a eletadeteretate teers els Resolution of varietal relationships within the species

Hansenula anomala, Hansenula bimundalis, and Pichia

nakazawae through comparisons of DNA relatedness,

ee eR UCL LAMININ chee Sta\ehe, « Riper ance Gre maseteher a iotehglld a ate pietiate tee attiate ates 60's The genus Brasiliomyces (Erysiphaceae), RU-YONG ZHENG...... Helicomyces torquatus, a new hyphomycete from Panama,

Aer Re PEIN MONG a GA alt OLLEUINE Rivwers eistevern hetero. nie aig a ain tein, alate ai o¥s tolls Spol-testssfor detection) of “tyrosinase, CURRIE D.oMARR.. i. 05. New or interesting microfungi XIII. Ascomycetes on Laurus

NODLUS Pleat paibter =<. F 2 UN a UR Its ate eave oie etcate ee lolate etna cieee tee ovals

Cylindrodendrum album Bonorden a pleoanamorphic semi- aquatic hyphomycete, NATHALIE BUFFIN & G. L. HENNEBERT New species, new varieties, and a new record of Psilocybe from Brazil, GASTON GUZMAN, VERA LUCIA BONONI, & ROSE EVEN DE ct OG On eG RAND) Havers le Work fetta ielinle seca stele esryoetaenindie ais New records of false truffles in pine forests of Arizona, PG Mees EAA eyethiee sate fala "os alstale s Winictnteteie. ai) a\a70 «jo wiat'e’ gfe Ge poke) a.

101

133

13,/

145 Lat 167 LN,

PAS,

Zi 281

Zo 293

307 ane

343 351

Lv

Taxonomic notes on some powdery mildews (III), UWE BRAUN..

Descriptions of new species and combinations in Micro- sphaera and .Erysiphe) (V)sc UWE. BRAUNs i. as. ee vs nace ew cen A new species of the genus Flosculomyces, SILVANO ONOFRI... The genus Candelabrochaete (Corticiaceae) in North Ameri- ca and a note on Peniophora mexicana, HAROLD H. BURSA Ts Wu Fai ie eel ta an cieetel's ate aca ls ay SM fo! oP): wile ih alkali Polattali bette tale 6 teres hana On rhizoids of Entomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresenius (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), STANISLAW BALAZY.

Notice: MYCOTAXON 20-volume Cumulative Index, 1974-1984.....

Latericonis, a new genus of dematiaceous hyphomycetes,

VASANT RAO, K. ADINARAYANA “REDDY, & G. S. DE HOOG.....

The lichen flora of Navajo National Monument, Arizona,

GLENS Te] NEBERER sao CARRY 3.9 ST... \CEAUR Cinco bieteters @ ernanere

Peziza pileocrocata Crouan & Crouan, a synonym of Arach-

nopeziza aurelia (Pers. : Fr.) Fuckel, RICHARD P. KORF...

Some fungi of Cercospora complex from Burma, MAUNG MYA

THAIN oe cli ovsdnt ay ciglicr ss ob al eitoy oheviodacyelinn ay 8) Suet al'eohwiel ele es of aie tale atte ines ola teLe etal etalala

Three new marine Phytophthora species from New South Wales, L. GERRETTSON-CORNELL & J. SIMPSON... .cseseecees A new pileate species of Junghuhnia (Polyporaceae),

SILVIA UN.) BLUMENFELD) & JORGE EB. (WRIGHT ye tee reteists eee oes

Santessonia (Lecanorales, Buelliaceae) in the Namib Desert (South West Africa), EMMANUEL SERUSIAUX & DIRK WESSELS.

Notes on Corticiaceae (Basidiomycetes) XII1, KURT HJORTSTAM.

Effetia, a new genus of ascomycetes from tropical forest soils, ANTONELLA BARTOLI, ORIANA MAGGI, & ANNA

NEATRAGVIN EER SAN Dcsiietatetevatsce selelierel™ sic lnts. sis alarei niet ol steel sapere Me aie oles 6 elener are

Rare or interesting hyphomycetes from tropical forest litter V. Dactylaria fusiformis. Notes on the generic concept

of Dactylaria, SILVANO ONOFRI & LAURA ZUCCONI........... Species of Harpellales living within the guts of aquatic

diptera larvae, “ROBERT W. LICHT WARD T aoe ie ois skies wis ste ste © ats PUAEOG INDE oe vee iallahar a ale tae Weave: gira e's. Wh Wis te rll at ede ole Ween a’ tor a MU erates te ater EV TAN UETI wa iam Sl ginip laren: nears Wityiamaletelal suelfeuess ies ds tauiebel ete ig sible loge teed ria lei rts Cate . MYCOTAXON: publications Gates 1i0'2) aise swt esr vie ane wala atan anes INDEJG 10° fUN US wat ATC OI LA KG or cies bin tess ih) nieve Worn eparecatel ee es aeoeum cea ROVPOWERS 5.5 cp ants sveiei Ure, sles aeuaus, whkeseloteie: ovale is” ol ucat wiles wis a Oly gabe site abecs sifelekecte

369 oe 385 389

O77 408

409 413 423 425 453 471 479 503 515

D238

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Sol 553 553 554 560

MYCOTAXON

Vows, MRIX ipo) 1s39 January-March 1984

STUDIES IN THE HYALOSCYPHACEAE III: THE LONG-SPORED, LIGNICOLOUS SPECIES OF LACHNUM

Je Hi HAENES «© at

Btologteal Survey, New York State Museum The State Educatton Department Albany, New York 12230

K > Pa DUMONT.

The New York Botanteal Garden Bronx, New York 10458

ABSTRACT

The tropical, long-spored, lignicolous species of Lachnum (=Dasyscyphus, Erinella) are revised. Nine taxa, including one new species, one new name and seven new combinations are described from type material. Sixteen additional types of species treated as synonyms were examined. More than 400 collections, many of which were made by the authors, were examined. The genera Erinella and Erioscyphella are lectotypified and Dasyscyphella, Erioscypha, and Erinellina are discussed. Lectotypes are also chosen for Peziza leucophaea Berk. & Curt., EFrinella subcorticalis Pat., Cenangium brasiliense Mont., Peziza Simillima Berk. & Br. and Erinella cognata Pat. An explanation is proposed for the large number of synonyms for these tropical taxa. A new combination is also proposed for Belonidium chusqueae Pat.

INTRODUCTION

Most temperate species of Hyaloscyphaceae have asco- spores less than 15 um in length, and those of many tropical species exceed 30 um and may be as much as 130 um. Several attempts to segregate these tropical species into a genus of their own has led to nomenclatorial and taxo- nomic confusion.

It is convenient to speak of ''the long-spored tropical species of Lachnum" as if it were a well-defined taxonomic

* Published as New York State Museum Journal Sertes no. 406.

category, but spore length proves to be too unreliable to be the basis of sound generic distinctions. Even though many species are separated by differences in spore length, it is impossible to find a distinct break between the Short-spored temperate species and the long-spored tropical ones. For example: the predominantly temperate Lachnum apalum (Berk. & Br.) Nannf. has spores distinctly longer, 35-45 um, than those of the exclusively tropical Dasyscyphus albtdulus var. longisporus Dennis which has spores 18-25 um. In the opinion of the authors both of these species are congeneric with the type of Lachnum and also with the lectotype of Frtoscypheltta which is the nomenclatorially available name for "long-spored tropical species."

REVIEW OF GENERA

The long-spored species have most recently been treated ins Dasyscyphus SS. Fs Gray. inthe sense of (RR. Wi 4G, Dennis (1949, 1954), but recent changes in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature which abolish later starting dates: (Kort, 1982) necessitate that Daeyscypnus: be replaced by Laehnum for all but D. ceritnus (Pers.) Fkl. Before the transfers of the species included in this study are made, it is relevant to recount the taxonomy and nomenclature of the scolecosporous Hyaloscyphaceae to clarify the position of the genera in which they have been treated (see fig. l for a summary).

Erinella Quélet (Echiridion Fung: 301. 1886) was erected, but a type species was not selected, and it in- cluded amongst its original species the type species of Dasyscyphus S. F. Gray, of Lachnum Retzius and of Atractobolus Tode. It was superfluous when published (Article 63 of the International Code of Botanical Nomen- clature) and should be rejected in favor of the earliest of its three synonyms, Lachnum. Even though Frinella Quél. is superfluous, it still needs a type species with which to define the genus in any future discussions. The species Evinella pirgtnea Batsch: Fri). Quél, €=Phezt2a virginea Batsch: Fr.) is hereby selected as the lectotype of Erinella Quél. This fits the original concept of the genus and makes it clearly a taxonomic synonym of Lachnum Retz.

In his system of taxonomy based on spore characters, Saccardo (1889) used Erinella for scolecosporus Dasyscyphae and Trichopezizae and ascribed it to himself with the reference "Vix Quél."" Saccardo included 19 species none of which were included in Quélet's original publication. In his attempt to rectify Quélet's error, Saccardo clearly created a later homonym, and the lectotypification of Erinella Sacc. by Clements and Shear (1931) does not change that fact. One can only speculate as to why Saccardo used a name which he knew to be a synonym (Saccardo, 1884). Perhaps he got the idea from a paper by Patouillard and Gaillard (1888) in which they published four new species of

Erinella Quél. from the Upper Orinoco region of Venezuela, all of which had long spores. It was probably not Patouillard and Gaillard's intention to exclude short- spored species of Ertnella, but they found only long- spored species in this region. Whatever the reason, Erinella in any sense is still unavailable for use. Un- fortunately, until very recently, it has been used by at least a dozen authors, and there are several tropical species which only have epithets in Frinella. Several of these species will receive new combinations in this study.

Dasyscyphella Tranzschel (Hedwigia 38: 11,1899), was the next genus adopted for the long-spored tropical Hyaloscyphaceae. It was based on the single new species, D. cassandrae from Russia and was distinguished from Lachnella Fr. and Dasyscypha Fkl. by its long spores and from Frinella Sacc. by having filiform rather than lanceo- late paraphyses. Dasyscyphella was used in this sense by several authors including Cash (1948) and von Hohnel (1909). It was not until recently that the type species of Dasyscyphella was reexamined by Raitviir (1970) who dis- covered it to have glandular-tipped hairs like those of Lachnum niveum (Hedw.) Karst. Raitviir has transferred L. ntveum and several related species to Dasyscyphella and has used the genus in the same sense as R. W. G. Dennis's Dasyscypha section IX, Wiveae (Dennis 1949).

Erioseypha Kirchsteim (Ann... Mycol, .S6:)1(3830 7193s). was proposed for species that differed from Dasyscyphella in having green-colored ascospores. This character, if it exists at all, seems to have little taxonomic value at the generic level. Uncorrected optics, like those used before the mid-twentieth century cause small hyaline objects to

appear green. It was, perhaps, the optics and not the spores that led authors to describe them as "chlorinus" or "viridulus."' Korf (1978) reexamined the holotype of £.

krtegertana Kirschst. and chose it as the lectotype of the genus. He then placed Ertoscypha into synonymy with Dasyscyphus (sensu Dennis, 1949) and noted that it is re- lated to species in Belontdtum subgenus Phaeobelontdtum. Raitviir (1980) further subdivided his segregate genera and used Lastobelontum Ellis & Everh. for the species of Belontditum with pigmented and roughened hair-walls and with compact, parallel hyphae in the medulary excipulum. He treated Ertoscypha as a synonym based on Korf's study, but did not transfer its type species into Lastobelontum. Whether one takes Korf's broad concept of Dasyscyphus (=Lachnum) or the narrower concept of Raitviir's segregate genera, or even if one wishes to use Ertoscypha for long- spored species of Lastobelonium, the long-spored, tropical species still do not have a genus of their own.

Ertoscyphella Kirschst. (Ann. Mycol. 36: 384, 1938), was proposed at the same time as Ertoscypha to include species which differed from Frinella in having colored

spores, and from Erioscypha in having lanceolate, rather than filiform paraphyses. Even though, as pointed out by Korf (1978), Ertoseypheltla was based on a superficial feature it was validly published and contained two species, EB. tongiepora (Karst)) Kirschst:). and £.odbambusetna (Brees 2 Kirschst. Ertoseyphella longtspora (=Lachnum longtsporum Karst.) is a later synonym of Peziza abnormte Mont. and & longtspora is here selected as the lectotype of Ertosecyphella Kirschst. The second species, Frinella bambustna Bres., is a later synonym for Belontdtum chusqueae Pat. which is a good species of Lachnum. A revised list of nomenclatural and taxonomic synonyms is presented here:

LACHNUM CHUSQUEAE (Pat.) Haines & Dumont comb. nov.

=Belontdtum chusqueae Patouillard, Bull. Soc. Mycol (trance) Lhs 2iscwisooe

=Erinella bambustna Bresadola, Hedwigia 35: 296. 1896.

=Ertocyphella bambusina (Bres.) Kirschst., Ann. Mycol, 36: 384... 1938.

=Dasyscyphus bambusitnus (Bres.) Dennis (as Dasyscypha bambustna) Kew Bull. 1954: 301. 1954.

=Dasyscyphella appressa Cash, Univ. Iowa Stud. Not Hist sks tea TA LO Ses

=Fritnellina appressa (Cash) Seaver, N. Amer. Cup-Fungei Clnopere.), (pe 292. 1952.

=Dasyscyphus appressus (Cash) Le Gal (as Dasycypha appressa) Discomy. Madagascar, Dine to edOao

When the lectotype of Ertoscyphella is compared with the type of Lachnum, L. virgtneum (Batsch.), it appears at first glance that they are sufficiently distinct to warrant separate genera. The ectal excipulum of £. longtspora is short-celled textura prismatica, and its spores are 40-60 um long, while the ectal excipulum of LZ. vtrgineum is hyaline, long-celled textura prismatica and its spores 8-10: um: long. «The difficulty lies in the inability, when confronted by large amounts of tropical and temperate material, to find a break in the continuum of spore sizes and excipulum characteristics between the two type species. Thus, Ertoscyphetla is treated here as a later taxonomic synonym of Lachnum. If at a future time the long-spored tropical species can be satisfactorily distinguished from Lachnum, Ertosecyphella is the valid name to be used.

Ertnelltna Seaver (N. Amer. Cup-Fungi (Inoperc.) p. 290, 1951) was a name proposed for EFritnella Sacc. not Erineltla Quel. Seaver tried to correct Saccardo's error, but he was apparently unaware of Kirschstein's Ertoscyphella

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and merely created a later taxonomic synonym. Seaver's type species, E. stmillima (Berk. & Br.) Seaver (=Peztza stmtllima Berk. & Br.) is a later synonym for Cenangium brastltense Mont.

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF SPECIES

Just as the taxonomy of this group has been confused at the generic level, it has also been confused at the species level. Large numbers of taxa were described by authors who had never seen tropical fungi in the field, but had received them from collectors who had little taxonomic knowledge of the fungi they were collecting. Often the colors or crystal formations on the specimens were changed by the hot, wet climate or by the methods used to preserve them from decay, such as soaking them in fluids. There was such a flurry of Activity in; collecting tropical funer at the turn of the century that mycologists in several European institutions were Simultaneously describing the same species from the neotropics and the other tropical regions. Table 1 reviews the taxonomic history of two common tropical species that were described many times. The table also accentuates the fact that none of these authors collected the fungi that they described as new, nor is there any indication that. they ever saw those fungi in their natural habitat. Several authors differentiated white species from brown species. In two cases, Berkeley (1868 in table 1) and Starbdack (1899 in table 1), authors described the same species from the same locality twice. In both cases the difference was based on color, and the authors described young material and old material as different species. All of the other "species" were based on collections sent from different locations by different collectors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We have observed and collected the lignicolous species of Lachnum many times in different tropical regions. It is probable that the amount of discomycete material gathered in the 1970's in connection with the Flora Neotropica project is the largest ever assembled. For other papers based on this material see Haines (1980) & Haines & Dumont (1983). For the sake of economy of space in this paper, only Key specimens such as types, exsiccati, and other specimens which have been previously cited or which significantly ex- tend the range of the species, have been included in the lists of specimens examined.* All of this material was dried by warm air within hours of being collected. Material

* Complete lists of Flora Neotropica spectmens examined are avatlable on request from the authors and will be publtshed tn the forthcoming FLORA NEOTROPICA monograph on the Hyaloscyphaceae.

dried in this manner has posed no problem in separating the white-haired and brown-haired species, but there was con- siderable difficulty in determining the hair color of some specimens collected by others. The difficulty was not correlated with age, but apparently with the way the specimens were dyed or preserved. Some specimens were apparently painted with or immersed in aqueous or alcoholic solutions containing various preservatives.

For the present study, all comparisons of hair color were made on preparations which were revived in 3% KOH and mounted in clear lactophenol for at least a month. Final measurements of spores, hairs, asci and paraphyses were made from material treated this way and from material mounted directly in 3% KOH. The species included here can be dis- tinguished by their spores alone, and through recently collected material the hair-color associated with each spore type was determined. With this information the hair-color of even the most poorly preserved material can be inferred. It became evident that the pigmentation of the hairs after they had been aged in lactophenol was more reliable than observations of the unrevived material or even the informa- tion in the original descriptions.

There are discrepancies between the number of septa in spores described in the older literature and those observed by the authors. They are frequently difficult to observe, and some spores form additional septa just prior to germina- tion. The best time to observe septa is when spores are mature but stillsin thevascus... This occurs before’ mostvo. the refractive matter (lipid bodies) is formed. Septa are eaSily observed after the spores have been immersed over- night in 3% KOH with phloxine stain.

Measurements of narrow cells such as spores, paraphyses and asci were made on material left in KOH less than an hour. Cell walls are made elastic and overly wide measurements will result when studying material left in KOH too long.

THE LIGNICOLOUS SPECIES

The use of substrate to delimit the species treated in this work: may, seems at. Tirst.” an artilieval criterion ous it has become clear from this study that the nine species described here do form a closely related group. Further, other Lachnum species on different substrates apparently are not closely related to this grouping. They are a con- Spicuous. part of the tropical. fungus-flora and may be.as prevalent in the tropics as L. vtrgtneum (Batsch) Fr. and its relatives are in temperate regions. These tropical and temperate groups are not known to occur sympatrically, but in their respective regions they are found on similar kinds of woody substrates, and it is probable that their ecological functions are very similar. The species covered in this

paper are probably found in-all tropical regions of the world, and in some cases a Single species is known from dis- tant geographical areas in Asia, Africa and the neotropics.

Relatively little is known about the host specificity of tropical species of Lachnum due to the lack of host LdevTLI1CcaLLons. tor the. majority or coliections:: It, is known that a single host can support more than one species of Lachnum. There are several collections in which a single piece of substrate has two distinct species growing in close Proximity .

Some species studied in this work appear to exhibit altitudinal preference. Although collections of commonly collected species such as L. abnormts are known from sea level 10 cal. 3500 “Mm it, “together with: i. ~dteum; ifs cyphellotdes, and L. attenuatum, is commonly found between 1200-1600 meters. Lachnum selerotti and L. brastlense are most prevalent under 1500 meters. JLachnum calosporum, L. lLagerhetmitt, and L. patena are most common between 2300-3700 m in the paramos and cloud forests. The species with the shortest spores are found at the lowest elevations and those with the longest spores at the highest. No reason for this phenomenon is proposed.

Several collections of £2. cinormts, Lactndteum, L. Secleroritd, and, %. pbrasttvense were seen in which the apothecia were heavily parasitized by a Nectrta species. This Nectria is an undescribed species which will be pub- lished in the near future (C. T. Rogerson, personal communi- cation). The parasite infects the apothecium of its host and prevents most ascus formation by developing over the hymenium and margins. There is no apparent preference of this Neetria for any one species of Lachnum, but it is so far known only from the species treated in this paper.

KEY TO THE TROPICAL, LONG-SPORED, LIGNICOLOUS SPECIES OF LACHNUM

1, Spores 25-32 x 2.3-3.0 um, fusiform, mostly 3~septate, apothecia with buff hairs, hairs often tipped with amber-

COMOTCUY TES LE MASSES) arise ele oe ee hoe We hye SOLeMOrl TL, 1'.Spores longer than 32 um, not with the above combina-

LOE UO LE 1 CIP AGG Gn Baltes IME hayes Brahe mine gate NOR eke aif aw ioe Pps

2. opOres averaging “less: than’ 65 wm Longe Ogee te is

3. Spores fusiform, tapered at both ends, 34-48 x 1.8-2.9 um, mostly non-septate, hairs white, apotheciavotten witha blue-black -base : 04...) Pere aA SR Pe Nee) ecg in 9 ae ae I, Ge pradetlience.

3'.Spores clavate or cylindrical: with one tapered CHO ACSEDE AOU 48k ie ates Wrote A eee ma ea ric aoa hat ws 4. 4. Spores cylindrical with one tapered end,

ADOLNEE LA: Sib ee Dae ci Gan ee Oe Wig Rk ew Sel ae

10

5. Apothecia with at least some brown or buff hairs on the stipe, base of stipe sometimes brown-black, spores 40-60 um long, commonly

CASSCDUALES Jitosa: a x allleos dur halo A Renee lata ahem elone On 6. Spores averaging less than 2 um wide, Haars Sieh ty rOown: s.04 5) LS Leen @DNORM LS.

6'.Spores averaging more than 2 um wide, hairs medium to dark Drown, . a... umueces Bs ses SINT 7 sR Ra es eet ae BAU YR 2. bi tRoOLeums 5'.Apothecia with grey-green hairs, base of stipe often blue-black, spores 49-65 x 1.2- 2. Ooi MOSMLy "l=SCP LAC) hiv. chelsea enna ned see ise SR ie taints Beatie GAC! Laka rol lag AHS 7. Le lagerhermen, o''.Apothecia with white hairs throughout, stipe with white base, spores 32-45 x 1.2-1.7 um, O-, l- or 3-septate, hairs often tipped with clear resin masses ...< 6. 7h. cyphellotdee 4' Spores clavate with one end attenuate, apo- thecia sessile, spores 39-54 x 3.0-4.2 um, up to 7-septate, apothecia usually less than C52) CARINE CLL AME) ac tenet van si Teel eu tioies ete Oo. LL. attenuatun. Zisopores) averaging: more than Go: vm LON ey oi sae: scereue his 7. Apothecia with light brown hairs, often tipped with small, amber resin masses, stipe often with brownish black base, spores 80-100 um, cylindri- cal with one tapered end, up to 17-septate Metra crt al cers conse Mec sk Abas eben tee an canon ts 4. G. ecaltosporum, 7' .Apothecia with white hairs, often agglutinated by large masses of white matter, base of stipe usually white, spores fusiform with both ends acute, usually O- or 1-septate, 60-90 um long WL Wiha ROL ait ee othe eer al earch Seti al ke Pen cu ak Pe eee 80 (De pabema:

1. LACHNUM ABNORMIS (Mont.) Haines & Dumont, comb. nov.

Foe OSes =Peziza abnormts Montagne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., sér. Deno OO oOo. : =(rvtenopeztz2a ‘abnormts: (Mont.):Sace., Syll.. Fungs.ce 429. 1889. =Dasyscyphus abnormts (Mont,.,)) Dennis, Kew, Buble? 220) enlLOOSe

=Peztza lLeucophaea Berkeley & Curtis, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts AWE2 82/1860... (none Pestza Leucophaed (Persia) Ny Lae wore Saultskerhaunar Pie evenn. Fohr. LOS) BG One) serine Llacbeneophaed,. (Berk... &-Curte) Sace.s0 ovr. Pune. Soe A 1 BSO-. =Lachnum tongtsporum Karsten, Hedwigia 28: 191. 1889. SRrinuellawlongiepora (Karst) Saccl.\\oybh. ) hangar 507. 1889): =Ertosecyphella tongtepora (Karst...) Kirschstein, Ann, My Colo roon. LOSS. =Frinellina longtspora (Karst.) Seaver, N. Amer. Cup- Fung “GlnopercG.)) py) 2934 1990)",

11

=Frinella corttcola Massee, Bull. Misc. Inform. 1898: 115. 1898. =Dasyscyphus corttcola (Massee) Dennis, Kew Bull. 15: PAS Wigs BS) Syd be =Erineltltna corticola (Massee) S. C. Teng, Chung-kuo Trchen—chun (Pungei7 or Ching) po. 760> 1964: =Erinella avellaneomellea Starback, Bih. Kongl. Svenska Wevensk. Acad.» handl."2o7Atd.) [Ling Nos 1h 62 1899". =Dasyscyphus avellaneomelleus (Starb.) Dennis (as Dasyscypha avellaneomellea). Kew Bull. 9: 300, 1954. =Erinella tsabellina Starback, Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.- AwAGe Tend La 2oeAtOe i tno Mii Oa LOO. =Dasyscyphella schroetertana Rehm, Hedwigia 39: 95. 1900. =Dasyscyphus schroetertanus (Rehm) Dennis (as Dasyscypha schroeteriana), Kew Bull. 9: 301. 1954. =EMPCHCULA Wereroltricna sper. 4 Bods “Acad.. Nac. Ci.” 232.511. 1919.

HOLOTYPE - Bertero 1708, May 1830, Juan Fernandez Is., Chile. On bark in montane forests. The type packet at Kew contains a single piece of tree bark with 15-20 apothecia. The apo- thecia are slightly immature and have considerable insect damage to the hymenia, but are otherwise well preserved and rehydrate well in 3% KOH. No additional original material courd be located at Kor PC.

Apothecia scattered to crowded on bark or wood, globose when young, opening to goblet-shape and finally planate at maturity, 0.5-2.5(-3.5) mm diam, externally covered with pale buff to sienna hairs on the underside and pale buff to white hairs at the margin, when hairs abraiding away then causing the apothecium to appear lighter colored, usually without crystaline or resin-like formations on the tips of the hairs, rarely with red water-soluble formations easily observed with a dissecting microscope, stiptate. Stipe variable, measuring from a narrow peg-like process to a stout cylinder as long as the disc is wide, often with a naked, brown-black base, firmly attached, leaving a short stump when broken off. Disc (hymenium) obscured by the in- folded margins of the cup when young, increasingly exposed with maturity, remaining exposed when dried, regularly eircular in outline, buff to orange, generally pale luteus, changing lattle on drying, without color change or ‘con- Spicuous pigment release in 3% KOH.

Hairs coyLovu wm Tong, mostly 5=—(O x 1262-35 0) um cylindrical with hemispherical tips, slightly irregular in outline, curved or flexuous, septate, forming cells 8-40 um long, but varying greatly in a single apothecium, covered externally with minute, tightly-adhering granules up to 0.4 um diam., walls thin, to 0.6 um wide, ‘hyaline to ochraceous with transmitted light, always some hairs with pigmented walls and sometimes pigmented contents, often more lightly pigmented or hyaline toward the tips, arising at an angle from the outer-most excipular cells. Marginal hairs often

12

hyaline and longer than the excipular hairs. Sterile tissue composed of several differentiated regions: the innermost or medullary excipulum of very loosely woven, highly branched, hyaline textura intricata composed of thick-walled, long- celled hyphae 1-2 um diam; the subhymenium, between the hymenium and medullary excipulum, a layer of compact textura composed of thin-walled, short-celled hyphae with indis- tinctly formed croziers; in the middle the subhymenium grading into the cortex of the stipe and composed of very tightly packed, unbranched, very long-celled hyphae ca 1 um diam and giving a braided appearance due to the interweaving of many stranded bundles; the ectal excipulum: the inner- most layer, layer 25-50 um thick, of loosely packed parallel hyphae with some interwoven strands, the individual hyphae intermediate in size between those of the medullary excipu- lum and those of the stipe; the middle layer formed from the tips of the inner layer becoming much thicker and closely septate to form a thin layer of short-celled, textura pris- matica composed of cells up to 5 x 10 um, oriented at 45° angle to the surface of the outer ectal excipulum; the cells becoming smaller, more compact and slightly pigmented, forming a thin layer of cuboid-celled textura prismatica to textura angularis giving rise to hairs. The base of the stipe often covered with hyaline walls to give the base a superficial resemblance to members of the Sclerotineaceae.

Asci (77-)85-96(-105) x (5-)7-9 um, cylindrical with a tapered base, usually without a recognizable crozier, anda hemispherical apex with a distinct apical pore, J+ with or without KOH pretreatment, staining as a short, hollow cylin- der, less than 1.2 um in each dimension, spores formed in the upper third, eventually filling the entire ascus when mature, 8-spored.

Spores (39-)45-57(-67) x (1.4-)1.7-1.9(2.2) um, cylin- drical flexuous (vermiform), often in. a sigmoid configura- tion, with a hemispherical apex and tapered base narrowing to about 0.8 um before rounding off, O-7 septate, commonly 7-septate at maturity just prior to release from the ascus, often with large refractive bodies prior to germination, hyaline, thin-walled.

Paraphyses narrowly lanceolate (2.0-)2.3-2.9(-3.2) um at their widest point about one fourth back from the tip, with blunt apices, exceeding the asci by 8-12 um, straight, unbranched, hyaline, thin-walled, without conspicuous con- tents and non-septate in the upper half.

No anamorphic state observed.

HOSTS - Most commonly found on wood and bark of trees, rarely on woody vines and large herbaceous stems in tropical forests. It occurs on dead stems of all sizes from 2 mm to large tree boles and has occasionally been collected on living trees. Host species are rarely recorded owing to the

LS

great difficulty of identifying small detached twigs in tropical forests. The hosts that have been recorded are often distinctive, easily recognized species and may not be representative of the entire host range. Recorded hosts are Byrsonta spicata, Cupressus sp., Eucalyptus sp., Quercus tneana and Ulex europaeus.

RANGE - Apparently widespread throughout tropical regions of the world. It occurs between sea level and 3200 m elev.,

but is most common between 1700-2600 m elevation in South and Central America. It is known from Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, brazil; Chite, People's, Republic’ of China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, India, Jamaica, Japan, Java, Malaya, Mexico, New Guinea, New Zealand, Panama, Peru, Rwanda, Singapore and VeneZuela.

PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ILLUSTRATIONS - Rehm, Hedwigia 39, pl. Soebigsion, J900\\Cas *Dasyscyphavschrocrertanay>s RR. tW.\G. Dennvs) Kew Bull. °9:'302, figs:S (as Di. aveltaneomeltlea); JOze tees TO Cas D. -schroetertana).,.3s05,ifig. Jl4d Cas Dasyscyphus brastliensts); Dennis, Kew Bull. 15: 297. fig. 6, 1961 (as Dasyscyphus corttcota); Dennis, Kew Bull. 17: S20% tae. 1, 1963 (as Dasyscyphus abnormts.).

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Brazil: Wainio, 1885, Minas, Lafayette, holotype of Lachnum ltongtsporum Karsten (H); Malme 107, 12 Dec 1892, Cascata de Hermenegilda Opp. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, type of Frinella avellaneomellea Starback, 2 packets (S); Malme 180, 24 Jan 1893, Santo Angelo near Cachoeiro do Sul, holotype of Frinella isabellina Starback (S); Ule 1569, Sep 1889, "Orlegno," holotype (portion of) Dasyscyphella schroeteritana Rehm, ex herb. Sydow (S); Noack 269, Jan 1897, Corrego Alegre, Minas Gerais, as Eritnella subeervina Bresa- dola, ex herb. Rehm and herb. Sydow (8S); Puiggari 19, before 1919, Apiahy, holotype of Frinella heterotricha Spegazzini, herbarium number 24434, (LPS); Rick 42, 1928, Porto Novo, Sta Catharano., on bark? (FH)s Rick. Oct) 1932. ‘Saodieopoldo, Raoyvorande dotoul., “as erinel ta tsapetlling (FH)... .CHILE: See holotype of L. abnormis. PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: Cheo Z0255)c0 Jun L933. Chin. Tune (Ging: Yurn Heien), Kwangsi:.,

1100 m, on dead bark of Ltqutdambar (FH). COLOMBIA: Dumont- CO 335, Haines & Idrobo, 1 Jul 1974, Quebrada Aguas Blancas, road between Sibate & Fusagasuga, Dpto. Dundinamarca, small woody stem: (COL, “NY, NYS). An additional, 21 -collections jare deposited at NY & COL with some duplicates at NYS. COSTA RICA: / Carroll 931,,.28 Auge 1964, benehi mark 832B,. Inter- american Highway, 47.5 km south of San Jose, ca 1850 m (NYS); Carrol. 9325.5 Sep 1964, vicinity of Vulcan Barba, ca 1920 m ENYS). ECUADOR: “Dumont—EC 373, Carpenter: & Buritica; .18 Jul 1975 ca 55 km from Santo Domingo, on new road from

Quito to Santo Domingo, Prov. Pinchincha, ca 1800 m, decayed wood (NY); An additional 3 collections are deposited at NY SveCOL ew GUADELOUPE OF. Wwolete Piaster "Alro) Carpenter, '& Sherwood, 3 Jan 1974, Forest Des Bains Jaunes, Guadeloupe National Forest, ca 1050-1155 m, SW slope, very decayed

14

wood (FH). INDIA: . Singh, PAN 3810, 29 Jun 1971, Narkanda, Mahasu, Himachal Pradesh, ca 2775 m (previously reported as Dasyscyphus brastliensts, Nova Hedwigia 32: 70, 1980) (PAN, NYS); M. P. Sharma 24, PAN 3928, 24 Jul 1972, Baloon, Dahausie, Himachal Pradesh State, 1525-2150 m (previously reported as Dasyseyphus brastltensts, Nova Hedwigia 32: 70, 1980) (NYS); M.°P: Sharma 716, PAN 11716, 18 Apr’ 19767 near Sainik Rest House, Simla, Himachal Pradesh, ca 2600 m;

Mo eP. pobarmasco..,, PAN ULE 57 (28 Sep 21979. (Tif fonsmeope Kumaon Hills, «Nainital. Uttar Pradesh; ca 2730 miQnys): JAMAICA:; CUP-MJ 167, Korf, Dixon, Dumont, Erb, Pfister; Reynolds, Rossman & Samuels, 9 Jan 1981, along Lady's Mile Trail to just South of Woodcutter's Gap, vicinity of New Castle, border of St. Andrew & Portland Parishes, on twig (CUP, NYS); An additional 2 collections deposited CUP. JAPAN: = Wright, 24 May 1855, Shudin Hilis? | Simodahn- iss lectotype of Pesizaleucophaedq Berk. (& (Cunt. e( Kk, erie

JAVA: CUP-SA 238; CUP-SA 245, Rifai & Korf, 14 Dec 1961, near Tjibodas River, Tjibodas, Java (substrate for undes- cribed Neetria sp.) (CUP). MEXICO: G. Guzman 7033; Guzman 7356, 24 Jun 1969, cerca de Tlilapa, al pie del Rio Asserra- dera, camino Orizaba-Zongolica, Estado Veracruz, 1200 m, Bosque tropical con Platanus y cafetal (MEXU, NY); An addi- tional 12 collections deposited NY. NEW ZEALAND: G. J. Samuels, PDD 31945, 20 Aug 1973, farm of Sam Howe, Waipapa West Road, North of Kerikeri, Bay of Islands County, Aukland Prov., on Ulex eropaeus (PDD, NYS). PANAMA: Dumont-PA 1685, Carpenter, 2 Jul 1975, oak forest, Cerro Respingo, ca 6 km northwest of town of Cerro Punta, Prov. Chiriqui, ca 2300 m (NY); An additional 10 collections deposited NY. PERU: Dumont-PE 483, Carpenter, Sherwood, & Buritica, 2 Jul 1976, vicinity km post 469 from Lima, on the Huanuco-Tingo Maria Road; Dpto. Huanuco, 2250 m (NY): :l additzonal col lecevon deposited NY. RWANDA: Rammeloo 4897, 6 Oct 1974, Kinigi, Plantation Rops, Eucalyptus bark (GENT); Rammeloo 4445, 31 Aug 1974, Foret de Rugege, 2 km from Garamba on the road to Gisakura, mountain rain forest (GENT). SRI LANKA (Ceylon): Thwaites 11 (original material of Peziza stmillima. Not the Lectotype) <(K).. Uses. As, PUBRTO/RICO: Haines. PR. F7S.G42¢un- PR 4065), Korf, Pfister, Rossman, Benson, Sanchez & Skog, 13 June OCO kn ot FOMuMar A CaO. Tte (105, (CawocO unl tay ope VENEZUELA: Dumont-VE 57, Haines, 17 Jun 1971, trail south- east, from, Humboldt Hotel, Parg..Nac. El,Avila, Dtos reds rotten wood (NY, NYS); An additional 61 collections deposited in NY with duplicates of some in NYS and VEN.

DISCUSSION.-- This is one of the most common inoperculate discomycetes in the tropics. Macroscopically it is easily distinguished from L. brasiltiense, L. ecyphetlotdes and L. lagerhetmtt by producing brown hairs on the underside of the cup. It can often be distinguished from the very similar JL. selerottt with a hand lens by the lack of amber-colored resin deposits on the tips of its hairs. It is most, common at elevations near 2500 m, whereas L. selerottt is more common near 600 m elevation.

Migs)

There is considerable color variation among collections of this species. The hairs at the margin of the cup may range from pure white to ochreous (Rayner, 1970), but the stipe and underside of the cup always have some buff to sienna bairs. withis) color changes. Little iwith drying, but becomes lighter in older specimens as the brown hairs are abraded, exposing the lighter-colored excipulum. The base of the stipe in some apothecia is devoid of hairs and is brown-black at the base, but this is not a consistent fea- ture within the species. The most stable character is spore Shape. The cylindrical, 3-7 septate, flexuous spores which are tapered at the lower end are found only in this species and the closely related Z. tndteum. This character has not been found in any of the white-haired specimens examined for this study. Paraphysis shape varies some but is always recognizable as "narrowly lanceolate.'' Some of the varia- tions described from the types of L. abnormis synonyms are possibly attributable to different methods of preservation. When the apothecia are rehydrated in 3% KOH and mounted in lactophenol for a week or more, the variation is minimal, and all within the expected range of variation of a single species.

Examination of original materials of Peziza leucophaea Berk. & Curt. proved that here were the two different species, and lectotypification is necessary to define the species.

The Kew portion from the Berkeley Herbarium has spores much longer than those in the original description. The descrip- tion states” that they are “1/5000. in..-long™ (this is presum-— ably a printer's error for 1/500 in which would be 48 um). Those of the specimen exceed 80 um and the specimen is the same as Erinella calospora Pat., which was described later. Two specimens in the Farlow Herbarium are very similar to one another and may be from the same gathering. Their spores are 40-50 um long and fit the description in all respects. One of these specimens is from the Ringgold and Rogers, North Pacific Exploring Expedition collection. This packet contains ample substrate, but only a few, poorly preserved apothecia. The other specimen is from the Curtis Herbarium. It has about 25 apothecia in good condition and is accom- panied by a small, accurate drawing of the spores and the measurement 1/500". This specimen is hereby chosen as lecto- type of Peztza leucophaea Berk. & Curt. (non- Peztza leuco- phaea (Pers.: Fr.) Nyl.). Although the specimens sent to Berkeley by Curtis are usually the types of their joint species, in this case it appears that’ the information sent by Curtis from the specimen in his own herbarium was the basis of the original description.

Erinella bogortensts P. Henn & Nym. Monsunia 1: 33, 1899, was described from the bark of a tree in Java with spores which the original authors describe as "filiformibus utringue rotundatis, pluriguttulatis, hyalins: 50-55 x°2. um" and sounds very much like L. abnormts, but the type specimen could not be located for study.

16

2. LACHNUM INDICUM (Cash) Haines & Dumont comb. nov. Fig. a | cs

=Dasyscyphella tndtca Cash, Mycologia 40: 724. 1948. =Dasyscyphus tndicus (Cash) Ahmad (as Dasyscypha ENGLECG i) BDLOL. Soc. Pakistan, Monogr li Siarovee

HOLOTYPE - Ahmad 434, 20 Jul 1940, Mussoorie, Uttar Pradesh States(BPr)..

Apothecia on thick bark of deciduous tree boles, nearly globose when young, opening to planate at maturity, 1.5-3.0 (-4.0) mm diam, light buff, externally covered with sienna to umber hairs, the individual hairs becoming abraided away to expose the exterior of the cup and remaining pigmented at the margin of the cup. Stipe thick, sometimes darkened exteriorly at the base, usually concealed by the expanded disc at maturity. Disc (hymenium) exposed at maturity even when dry, ochreous to orange-sienna when dry.

Hairs sto-L50) um.) mostly. 35=70 ux, 2..3-35 5S ym sey land nre ae with hemispherical tips, thin to thick walled, walls to 1.0 um thick, straw to. sienna with transmitted iirgnt color an they contents:and walls: ..Betal excipulum, Similar toss. abnormts. Asci (90-)99-113(-125) x (7-)8-9(-11) um, cylin- drical with a tapered base and hemispherical apex, with dis- tinct apical pore J+, staining as a hollow, tapered cylinder. Spores (35-)40-55(-70) x (-1.8)2.1-2.5(-3.0) um, cylindrical, flexuous, often C-shaped, with hemispherical apex and Slightly tapered basal portion, O-, 1-, 3-, 5- or 7-septate while still in the ascus. Paraphyses straight, narrowly lanceolate (2.2-)2.5-3.2(-3.7) um at their widest point with blunt apices.

HOSTS - On thick rough bark of dead hardwood trees. Known from Quercus ineana Roxb. and unidentified trees.

RANGE - Known from Africa, People's Republic of China, and India, mostly from elevations near 2100 m.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED - PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: S. Y. Cheo 1868, 13 Apr 1933, Ne Kang (Ling Yuin Hsein), Kwangsi Prov., L100 m)( FH). *CONGOuCformerly Belgian Congo):, D.) Ha, Linder 2154) 162 Feb: 1927, Mt... Ninagong, ca: 2700 m CFH)>. dindere Zsa. 17 Feb 1927, between Burunga & Lulenga (FH). INDIA: Ahmad 434, 20 Jul 1940, Mussoorie, Uttar Pradesh State, ca 2150 m, "on mossy bark of trees" (BPI); M. P. Sharma 2 (PAN 3907), 19 Jul 1972, Panjpulla, Dalhausie, Himachal: Pradesh State. ca 2000 m, on bark of Quercus incana (PAN, NYS); M. P. Sharma 651 (PAN 11651), 3 Jun 1977, Glen, Simla, Himachal Pradesh State, ca 2100 m, on thick bark of hardwood tree CPAN, NYS) 3) MS PL Sharma 751 (PAN 11751) o.2% Sepy lo/oyeChiae Peak, Nainital, Uttar Pradesh State, ca 2280 m on thick bark of Quercus tneana Roxb. (PAN, NYS).

DY

DISCUSSION.-- Lachnum tndicum differs from LZ. abnormis in having slightly wider spores, longer asci, larger apothecia and more darkly pigmented disc and hairs. In all other

morphological features L. tndtcum is very similar to L. abnormts and may occur in the same geographic regions. Usually differences as slight as these would be considered to be within the variation of a single species, but in this case most of the known specimens are from the same geo- graphic region and elevation are all on a similar substrate: the thick, rough bark of Quercus tneana and possibly of other trees. When all of these factors are taken into account L. tndteum is easily distinguished from LZ. abnormis.

The original description compares Lachnum indteum with Ertnella eortteola Massee, from which it differs "in flexuous instead of fusoid paraphyses."' However, we have observed the paraphyses to be narrowly lanceolate and not flexuous in both species. The spores of the type of Dasyscyphella indica are somewhat flexuous, but are even more so in E£. corttcola.

3. LACHNUM SCLEROTII (A. L. Smith) Haines & Dumont, comb. DOV 1 SS 2, 3%

BpelouTarunm sc rergert A. be Sheth.) 2 ubinn 7 6ocs|; Bot. SOs ba. LOOT, =Frinella subecorticalis Patouillard in Duss, Champ. Guade- £OuUpe, G7. 1903 | =Ertoseypha subeorttcalts (Pat. in Duss) Kirschstein, ANT ely COl 362) 384." 193S; =Dasyscyphella subcorttealts (Pat. in Duss) Cash, Mycologia 35: 601. 1943. =Dasyscyphus subcorticalts (Pat. in Duss) Dennis (as Dasyscypha subcortrealts,), Kew Bull. .9::299. 1954. =Frinella subcervtna Bres. in Rick, Ann. Mycol. 4: 390. 1906.

HOLOTYPE: =—“Ws Re ELLLott 1367, 31 Jan. 1896, St.. Aroment , Dominica, British West Indies, on decorticated branch (K). A very tiny portion of this specimen containing a single whole apothecium and a few fragments remain in the type packet.

Apothecia solitary, scattered or crowded on bark or wood of woody twigs and vines, rarely on herbaceous stems, nearly globose when young, opening to goblet-sShape, and finally shallow cup-shaped with a raised, even, circular MAreig atzmaturity,' 0. 5-2, 0¢€-3.0) mm in: diam,’ pale built; ex- ternally completely covered with buff to ochreous hairs except at the margin and there the hairs occasionally lighter or white, hairs becoming abraided and leaving the excipulum exposed, the tips of the hairs usually bearing a lump of amber-colored, resinous matter appearing like minute sugar crystals under a 60 X microscope, slowly dissolving in 3% KOH without conspicuous pigment release or color change, stipitate to subsessile. Stipe funnel-shaped, to 1 mm high and 0.5 mm diam, usually visible in unexpanded apothecia,

18

Fig.

Lachnum sclerotit, a. hairs, b. section through excipulum, c. paraphyses, d. asci, e. apothecium.

a., c., d. from type specimen, b. from Dumont VE-

310, e. rom’ Dumont, CO-2287.. aed 1000K,

e. ca. oOX.

Lg

but covered by the upper portion of the cup when expanded, base of stipe very dark brown and devoid of hairs in some apothecia. Disc (hymenium) covered by the infolded margins of the cup when young and increasingly exposed with maturity, remaining exposed even when dry in mature specimens, light butt to luteus, Lightening slightly with maturity.

HAAS vO uo um. MOStLy (30-10 so 2c ooo. Cy Lindrical with hemispherical tips with resinous-appearing matter soon dissolving in aqueous solution, thin-walled, septate, roughened externally with tightly adhering granules to 0.4 um (coarser than those of Lachnum virgtneum but finer than those of Dasyscyphus certnus), hyaline to buff with transmitted light, color in the cell contents and cell wall, not removed by extended immersion in KOH or lactophenol solutions. Ectal excipulum very similar to that described for Lachnum abnormis. Asci (75-)82-90(-100) x (6.0-)7.0-8.0(-9.4) um, cylindrical with a tapered base, usually without conspicuous croziers, and hemispherical apex with a distinct apical pore, J+ with or without KOH pretreatment, staining as a hollow cylinder, less than 1.5 um in each dimension; lower third devoid of spores, collapsing and breaking down soon after spore dis- charge, 8-spored. Spores (20-)25-32(-43) x (2.0-)2.3-3.0 (-3-2) pm, fusiiorm, ‘straight or slightly curved, not. fléex- uous, tapered at each end, bipolar or nearly so, becoming 3-septate while still in the ascus, filled with numerous re- fractive bodies, hyaline, thin-walled. Paraphyses narrowly lanceolate with blunt apices (2.0-)2.3-2.9(-3.2) um at their widest point (ca 1/3 back from the tips),- exceeding the asci by up to 12 um, straight, unbranched, hyaline, thin-walled and non-septate in the upper half.

HOSTS - Commonly found on wood or bark of hardwood twigs, stems or trunks, occasionally on vines and rarely on herba- ceous stems. The host species have very rarely been identi- fied. It has been recorded on Symplocos marttntcensts, Richerta grandis, Xanthoxylon fagara.

RANGE - Apparently widespread throughout tropical regions, probably in the same regions as L. abnormis, but at lower elevations. It is most common below 1500 m. It is known Lromepragaal, “Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, “Florida, Guadeloupe, India, Jamaica, Martinique, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Puerto Rico and Venezuela.

PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ILLUSTRATIONS - Dennis, Kew Bull. 9: COOPmIoOae tne. «(,e tert: and right, tige: onlyce*Cash. “Mycologia so rove, 1943, fig. 1. Otani, | The Botanical Expedition to Papua New Guinea, The National Science Museum, Tokyo. 1975, Der29.s tig) 14° 6-41.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED - BRAZIL: Rick, 1904, Sao Leopoldo (as Fungi Austro-Americani 51, isotype of Eritnella subcervina) GEO WRvckiis7; 928 Parecy Novo. Rio Grande-do Sul CFE); Riek, 1928) Porto. Novo; (Sta. Catharina CFR)? (Skvortzov: SP71405, 21 Aug 1964, Parque do Estado, Sao Paulo, Estado de

20

Sad Paulo (NY). COLOMBIA: Dumont CO-546, Haines, Velasquez & Fonnegra, 5 Jul 1974, Buenos Aires, Providencia, Anori, Rio Anord.,. Dpto. Antiodusra .COL,. NY¥,0NYS) <>) any addied Ongar s collections deposited COL, NY, & NYS. CUBA: Earle & Murrill 494, 19-20 Mar 1905, Alto Cedro, Santiago de Cuba Prov.; on wood in low; dense, virgin forest. (CNY). uW 2 ao. White 342, 20-21 Jun 1941, coffee plantation, San Blas, in foothills of Trinidad Mts. ;-ca,180+m: (FH). “DOMINICA: . (See holotype). ECUADOR: Dumont-EC 413, Dumont, Carpenter & Buritica, 18 .Jul 1975, ca 55 km from. Santo..Domingo, on ine new road from Quito to Santo Domingo, Prov. Pinchincha, ca 1800 m, on wood (NY); an additional 2 collections deposited ) at NY: GUADELOUPE: Duss 509, 1902, Bois, inferrieurs des ) Bains—Jaunes (lectotype of Frinella subcorticalts, herb. | Patouillard Sheet 5352, FH); Duss 538, Matouba (original | material of Frinella subcortieallis) (FH); Duss 1907, Oct | 1900, Camp Jacob, on Symplocos martinicensis (FH); Duss 1908, | Oct. .1900, Morne Gommier (FH)... HAITI: . Buck 9452, 21 ‘Nov | 1982, 8 km N of Seguin, on road to Kenscoff, Massif de la | Selle, Dept. de Sudest, dwarf cloud forest, 1900 m (NY). | INDIA: R. Sharma, PAN 24066, 14 Sep 1981, 12 km from Jamiri towards Buragaon, Arunachal Pradesh, ca 1200 m (PAN, NYS). JAMAICA: Mycoflora of Jamaica 11, Korf, Dixon, Dumont, Erb, Pfister, Reynolds, Rossman & Samuels, 8 Jan 1971, Chester- ville Youth Development Camp, above Newcastle, St. Andrew Parish (CUP); 10 additional collections deposited CUP. JAVA: CUP-SA 123, Rifai,- Nasution & Korf, 10 Dec 1961, Jungle near Tjibodas, on rotted wood, host for Nectrta sp. parasite (CUP); CUP-SA 236b, Rifai & Korf, 14 Dec 1961, near Tjibodas River, Tjibodas, host for Nectrta sp. parasite (CUP). MARTINIQUE: Duss 782, Aug 1903,.Camp Colson (herb. Patouillard, sheer S002) FH). (MEXICOG OW Alo S&B © tbe, Berd De S92) Jat Motzorongo, near Cordoba, moist, virgin forest on mountain- side (NY). PANAMA: Dumont - PA 157, Carpenter & Mori, 13

Jun 1975, base of Cerro Pilon, 5 km northeast of El Valle, Prov. Cocle, ca 670 m (NY); an additional 8 collectyons,;ge- posited at NY. PERU: Dumont - PE 151, Carpenter, Sherwood & Buritica, 28. Jun 976, ) ca 1/2. hr. drive: {rom satipo toware Calabaza, on the Satipo-Concepcion Road, Dpto. Junin, ca

800 m (NY); an additional 5 collections deposited at NY.

USA., PUERTO RICO: Haines - PR 102, Korf, Pfister, Rossman, Benson, Sanchez & Skog, 9 Jun 1970, south of El Verde, 17.7

km post. rte L386. near local rte 9811. ,cas550.m JCNYso.

Pfister 1308, 7 Apr 1974, El Verde Station (FH); Florida: Thaxter, no date, Coconut Grove (FH); an additional 3 collec- tions deposited NYS. VENEZUELA: Dumont - VE 310, Haines, Morillo & Moreno, 21 Jun 1971, Macarao, Dto. Fed. (NY, NYS); an additional 79 collections deposited NY with some duplicates at NYS and VEN.

DISCUSSION.-- Lachnum sclerottt is a very common species closely related to L. abnormts. They occur in many of the Same areas of the tropics, but L. selerottt is dominant at lower elevations and LZ. abnormis at higher elevations. The two species are so Similar macroscopically that it would be difficult to imagine early tropical collectors distinguishing

ak

them in the field. With a dissecting microscope, the two can be separated with some success by the presence of hyaline to amber-colored lumps on the hairs of L. selerottt. These

lumps are reddish or absent in LZ. abnormts. Anatomically,

L. selerotit is easily distinguished by its shorter, fusiform, 3-septate spores.

The original publication ‘of Erinella subecorticalis Pat. cites two specimens with no designation of a holotype. In addition, there are at least two additional specimens in the Patouillard herbarium which were known to Patouillard when he wrote the description, but which he did not list in the origi- nal description. These latter specimens were apparently the basis of the hosts named in the description. Duss 509 is chosen as the lectotype of £. subcortticalts. This specimen is the basis of a fine pencil drawing now fixed to the type sheet at FH which has the same dimensions as those in the original description. It now is composed of about 30 apothe- cia in a good state of preservation.

The name Erinella subecervitna Bres. was first used on number 51 of the 3rd fascicle of Rick's Fungi Austro-Ameri- cani. It was then published as a new species in Annales Mycologici 4: 309. 1906, with the description as follows: "Die Art ist ausserlich dem Lachnum avellaneo-melleum Starb. ahnlich aber durch 3-septierte Sporen verschieden." It is sufficient to distinguish this species from any other known to the authors, and it is treated here as validly published. It is not known how many sets containing this number were issued and no lectotype is proposed at this time.

4. LACHNUM CALOSPORUM (Pat. & Gaill.) Haines & Dumont comb. NOV. Lewes od.

=Erinella calospora Patouillard & Gaillard, Bull. Soc. MycolviPranee 4: (LOL. 1889)

=Ertoscypha eatospora (Pat. & Gaill:) Kirshstein; Ann. MY CORRS OOo we eLOOS.

earineliing \cacosporde iGPat. (& Gaill:) Seaver) .N. Amer. Cup-funewscinoper: ) p.osc29ly “LOod.

=Dasyscyphus ecalosporus (Pat. & Gaill.) Dennis (as Dasyscypha calospora), Kew Bull. 9: 302. 1954.

HOLOTYPE - Gaillard 248, 26 Aug 1887, between Maipures and San Fernando, Upper Orinoco River region between Colombia and Venezuela, on bark of living tree, (Patouillard Herbariun, Sheet 5340, FH).

Apothecia scattered on bark of living or non-living, but sound trees, nearly globose when first developing, opening to goblet shaped, funnel-shaped and finally becoming plate-shaped with a fully exposed disc, to 2 mm diam, externally covered with buff colored hairs sometimes becoming white at the margin and completely absent from the base of the stipe, occasionally with yellow incrustations resembling crystals at the tips of the hairs. Stipe variable in length, not exceeding the diameter

ve

ol) the ;-daisic.. )' Disc Chymenium) butt to (srennax:

Hairs to 100’x 5.5 um; mostly °30-55 =x 3.5—470“1m chivas LlEneyrorbulLt cy lindricxwto, clavate, <septate Psparse.y roughened with tightly adhering particles up to 1 um diam, thin to moderately thick-walled, walls up to 1 um thick, sometimes with brown contents. Asci 100-150 x 10-15 um, cylindric with a slightly tapered base and hemispherical apex with).a distinct apical J+ pore, spores fillings the entire ascus when mature, 8-spored. Spores (70-)80-100(-130) x (1.9-)2.1-2.8(-3.2) um, cylindric-fusoid, with hemispheri- cal apex and tapered base, straight or curved, seldom flexuous,.up to 17-septate, often germinating microconidia from each cell. Paraphyses narrowly lanceolate, 2-3 um at the widest point, with blunt apices exceeding the asci by 10-15 um, hyaline.

Microconidia (ascospore buds) 1-2 x 1.2-2.5 um, spheri- cal to elongate-ovate with short, narrow spiculi, hyaline, non-septate.

HOSTS - On bark of living or dead but undecayed hardwood trees. The only recorded host is Quercus sp. The remaining specimens are on unidentified bark.

RANGE - The type and several other species are from low ele- vations but the remainder are from South American paramos 2400-3350 m elevation. Known from Colombia, Cuba, Venezuela, Jamaica and Mexico.

PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ILLUSTRATIONS - Dennis, Kew Bull. 9: 50a Uiig oll GasiD. <catoepora) (1954.0: Patourliardss Garitarae BOOMS SOG wiMVCOl. France: 4° op!) SVELIV tie ein Toor.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED - COLOMBIA: (see under type above); Dumont-CO 428, Haines & Idrobo, 2 Jul 1974, Paramo de Choachi, road between Bogota and Choachi, Dpto. Cundinamarca (COL, NY, NYS); an additional 2 collections deposited NY. GUADELOUPE: Pfister 867, Carpenter & Sherwood, 5 Jan 1974, | Les Mamelles, Guadeloupe National Forest (FH). JAMAICA: ; CUP-MJ 473,. Korf, Dixon, Dumont, Erb, Pfister, Reynolds, | Rossman & Samuels, 14 Jan 1971, along Sulphur River, above

Bath Fountain Hotel, St. Thomas Parish, ca 150 m* (CUP). Buck | 5641, 11 Apr 1981, 7 miles northwest of Muirton on road to | Eeclesdown, along trail into. John Crow Mts., 18°03'N;<76°20°W, ca 350 m, Portland Parish, very humid secondary forest (NY, | NYS). MEXICO: Guzman 16302B, 6 Aug 1976, Cerro, del SE de | la poblacion (planta Hidroe electrica). Temascal, Oaxaca, | ca 100 m (NY). VENEZUELA: Dumont - VE 1809, Haines, Samuels & Leal, 10 Jul 1971, 2-4 km above Jobito, near San Felipe, Parg. Yurubi, Edo. Yaracuy (NY, NYS); an iadditional 2 ‘collec— tions deposited NY.

DISCUSSION.-- Lachnum calosporum is a relatively rare species which cannot readily be distinguished macroscopically from L. abnormts. Some specimens have a yellow substance on the

fa)

tips of ‘the hairs which may be diagnostic of the species. Microscopically, however, it is easily distinguished from

L. abnormis by its very long spores which may bud to form microconidia. The spores have a shape reminiscent of L. abnormis, but more elongated. Lachnum calosporum is readily distinguished from £2. brastltense by its cylindrical rather than fusiform spores and brown rather than white hairs.

Lachnum calosporum may be predominantly a very high elevation species, but more collections are necessary to contirm this.

5. LACHNUM BRASILIENSE (Mont.) Haines & Dumont comb. nov. Fig. 4a.

=Cenangtum brasiltense Montagne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., Set vere id) ot La OOO =Dasyscyphus brastltensts (Mont.) Le Gal (as Dasyscypha brasiliensis). Discom. Madagascar p )si2.. 1993; =Peztza tllota Berkley & Curtis in Berkeley, J. Linn. Soc., Botwao. 3c68: 1868. =Atractobolus.tttotus (Berk. & Curt. in Berkeley) 0O. Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 446. 1898. =Dasyscyphus tlltotus (Berk. & Curt. in Berkeley) Sac- eardo: (as Dasyscyphs tllota) Syll, Fung, 37-457. 1889. =Pezt2a rapnidofera Berk. & Curt. in Berkeley, J. Linn. Soc.,, BOG) 20s S687 1368" =Erinella raphtdofera (Berk. & Curt. in Berkeley) Sacc. Caste yarhapnidopnora), Sy li. oFung. vss 509. 1889. =Dasyscyphus raphidoferus (Berk. & Curt. in Berkeley) Dennis, (as Dasyseypha rhaphtdophora), Kew Bull. 9: 304. 1954. =Peziza stmillima Berkeley & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: LOS. STa =RPTLHeT La SstmoLLomad “Berks. “Sc Bre) Sacc. 2) Sy ll. Fane. S24. 00 Como oo. =Frinella similts Bresadola, Hedwigia 35: 296. 1896. =Dasyscyphus gigantosporus Rehm., (as Dasyscypha gtgantospora) Hedwigia 39: 219. 1900. =Erinella ecognata Pat. in Duss, Champ. Guadeloupe, 67. 1903. =Ertoscypha cognata (Pat. in Duss) Kirschstein, Ann. Mycol. 3567 '364. 1938: =Eritnella africana H. & P. Sydow, Fungi in Wissenschaftliche, Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Africa-Expedition 1907-1908 Pipe OO 244.910:

TYPE - Weddell, Goyaz (Goias), Brazil, packet marked Holotype in Montagne Herbarium (PC). Approximately 20 apothecia in lain to poor condition. "remain.

Apothecia scattered to crowded on bark or wood, globose at first, opening to goblet-shaped, funnel-shaped and finally planate with a fully exposed, regularly circular disc remain- ing flat when dried, 0.8-2.5 mm diam, buff exterior, completely

24

‘XOOOT S8uTMeIp TIV ‘82P-OO JUOWNdC Worf ote YOTYM *p Fo sezods ¢ 1FeT 3d90 -xo suowtoeds edAj,oTOY eAT}JoOedsSer WOLF UMEeIP TLV TWN OAIO] UO Tepe ORI BONS Dae ‘unorpur *7T *q ‘szMdougvo “TJ *®B ‘dds wnuyopoy peartey-umoriq ‘TvotTdor}, swos fo saszodsoosy ‘“¢ ‘sTy

25

‘XOOOT ITIV ‘38d O1Npiaza DIIZeU24q Jo edAVOTOY

41u1eydoboy “7 *p ‘n71d14non vy,eydhosfhsvg Jo edky wOTy uUMeIp sap2r07zzeydho -QO) juOWNgq WOIy UMeIp Vuaegnd “7 ‘q ‘vdafopzydvd ve1z%eaq JO uswutToeds edAy esuetjzisbvaqd “7 ‘Be ‘dds wnuyooT pactey-useis 10 e1TYM *‘TVoTdoO1, sWOS FO

WOT UMBIDP Sa O, ae ORT, wotly UMBIpP so10dsoosy

e

ne Lok

26

covered by bright white hairs not capped with resinous or crystaline matter. Stipe as long as the width of disc and 1/5-1/3 its diam, cylindrical to funnel-shaped, concolorous with cup, often with naked, blue-black base, firmly attached to the substrate, leaving a stump embedded in the substrate when detached, context of stipe white, even at the external- ly blackened base. Disc (hymenium) buff-yellow to orange- yellow, becoming lighter with age.

Hairs 80(-140) x (2.2-)2.6-3.5(=4.0) um, cylindrical with hemispherical tips, curved or flexuous, septate, forming cells 8-18 um long, externally roughened with small irregular granules up to 1 um diam, completely hyaline, walls thin to moderately thickened (to 1 um), some cells failing to inflate on rehydrating, marginal hairs undifferentiated from excipular hairs.

Sterile tissue composed of clearly differentiated re- gions. Medullary excipulum composed of loosely woven, highly branched, hyaline textura intricata composed of thin- walled hyphae 1.5-2.5 um diam. Between the hymenium and medullary excipulum is a layer (the subhymenium) composed of shorter celled hyphae. Below the medullary excipulum the cortex of the stipe composed of densely compact, sparingly branched, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 0.7-1.2 um diam with a braided appearance due to the interweaving of many-stranded bundles of hyphae. The ectal excipulum composed of well de- fined zones; the inner ectal excipulum composed of hyaline, parallel, sparingly-septate, unbranched hyphae 1.5-2.0 um diam. The outer ectal excipulum formed of hyphae originating from the inner ectal excipulum oriented at a 45° angle to the surface, becoming a wider and more closely septate textura prismatica with thin-walled, hyaline cells 5-10 x 2-4 um; the outermost layer of cells continuous with the hairs; the entire excipulum becoming very thin toward the base of the stipe. The black pigmentation of the base restricted to the outermost cell layers only. Asci (80-)92-108(-125) x 5-9 um, cylindric with tapered base without conspicuous croziers at the base and hemispherical apex with a distinct apical J+ pore, spores fil- ling the entire ascus at maturity, 8-spored. Spores (27-) 34-48(-59) x (1.9-)2.2-2.9(-3.5) um, fusiform, rarely flexuous, very nearly bipolar, narrowed to acute apices less than 1 un, straight or evenly curved, sometimes with one end bent or "kinked", O or l-septate, rarely 3-septate prior to germina- tion, usually filled with refractive matter at each end and a non-refractive space between, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, germinating from the tips. Paraphyses filiform-clavate to narrowly lanceolate (1.8-)2.0-3.0(-3.4) um diam at their widest point about 20 um from the apex, with blunt apices, exceeding the asci in the hymenium by 8-15 um, straight, unbranched, hyaline, thin-walled, septate in the lower two-thirds only.

HOSTS - On wood and bark of woody dictyledonous and occasional- ly coniferous trees in tropical regions. Usually on dead but occasionally on living hosts. Host species have very seldom been recorded.

2]

RANGE - Very widespread throughout the tropics. It occurs

at all elevations up to 3050 m, but is most common from sea level to 1500 m. It has been collected in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ceylon, People's Republic of China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Madagascar, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Rwanda, USA (Puerto Rico), Tanzania and Venezuela.

PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ILLUSTRATIONS - LeGal, Discom. Madagas- Catv otog, £192) 164, L905; Dennis, Kew, bull. 9i0 304. fig.

13 (as Dasyscypha rhaphtdophora); 305, fig. 14 (as Dasyseypha brastltensis) 1954; Otani & Tubaki, Mem. Natl. Sci. Mus. TOKVOrinO colo 2007 bo S=0), 19765) Cooke, ; Grevitlilea.3',. pl. -40, Lion CAs rest aq: TiLora). Dis 41) fig. clos. Cas .Pezi2q Stmelama) V8i(5, “Rehm, Hedwizta-39>.pl. 9... fie. :20. 1900.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED - BRAZIL: Weddell, Goias, Prior to 1856 (lectotype of Cenangtum brastliense) herbarium Montagne (PC); also specimen marked "29 original material", herbarium Mon- taenem PO shi cCnr Oso, 1926, Porto, Novo: \ota.; Catharina: (CFH)): Rick, 1930, Sao Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul (FH); Pereira, SP 30417, 205J3un 1956, Jardin Botanico, Parque do: Estado, Sao Paulo, (Est. S. Paulo (NY); B.. Skvortzev, SP 71384, 9 Sep 1964, instituvo- de Botanica, Parque do, Estado,. Sao. Paulo, Est... Paulo (NY). COLOMBIA: Dumont-CO 602, Haines, Velasquez & Fonnegra, 5 Jul 1974, Buenos Aires, Providencia, Anori, Rio Anomse Dpto. 'Antioguia (COL, NY,-NYS:)>.ani additional, 19. col= lections deposited COL, NY with some duplicates at NYS.

COSTA RICA: Carroll 933, 15 Sep 1964, near Tileran, above El Deere ionCay.4 50. I-CONYG)).. CUBAS Wright) Goa. 1500-18574.) no LOCALHON GULyDe: Of Pest sa 2Lilota). (K.) FH NYS), Wright 364, 1855-1857, (type of Peztza raphidofera) (K, FH). ECUADOR: Dumont—-EC 695, Carpenter & Buritica, 19 Jul 1975, ca 19 km from Santo Domingo, on the new road from Santo Domingo to Quito, Prov. Pichincha, ca 800 m (NY). GUADELOUPE, Lesser Antilles: Duss 545, Apr 1902, Bois des Bains-—Jaunes (as Ertnella cognata), herbarium Patouillard, sheet 5341 (FH); Duss 285, Saint-Louis, Marie-Galante Isl. (as Erinella cognata), herbarium Patouillard, sheet 5341 (FH). GUATEMALA: Weloon? 3343. (as. Tulane’../874).,..2 Jul 1973, 3 miles. north of Carcha in hardwood-pine forest, Dpto. Altoverapaz. JAMAICA: CUR-MIpvOZ. S171) Kort et, al: 9) Jan L971. Ladys Milde Trail., south of Woodcutter's Gap, vicinity of Newcastle (CUP); CUP- Mivooo,, KOrt et al.i, 11 Jan 1971, near Dick"s Pond, west of Hardwar Gap, near Holywell Recreational Area, St. Andrew Parish, 850-900 m (CUP); CUP-MJ 475, Korf et al., 14 Jan 1971, along Sulphur River, above Bath Fountain Hotel, St. Thomas Parich,wea LoOum (CUP). CUP-MJ~616 >) Kort .et ads 18 Jan 1971, trail between Freetown and Wag Water River, near Hardwar Gap, St. Andrews Parish (CUP). MEXICO: Dumont CUP-ME 205, 14 Aug 1967, 1186 km, Highway 190, between Tehuantepec & Comitan, Chiapas (CUP); an additional 5 collections deposited CUP. PANAMA: Dumont-PA 13, Carpenter & Mori, 11 Jun 1975, between Goofy Lake and Cerro Jefe, ca 20.5 km north of Pan American Highway, Prov. Panama, ca 600 m (NY); an additional 5 collec- tions deposited NY. PERU: Dumont-PE 119, Carpenter, Sherwood

28

Buritica, Guzman & Reynolds, 27 Jun 1976, along La Merced- pavipov Road, Vicinity km post 53 from intersection, ofala Merced-Oxapampa Road, Dpto. Junin, ca 425 m (NY); an addi- tional 2 collections deposited NY. RWANDA: Rammeloo 4445, Aug 1974, Piste Pindura, Mt. Bigugu (GENT). SRI LANKA (CEYLON): Broome, Ceylon 57, collected by Thwaites prior to 1s%S..(type: of Peztaa simitlima) (K).. TANZANIA=" Ge Aids braed 251, 23 Jun 1907, near Bukoba on the west shore of Lake Victoria (holotype of Frinella africana) herbarium Sydow (S). U.SVA., PUERTO RICO: Haines-PR'158 4156, Haines, Kort, Pri vers Rossman, Benson, Dixon, Sanchez & Skog, 12 Jun 1970, 20.2 km rie .120--from Maricao, ca.d00.m (NYS); Prister, LSsa2,, to cap2 1974, Maricao (FH). VENEZUELA: Dumont-VE 50, Haines, 17 Jun 1971, trail southeast of Humboldt Hotel, Parq. Nac. El Avila, Dto. Fed. (NY, NYS); an additional 52 collections deposited NY with some duplicates at NYS and VEN.

DISCUSSION.-- This very common tropical species is distin- guished by its white (rather than buff) hair, its blue-black (rather than brown-black) stipe, and its fusiform, 35-48 um long, often l-septate spores. It is as abundant as Lachnum abnormts and found throughout the same range. It may seem at first that slight differences in hair color are not suf- ficient characters upon which to base species, but it is clear after examining numerous specimens that hair color and spore shape are strongly correlated and can be trusted as identifying characteristics.

We are proposing here to place eight species into synony- |

my with Lachnum brasiliense. In order to stabilize the nomen- | clature and taxonomy of this complex, it is necessary to typify some of the names. Cenangtum brastlense was described by Mon-

tagne from material from the state of Goias in Brazil, but no holotype was designated, nor any specific specimens cited. We have located two specimens deposited at PC bearing this name in the Montagne herbarium, and which would serve as logical candidates for a type specimen. The specimens bear virtually no collection data and one is marked "TYPE" and the second is distinguished by the words "29, original material." We herepy designate the specimen marked "Type" as the lectotype specimen for Cenangtum brastltense as it contains about 20 mature apo- thecia and is a larger collection than the "29 original materiaj specimen. Both specimens represent the same species and appear | to have been treated with a preservative which now makes them difficult to rehydrate. The apothecia are in sufficiently good condition to make.a positive identification. From a study of the literature and from the lack of annotating material, it appears that this material of £. brastlivéense has: not. been re- examined since the original description.

Peztza tllota Berkeley & Curtis was described from a sin- gle Wright collection from Cuba, No. 633. We have located 4 apparent portions of that collection: |. at FH, PT at NYo ang two at K. The Kew specimen in the Berkeley herbarium is pre- sumably the portion on which the species was described, and we designate herewith as the lectotype specimen of Peztza tllota.

ao

The material is well preserved, but difficult to rehydrate.

Dennis (1954) treated Dasyscyphus rhaphtdophorus as a species distinct from Dasyscyphus brastltensts, but indicated that they could represent the same species. The species was first described by Berkeley and Curtis’ iin 1868 as “Pesze2a raphtdofera'' an apparent misspelling of "rhaphidophora" which has been subsequently utilized by later authors. '"Peziza raphitdofera"' was based on a single collection from Cuba, Wright 364. We have located two portions of this collection, one deposited in the Curtis herbarium at FH and one deposited at Kew and presumably the one upon which Berkeley prepared his description. Although the two do represent the same species, it is necessary to designate a lectotype and we here- by designate the Kew portion as the lectotype specimen of

"P, raphtdofera."' In the original description, Berkeley cites "Hab. Venezuela", although the species was clearly described eromse Wright Cuban ‘collections Wevare uncertain of ther sig-

nificance of this and only suggest that it is possible that Berkeley also knew this species from Venezuela, as well as from Cuba.

In this same paper Berkeley also described Peztza illota, briefly discussed above. Dennis (1954) recognized P. illota and P. raphtdofera as distinct species as did Berkeley. We disagree with Dennis’ decision and conclude that the two re- present the same species. We have compared the types of these two and find that there is a difference in the gross morphological appearance, but that they are indistinguishable microscopically, It appears that 2. zilota was probably based on a specimen that was older and not as well preserved as the LVvowol inmate taorerac lh 1s our iopinzon “thatethe: three, P. tllota, P. raphtdofera and Cenangtum brastlense represent the Same species, and we adopt the name brastliense since it has Priority .

Peztza stmtlltma was described by Berkeley and Broom, who cited two specimens (57 and 11 from Ceylon) in the ori- ginal description. Neither specimen has been designated as the type; and, in fact, the collections represent different ppecites., Ituis"our ‘opinion that no7 57 better fits the ori- ginal description than no. 11, and we thus designate herewith no. 57 as the lectotype specimen for Peziza simillima. We have compared the lectotype of P. sitmillima with the type of Canangtum brastltense and conclude that they represent the same species, and we adopt the name C. brasiltense as it has priority. The second specimen, no. 11, is Lachnum abnormts.

Ertnella cognata is also based on two syntypes, Duss 545 and 285, which are now preserved in the Patouillard herbarium at ‘FH... They are conspecific but, 545 is a much larger collec- tion in better condition and is hereby chosen as the lectotype Of Lo veognatea .

30

6. LACHNUM CYPHELLOIDES (Pat.) Haines & Dumont, comb. nov. 1s Be eo oa

=Erinella eyphetltotdes Patouillard, Bull.-Soc. Mycol.

France 15: 205. 1899 [Non Dasysecyphus cypheltotdes (Rehm) Sacc. (as Dasysecypha cypheltotdes) Syll. Fung. 8: 464. 1889]. =Dasyseyphella acuttptla Cash, Stud. Nat. Hist. Iowa Univ. 17: 216. 1937 [Non Dasyscyphus acutipilus (Karst.) Sacc. (as

Dasyseypha deuttptla), Syll. Fung. 8: 447. 1889).

=Dasyscyphus martinit Dennis (as Dasyscypha marttint), Kewl Bil 39 (303 2) LOo4..

HOLOTYPE - Duss 1240, Bois do morne Graine-Verte, Guadeloupe, on Byrsonta spteata, Sheet 5342, Patouillard Herbarium (FH) NOW MN poor! CONGITtION:

Apothecia scattered to crowded on twigs and stems, glo- bose at first, opening to goblet and then funnel-shaped with a fully exposed regularly circular disc remaining exposed when dried, to 2 mm diam, externally buff, completely: covered by bright white hairs capped with white to pale yellow resinous or crystaline matter. Stipe occasionally longer than dise width, 1/6 - 1/4 the diam of the disc, always white and covered with hairs. Disc pale to medium yellow. |

Hairs: to 80° x :2.5-3.7 wm, ‘cylindrical with hemispherical tips or constricted, ending in a smooth spherical knob, tapered | Slightly at the base, curved or flexuous, externally roughened, | with small irregular granules to 0.7 um diam, thin-walled, hyaline throughout, septate, forming cells 1-20 um long; mar- ginal hairs undifferentiated from excipular hairs. Ectal excipulum similar to ithat of Lb, . brastlvense. Asci (58-)64- 72(-80) x 4.5-6.0 um, cylindrical with a tapered base without conspicuous croziers, apex hemispherical, 8-spored, with a distinct pore visible in phase contrast without stain, pore wall J+. Spores (27-)32-45(-52) x 1.2-1.7 um, very narrowly fusiform, straight, curved or sinuous, bipolar, O- or l- sep- tate; viviled with spherivcal: refractile bodies. (iipidg. appearing like a string of graduated pearls from one end of the spore to the other, (this string usually interrupted in the center by the median septum and once in each cell presum- ably by the nuclei), hyaline, smooth, thin-walled. Paraphyses filiform to narrowly but distinctly. lanceolate jl. l=205) vime ae their widest point about 1/4 back from the apex, with pointed apices exceeding the asci in the hymenium by 5-12 um, straight, unbranched, hyaline, thin-walled and non-septate in the upper © habe)

HOSTS - On twigs and stems of dicotyledonous trees. Most col- lections are from unidentified hosts but the species has been recorded from Byrsontia spicata.

RANGE - Known as yet only from central America, northern South America and the Lesser Antilles at elevations from 1200-2300 m. | Known from Colombia, Guadeloupe, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela.

OH

PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ILLUSTRATIONS - Dennis, Kew Bull. 9: 50a, aie. ole (as Dasyecypha martin) O54 8 300%" fig.” 7, center (as 2. .cyphellozdées), 1954.%. Cash, -Stud.- Nat. Hist. LowayUni vi. Lita223y (ply lt, fig. las pacysecypheliavacutt-— VELA lO.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED - COLOMBIA: Dumont-CO 183, Haines, Idrobo, & Velasquez, 29 Jun 1974, El Bosque de Las Mercedes, Boyaca, DocoOmscunadinamarca (COL, NY wNYS)) anivadditional 5 collections deposited COL, NY, NYS. GUADELOUPE (Lesser Antilles): Duss 1240 (see under holotype). MEXICO: CUP-ME 134, Dumont, 10 Aug 1967, between 18-19 km, on road from Oaxaca to Valle National Oaxaca. (CUP. NYS). .PANAMA: 2iGe7Wiv Martin 22 255.1 JUteL9Sos Valley of upper Rio -Chiriqui Viejo, Prov... Chiritqui, 9200-6000 ft. (type of Dasyscyphelta acuttptla) (BPI); Calso Martin 2218 & 2498); Dumont-PA 1724 (NY), 1796 (NY); 1799 CNY)

DISCUSSION.-- Lachnum eyphelloitdes is a relatively rare and poorly known species which may be confused with ZL. brasiltense, but it has a lighter colored disc, usually has lumps of res- inous-appearing matter on the tips of the hairs visible through the dissecting microscope and without the blue-black base which is characteristic of LZ. brasiltense. Microscopi- cally, L. cyphellotdes has long needle-shaped spores often with a median septum and refractile bodies which resemble a string of pearls. The spores are much narrower and its asci are shorter than those of L. brastltiense.

The holotype specimen is immature and in poor condition and the coloration of the hair is now masked by resinous mat- ter. Dennis (1954) concluded that it may be immature material of Dasyscyphus subcorttcalts Pat. which was also originally described by Patouillard from Guadeloupe. After considerable searching, we found in the type several mature flexuous spores measuring 45 x 1.5 um and the kKnob-headed hairs typical of this species. These features eliminate the possibility of D. subcorttealts and L. cyphellotdes being conspecific. It also explains why Patouillard annotated a later specimen,

Duss 495, Aug 1901 from Martinique, as LZ. cyphellotdes when it was really the white-haired species L. brastliense. This might indicate that the type of F. ecyphellotdes was also white-haired when fresh.

7. LACHNUM LAGERHEIMII Haines & Dumont, nom. nov. Fig. 4d.

SurRinel La virc~dutda Patouillard./( Bull. eSocs Mycol. France 11: 218. 1895. [non Laehnum vitrtdulum Massee Se Morvan jin. Morgan ed wiMVCcol s 62) LE OuLoo? nec. Erivetla. viriduta.Cschradwa) Pro) Quel, Buchixy, Fung. Dy oO pe) L886 i.

HOLOTYPE - Lagerheim, Pululahua, Ecuador, Patouillard Her- barium, sheet 5354, (FH).

52

Apothecia scattered or gregarious, on wood or bark, goblet shaped to plate shaped, almost flat when mature, fully exposed even when dry, 0.3-1.2(-2.0) mm diam, externally white to buff, covered by white to blue-green hairs without crystaline or resinous particles; discs cream-yellow to light grey, changing little with drying; stipe black shading to blue-green above, funnel-shaped, similar to L. brastltense in section.

Hairs to 80x 2.5-3.3 um, cylindrical with hemispherieat tips, curved or flexuous, septate with cells 12-18 yum long, roughened externally with small, irregular granules to 0.8 um diam, walls thin, hyaline or yellow-green with transmitted light, sometimes turning purple-black in 3% KOH, devoid of large crystaline or resinous structures, arising at an angle from the outermost excipular cells. Asci (80-)90-115(-128)

x 7-11 wm, cylindrical with a long, tapered base and hemi- Spherical to. conical apex with a distinct, J+, pore. ~Spores (45-)49-59(+70) x 1.2=-1.9(2.1) um, narrow-filiform, “slignuty tapered at the base, straight or curved, sometimes flexuous, hemispherical at the apex, up to 7-septate, septa sometimes thin and difficult to see, without staining, usually without refractive contents, hyaline, thin-walled. Paraphyses fili- form-clavate or narrowly lanceolate, 1.5-2.5(-3.0) um wide at their widest point, exceeding the asci by 8-15 ym, straight, unbranched, nonseptate in upper half, thin-walled, hyaline, without conspicuous contents.

HOSTS - Commonly found on bark of dead stems 1-4 cm dian, many of which have a very large pith. No host species have been identified for any known collections.

RANGE - Known only from Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama,

Peru & Venezuela. It is apparently restricted to high ele- vations. All known collections were made between 2300 and

3200 m in oak forest or paramo.

PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ILLUSTRATIONS - None.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED - COLOMBIA: Dumont-CO 3617, Buriticé, Molina & Luteyn, 26 Jan 1976, vicinity km posts 75-76 from Pasto, Pasto Mocoa Road, Intendencia. Putumayo, ca 2425 m (COL, (NY)3 an additional’ 5: collections deposited (COL, wi. NYS. ECUADOR: (See type). PANAMA: Dumont-PA 1706 & PA 1758 Carpenter, 2 Jul 1975, oak forest, Cerro Respingo, ca

6 km northwest of Cerro Punta, Prov. Chiriqui, ca 2250 m (NY). PERU: Dumont-PE 1195, Carpenter, Sherwood & Buritica, 9 Jul 1976, ca 135 km from Huancayo, Satipo-Huancayo Road, Dpto. Junin, ca 3200 m (NY). VENEZUELA: Dumont- VE 2400; VE 2412; VE 2428; VE 2430, Haines & Samuels, 19 Jul 1971, El Pino, 16 km east of Apartaderos, Mérida-Barinas Road, Edo. Mérida (NY, NYS); an additional 8 collections deposited NY, NYS.

33

DISCUSSION.-- Lachnum lagerheimtt is a rare and distinctive species which is one of the very few species of the genus with blue-green hairs and the only one with filiform spores. lites closely retated to... prastliense from which’ it dif-= fers in having long, filiform, 7-septate spores instead of fusiform O- l-septate spores. Lachnum brasiltense often has blue-green hairs on the upper part of its stipe, but they seldom extend to the margin as they do in LZ. lagerhetmit. Lachnum ecyphellotdes has similarly shaped spores, but they are shorter and usually with only a single septum. Lachnum cyphellotdes is usually totally white and has resinous ac-— cretions at the tips of its hairs. The blue-green hair color of L. cyphellotdes is apparently variable or perhaps mutable by storage conditions. The type specimen was described as VElnereo-wvwiridis™ by Patoulllard in 1895...) It is now almost white with only a trace of color on the hairs of the stipe. One collection, Dumont-VE 2404, which was made at the same time and place as VE 2400, VE 2412, VE 2428, and VE 2430 is very lightly colored, but has the same spore characters as the other specimens. Spore characters should always be used to confirm the identity of this species.

Most of the pieces of substrate for the known collections of this species bear a resemblance to one another, and even though unidentified in the field, they may all be the same host species. The characteristic piece of host stem is woody, but has a very large pith which breaks down to leave a hollow center in larger stems.

The epithet "viritdula" is appropriate and descriptive for this species, but it has been used for several different Species in the Hyaloscyphaceae. Patouillard's Frinella virtdula was a later homonym when published and would still be a later homonym if transferred to Lachnum. A new epithet is, therefore, required for this taxon. The name chose here commemorates the first collector, G. de Lagerheim.

8. LACHNUM PATENA (Lév.) Haines & Dumont comb., nov. Fig. Ab.

=Pezitza patena Léveillé, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., Sér. 4.

20: 290.1863.

=Dasyseyphus patena (Lév.) Sacc. (as Dasyscypha patena), SV Lee ernie £0 tee Looe,

=Atractobolus patena (Lév.) O. Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 446. 1898.

ISOTYPES - Lindig 888, Jun 7, Canoas, near Bogota, Colombia, ca 1600 m (FH); Lindig 888, Aug, Tequendama, near Bogota, Colombia, ca 2500 m (presumably at PC but not located).

Apothecia soliary or scattered on woody substrate, glo- bose when young, opening to goblet or cup-shaped at maturity, 0.8-2.5(-4) mm diam, tough and leathery when fresh, tough and brittle when dry, buff, completely covered by bright white hairs often agglutinated at the tips of opaque white masses

34

ca 50 um across; stipe thick, funnel-shaped, white through- out, covered with white hairs, with a transluscent center visible in broken specimens. Disc orange-yellow, dished or flat, exposed in fresh and dried condition.

Hairs (25-)60-90(-150) x 3.5-4.7 um, evenly cylindrical with hemispherical tips and tapered base, curved or flexuous, septate, forming cells 14-28 um long, externally covered by irregularly-shaped, tightly adhering granules up to 0.7 um diam, walls thin, hyaline, sometimes agglutinated together in fascicles by white amorphous accretions up to 50 um dian, insoluable}in 3% KOH.» Kctal. excipulum as in’) 2) beast leeqeew but without darkly pigmented base. Asci 99-128(-145) x 6-11 um, cylindrical with long tapering base and conical apex with AAOLSLINGty, I+) DORE Mpetors Umawide.,

Spores (50-)59-75(-109) x 1.8-2.8 um, very narrowly fusi- form, acute at both ends, with bipolar symmetry, straight, curved (falcate) or sigmoid, O- to 13-septate, usually 7- septate, often filled with refractive contents, hyaline, thin- walled. Paraphyses clavate or narrowly lanceolate, 2.0-3.2 um at their widest point, with blunt apices, non-septate in upper half, hyaline, thin-walled, without refractive contents.

HOSTS - Most commonly collected on dead or rarely on living woody stemps 1-5 cm in diam, mostly with a large central pith. Host species usually not recorded, but known from Verbestna sp. It is possible that all collections are from woody com- posites.

RANGE - Known from 2300-3700 m elevation in Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. These high elevation areas are known

as paramos or subparamos which are characterized by cool tem- peratures and very high moisture in the form of mist. A con- spicuous component of the flora is woody, tree-like, compositae which are the hosts of this fungus.

PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ILLUSTRATIONS - None.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED - COLOMBIA: Dumont-CO 4230, Carpenter & Sherwood, 5 Jun 1976, between km posts 16-17 from Mosquera,

on Mosquera-La Mesa Rd., Dpto. Condinamareca, 2800 m (COL, NY); Dumont-CO 148, Haines, Idrobo and Velasquez, 29 Jun 1974, El Bosque de Las Mercedes, Boyaca, on bark of Verbesina sp.

(COL, NY, NYS). ECUADOR: Brako 4479, 3 Jun 1982, Yanacocha Trail, N-side of Mt. Pichincha, Prov. Pichincha, ‘cloud forest. 3700 m (NY). PANAMA: Dumont-PA 1989 and Carpenter, 3 Jul 1975, Bamboo and oak forest, La Cumbre, 3-4 km N of Cerro Punta, Prov. Chiriqui, -2200-2300 m (NY).: ) VENEZUBLA: + “Dumont— VE 2375, Haines & Samuels, 19 Jul 1971, Laguna!La Victoria,

ca 16 km E of Apartaderos, Parq. Nac. Sierra Nevada, on Mérida- Barinas Rd., Edo. Mérida, on recently killed tree (VEN, NY, NYS); an additional 10 collections deposited NY & NYS, with selected duplicates at VEN.

a5

DISCUSSION.-- This is a cloud forest or paramo species, dis- tinguished from all others by its pure white-haired apothecia and very long fusiform spores. Macroscopically it is distin- guished from L. cyphelloitdes by the large white masses of Matter, on its hairs, and drom i. .)braetliense. by 10s) pure white stipe. Microscopically it.is distinguished from the brown-haired, equally long-spored L. calosporum by its fusoid rather than cylindrical spores.

The original description lists two collections, but only one of these could be located at the time of the study. A request to PC could not produce any original material, but a search of unidentified discomycete collections at FH uncovered an unnamed specimen ex herbarium Lindig with no. 888, the num- ber of the original material and locality information matching Onevom the two cited. in the original: publbication of P.. pavena. Apparently, #888 is a species number and not a collection num- ber. The FH material is not in good condition, but there is enough remaining to identify the taxon. It was decided not to lectotypify L. patena with this material because of its poor condition and because of the possibility of other por- tions Ot the material being located at. PC..or elsewhere.

9. LACHNUM ATTENUATUM Haines & Dumont spec. nov. Fig. 5.

Apothecia 0.7 mm diam, cupuliformia, brevissime stipi- tata aiboprlosa, discus luteoanurantiacus:;. pal» tenues, cy lin- drici granulati, hyalini, interdum brunneo-incrustati; asci Vi=1oex sii? 4m, aneuste clavatis e@ basi angustato,) reeti vel curvati, 1-7 sepatati; paraphyses clavato-filiformés.

Typus: Dumont-PE 481, Carpenter, Sherwood & Buritica, 2 Jul 1976, vicinity km Post 469 from Lima, Huanuco-Tingo Marian Rd., Dpto. Huanuco, Peru, .ca-2150\m;. on: unidentified hardwood twig (NY).

ETYMOLOGY - Latin=Attenuatum. This refers to the tapered lower end of the ascospore.

Apothecia scattered to crowded on bark of host, appearing as a tuft of white hairs when young, becoming cup-shaped at Matuiert yi tOnOu.. median mnclidingyprotrudings hairs, often less than 0.5 mm at maturity, ochre, covered by bright-white hairs, sometimes appearing pale ochre with hairs abraiding away, sometimes with brown, resinous accretions on the tips and surfaces of hairs, sessite or very short stipitate, fundi- buliform below with buff to ochre, never blackened base and firmly inserted in substrates. Disc (hymenium) 0.2-0.5 mm across, yellow-orange, often breaking into fragments at maturity, covered by hair when young.

Hairs to 120 um long, generally 50-90 x 2.8-4.2 um, cylindrical with hemispherical tips, straight or curved, sep- tate, cells 9-25 um long, hyaline, thin-walled, externally covered with minute, tightly adhering granules up to 0.4 um diam, appearing longer than broad, often covered at the tip

36

Fie. 5. Laehnum attrenuatum, from holotype, a. hairs, b. asci, c. paraphyses, d. spores, e. apothecium. a-d. 1000X, e. 50X.

ey

with a dark brown, non water soluable, resinous matter.

Asci 79-99 x 7-12 um, clavate with tapered base, croziers present or absent, apex slightly conical, usually with a large pore ca’ 15 ym broad, with J+ walls, lacking in some specimens, 8-spored with spores clustered in upper half at maturity. Spores 39-54 x 3.0-4.2 um, narrow-clavate, straight or evenly curved, not flexuous, with blunt apex and tapered base, with widest point about 1/3 back from apex,

1- to 7-septate, most commonly 7-septate at maturity, hya- line, refractive when seen with phase optics, losing refrac- tive quality after several hours in 3% KOH, without large lipid bodies, thin-walled. Paraphyses clavate-filiform, 1.3-2.4 um diam at widest point near apex, straight, un- branched above the base, l- 3-septate, hyaline, thin-walled, without conspicuous contents or adhering particles.

HOSTS - All known collections are on unidentified, woody, angiosperms. They are all on small twigs 0.3-1.0 cm diam except the collection from India which is on bark from a

considerably larger stem.

RANGE - Known so far from only 3 locations in Peru and one from India; all were between 1500-2150 m elevation.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED - PERU: Dumont-PE 314, Carpenter, Sher- wood & Buritica, 28 Jun 1976, ca 40 km from Calabaza toward Concepcion, on the Satipo-Concepcion Rd., Dpto. Junin ca 2100 m (NY, NYS); Dumont-PE 469, 2 Jul 1976, vicinity km post 469 from Lima, Huanuco-Tingo Maria Rd., Dpto. Huanuco, Ca 2150m NY): Dumont ‘PE 481. (Type) 3°’ PE2484 PE 489 (NY, NYS): Dumont PH: 1626, 19 Jul 1976; along the Cuzco-Pilcopata-— Paucartamo Rd, ca 135 km from intersection with the Cuzco- Pino Ad, Dpto. Cuzco (NY) “INDIA: (OR. Sharma’, -PAN 24031, 9 Sep 1981, ca 15 km from Rupa towards Shergaon, Arunachal Pradesh, ca 1500 m (NYS, PAN).

DISCUSSION.-- This species is closely related to others treated in this paper, but is easily distinguished from them by its clavate spores. It has smaller, almost sessile apo-

thecia, with white hairs which sometimes appear pinkish due to a reddish-brown accretion on their tips.

It is perplexing that two of the collections, PE 314 and’ PH 1626 ‘apparently lack a Stainable ascus pore. The collections in question are the same as the type in all other respects including the appearance of the substrate. The Indian collection-is identical to the type in every respect except for the size of the stem of its host.

38

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

fhe authors wish, to thank the curators of BPly CUR au GENT, H, K, LPS,/PC and S and also Gary Samuels, Mo Po soharme and R. Sharma for the loan of specimens examined during this study; S.;B. Carpenter, 'M. A. Sherwood, P. Buriticaz Reweaune J. Idrobo and the many others who made collections of these fungi for the Flora Neotropica Project; Rupert Barneby for his,expert translation for the Latin diagnosis’), andy to mune National Science Foundation who supplied financial support to one tof the; authors. (KeP.D.:) in, the, form of uexentie 6oo3 ff.

Special appreciation is extended to all of our many Latin American collaborators who have helped us in many ways and without whose assistance this work could not have been done.

LITERATURE CITED

Cash, E. K. 1948. Six new Indian discomycetes. Mycologta 40: 724-727.

Clements «FB. & Shear; Cock. 193). .fhewgeneramowm tung: = NewevOrk eH We Witscon- COV 496 popes cps

Dennis, R. W. G.. 1949. A revision of the British Hyaloscy— phaceae with notes on related European species. Mycol. POD. 325 7L=97:

. 1954. Some inoperculate discomycetes of tropi-— cal America. Kew Bull. 9: 289-348,

Haines, J. H. 1980. Studies in the Hyaloscyphaceae I: Some species of Dasyscyphus on tropical ferns. Mycotaxon bss 189-216.

Sumo nN tw oe. 1983. Studies in the Hyaloscy- phaceae II: Proliferodiscus, a new genus of Arachno- peziziodeac.) Mycologia 75: 535-5434

Hohnel, F. von. 1909. Fragmente zur Mykologie (VIII. Mit- teilung, Nr. 354 bis 406). Sttzunsber, Kaiserl. Akad. Wtss., Math-Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. Ey C118 sll 1246 ae

Ls Seca

Koreas R. P. 1978. Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Lastobelontum, Ertoseypha and Ertoscyphella. Mycotaxon 7: 399-406.

1982. Mycological and lichenological implica- tions of changes in the code of nomenclature enacted in 19S lL Myecoraron: 141476-490 .

a

Patouillard, N. & Gaillard, A. 1888. Champignons du Vene- quela et principalement de la region du Haut-Orénoque, récoltés en 1887 par M. A. Gaillard. Bull. Soc. Mycol. Franee 4: 92-129.

Ratitviir, Ae “lO70.) sSynopsete. of the BHyatoscypnacede. perqpia MucOL. | Es) ta LES,

. £980;" The’ genus Lastopelontum. “Sertpta Mycol. 9: 99-132.

mnayners Rew, | 19700 TA Mucologr cal, Colourvchare. riChart 12 Sheets 1-8; Chart II; Sheets 1-8. Commonwealth Myco- logical Institute, Kew.

Saccardo, P. A. 1884. Conspectus generum Discomycetum hucusquecognitorum.) (Bots Centrarbw a6. 1-16.

1889. Sylloge fungorum, omntum hucusque ecognttorum. 8: i-xvi, 1-1143.

#G reih or

hte

&

MYCOTAXON

Volver. pp ube S January-March 1984

ASCOSPHAERA SPECIES INCITING CHALKBROOD IN NORTH AMERICA AND A TAXONOMIC KEY!

JOAN B. ROSE“ AND MARTHA CHRISTENSEN

Department of Botany, Untversity of Wyomtng hoaramte, WY 820714. Usa

WILLIAM T. WILSON

Honey Bee Pestietdes/Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Laramte, WY 82071, USA

SUMMARY

Chalkbrood-infected larvae of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and the leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata) were obtained from various locations in the United States, Canada and Central America. The samples were examined for Ascosphaera species present, mating type distribution, and strain compatibility. All strains obtained were tested for compatibility with one another and also were mated with authentic cultures of A. apis, A. major and A. proltperda. The three species tested are not interfertile. Ascos- phaera apts was the only Ascosphaera species observed in 260 honey bee mummies and all strains were compatible. In the white honey bee mummies, 44% were + mating type only, 27% were - mating type only, and 29% contained both mating types. All leafcutting bee mummies (13 collections, 221 mummies) were encased in ascocarps of A. aggregata, but A. apts also was recovered from 23% of the samples. Ascos- phaera apts only was recovered from one soil cell of the alkali bee (Nomia melandert). The common pathogenic species in North America appear to be A. apis in honey bees and A. aggregata in leafcutting bees. At present there are no authentic North American records for A. major or A. proltperda. A dichotomous key to the eight described species in Bettsta and Ascosphaera is appended as an aid to species identifications.

Additional keywords: honey bee, insect mycosis, leaf- cutting bee, Apis mellifera, Megachile centuncularts, Megachile rotundata, Nomta melandert, Osmta rufa.

Present address: Department of Microbiology, University OtyAT zona, “tucson, AZ SS7bi,. USA.

42

INTRODUCTION

Chalkbrood is a fungal disease which infects the brood of honey bees and some solitary bees. The disease was first described from Germany in honey bees (Apts mel- Lifera L.) (Maassen, 1913). Subsequently it was reported from Switzerland ain 1918, Poland in 1921, France’ in, 2929, England in 1932, Scotland in 1934, New Zealand in 1957, and ‘from Japan in 1973 (Hitchcock, 1972; Udagawa’ & Horie,

1974). Chalkbrood was first observed in North America in Utah in 1965 by Baker and Torchio (1968), who isolated + and” ="Strains of, WAaraptsevar. apis" c(Spiltotaws Olive,

1955) from the nest of a leafcutting bee (Megachile inermis Provancher) which contained a "living non-infected prepupa" that later was reared to the adult stage. In 1966, those same investigators identified "A. apts var. major" from the cell of a soil nesting bee (Anthophora pactftea Cresson) where, also, there was a living non-infected prepupa (Baker & Torchio, 1968). .In view of the imprecise distinction of those Ascosphaera varieties prior to 1972 (Skou, 1972; see also Hitchcock & Christensen, 1972 and Christensen & Gilliam, 1983), we suspect that in both instances the fun- gus wasA. apie sensu Skou (1972). Baker and) Torchio (1968) did not establish reproductive isolation in their taxa, and A. major sensu Skou (1972) has not been observed in North America since 1965. Chalkbrood had been recorded in association with wild bees twice prior to 1965 -- in England, Melville and Dade (1944) reported finding the fun- gus with the dead pupa of a leafcutting bee (Megachile sp.) and Clout (1956) reported it from the nest of Osmta rufa L.

The first records of chalkbrood in honey bees in

North America were: 1) diagnosis in 1968 of the disease in a honey bee larva from Tehama County, California (Thomas & Poindr), 1973).,°') 2): a carefully tdocumented “epi z00tic an

Caliiormia in’ 1970 and 71971 "(Thomas’& Luce, 1972)), 722) identification of the disease in Nebraska and Wyoming in 1971 (Hitchcock & Christensen, 1972; Christensen & Gilliam, 1983), and 4) a report of its occurrence in Canada in P9711 (Gochnauer et al’. 1972). By 1975, chalkbrood! was an established and common disease in honey bees in the United States and Canada (Menapace & Wilson, 1976; Nelson et al., L977 9

As the management of native and introduced species of wild bees for pollination has increased, chalkbrood also has become epidemic in those populations (Stephen et al., 1981). To date, it has been reported in two species of Megachtle and in Osmia. Chalkbrood has not yet been re- ported in the native alkali bee (Nomta melandert Ckll.), but may be present in soil nests (Skou 1972, 1975, 19824;

Batra et al. , V973)- “The disease’ has!) becometa serious threat to the alfalfa leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata [Fabr.]) (Stephen & Undurraga, 1978; Stephen et al., 1981). The disease first became apparent in M. rotundata in Cali- fornia vinwl9 71s (Thomas & Poinar, (1973). /ByVio7Ssitewas

43

epizootic in managed leafcutting bee populations in Cali- fornia and Nevada, and it subsequently spread rapidly throughout western America; in 1977 there were reports of brood losses of more than 50% (Vandenberg & Stephen, 1982).

The incitants of chalkbrood are several species in the genusi Aecosoiacera, Olive .s. Spit toin o(Skou ,.1972, 1979, 1982a; Skou & Hackett, 1979). A few years after the earl- lest vaccounts of 'verdeyvstte) apis i(Maassen, 9137) 1.916; Claussen, 1921), European workers (Maurizio, 1934; Prokschl, 1953) reported two forms of that species, which later became Ascosphaera apis (Maassen ex Claussen) Olive S/Spilctoir ‘and 4. mayor (Proksch)) '&/Zobl),"Skou. According to Skou (1972), both species are pathogenic in larvae of the honey bee and much less frequently may attack Megachile larvae, perhaps primarily as facultative parasites. In his review of chalkbrood in honey bees, Bailey (1981) contends that A. major may be a "secondary invader of moribund lar- vae". Recently, five additional species in Ascosphaera have been described: A. proltperda Skou and A. aggregata Skou, incitants of chalkbrood in wild bees (Megachile species and 0... rufa) iA. frmecola Skou' from the, tecal pel- lets of wild bees; and A. atra Skou & Hackett and A. aster- ophora Skou, both apparently saprophytic but occurring with chalkbrood in leafcutting bees. (Skou, 1972, 1975, 1982a; Skou & Hackett, 1979).

The study described here was undertaken to determine 1) “the species of Ascoephaera present in’ North America and responsible for recent epizootics in honey bees and leafcutting bees, 2) distributions of the + and - mating types Of Ascosphaera apis, and 3) strain compatibilities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chalkbrood-diseased larvae (mummies) of honey bees and wild bees were acquired from bee inspectors and re- search scientists in various areas of the United States, Canada and Central America (Tables 1,3). Three to five black mummies from each sample were examined microscopi- cally. Ascocarps (spore cysts in Skou, 1982b) on the sur- faces of the mummies were scraped off and morphological features of the spores, spore balls and spore cysts were noted in detail. Whole mummies were mounted on studs and gold-coated for examination under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe ornamentation of the cyst wall (Skou, 1972; Stepheh et al, 1981).

Subsequently, additional black mummies from each sample were separately crushed and placed in 10 ml of sterile distilled water. Subsamples of 0.5 ml were plated in duplicate on Sabouraud's dextrose agar with two percent yeast extract (SDA). Following the general method of Thomas and Luce (1972), the SDA plates were placed in Tor- bal jars which were purged with COy gas and then left with a slight positive pressure of CO7. After 72 hours at 35°C,

44

the plates were removed and incubated aerobically at 35°C. Fungal colonies developing after 5 to 7 days were isolated and adentified. ~Suspénsions. of larval mummies,of the leat— cutting bee were incubated as described above on a V-8 juice medium (Kish, 1980) as well as on SDA. A soil cell, diseased adults, and larvae of the alkali bee (N. metan- dert) from the state of Washington also were examined for Ascosphaera species using the general procedures already described.

In further attempts to grow the Ascosphaera from the Megachile mummies, 1-ml aliquots of suspensions of crushed mummies were inoculated into tissue culture flasks (5 ml volume) containing a monolayer of larval cells of Aedes alboptetus (Skuse). A second 1-ml portion was inoculated into the tissue culture medium alone. All flasks were ex- amined for evidence of growth of Ascosphaera using an in- verted light microscope.

White mummies from honey bees were sliced into 8-10 pieces with a sterilized razor blade, and the sections were placed on malt extract agar acidified to pH 3.6 with lactic acid. These plates were incubated at 35°C and resulting colonies were transferred to tubes of malt extract agar. Mating type of hyphae growing from each section was determined by test-plating with known + and - cultures of A. apts (Christensen & Gilliam, 1983). Compatibility among strains and compatibility with a subculture of A. apts obtained from Bailey (1981) in Britain were determined Similarly.

Interspecific fertility was examined by attempting Matenes Of) + and — strains: Of AA apce, AS mayor “(Ges G86.-71), and A. proltiperda (CBS 687. 71), in: all ‘combinatione. Cultures of the latter species were obtained from the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) at Baarn, Netherlands.

The key to species uses our own observations and measurements of A. apts in mummies and in culture, A. aggregata in mummies, and A. major and A. proltiperda in culture. In addition, it incorporates data from the com- prehensive studies by Skou and co-workers (Skou, 1972, 1975, 1982a; Skou & Hackett, 1979); the synoptic features for A, atra, A. fimieola, A. asterophora and Pettsid -alver in the key and in Table 4 are derived entirely from the detailed descriptions contained in those publications.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Thirty-two samples with varying numbers of black and white mummies of the honey bee were received from 12 states, Canada and Guatemala. The results from our ex- amination of 260 black mummies are shown in Table 1. All mummies were infected with A. apis. Although no other Ascosphaera species were recovered, several species in other genera grew from mummy pieces on SDA including

45

TABLE 1: Ascosphaera Species from Black Honey Bee Mummies.

No. of No. of mummies Date Ascosphaera Area samples examined collected species present United States

Arizona

Casa Blanca A 10 3/77 A. apts

Tucson 4 40 12/77, 6/78 A. apts

Yuma hi 10 Sit A. apts Florida

Ft. Pierce 14 10 Sa, A. apts

La Belle 1 10 2/70 A. apts Tllinois

Lombard 1 10 Nmeyie A. apts Michigan

Saginaw i 10 6/78 A. apis Nevada

Reno 2 12 1970 A. apte New York

Ithaca af 10 9/78 fe ODEs

Fishers 1 10 10/78 A. apts North Carolina

Mooreville 1 10 8/77 As GQpts Ohio

Columbus 3 18 10/78 A. apts Virginia

Shenandoah Valley 1 6 1970 Ay. apts

Appomattox County 1 6 4/79 A. apts

Clark County a 6 4/79 AS apis

Northampton County 1 6 9/79 A. apts

Warren County is 6 4/79 A. apts Washington

Albion 1 10 7/78 A. apts West Virginia ;

Kearnsville 1 10 5/78 A. apis Wyoming

Laramie i 10 9/78 A. apts

Canada

Alberta 5 30 6/77 A. saps

Central America Guatemala 1 10 TZ /on0 A. apts

46

Aspergillus flavus Link, a causative agent of stonebrood in bees.

All white mummies also were found to be infected with A. apts only. Mating type occurrences are shown in Table 2. The mating type distribution shown in Table 2 is very similar to that reported by Christensen & Gilliam (1983) for larvae collected inithe early’ 1970"s. In both, surveys, number of larvae infected by A. apis + only has: been 1.6- 3.3 times the number infected with - only. Possible ex- planations for mummies containing a single mating type are: 1) the larva ingested one spore or was invaded by the hyphae from one spore; 2) the larva ingested many spores which germinated, but one mating type was more vigorous and super- seded the other (Christensen & Gilliam, 1983); 3) one Mating type had an advantage over the other as a result of particular external conditions; 4) a range of conditions in the gut favored growth of one mating type or the other (Christensen & Gilliam, 1983); and 5) the source of in- fection was mycelium of the observed mating type (Bailey, 1981). Twenty-nine percent of the mummies had both mating types; although the fungus had failed to sporulate in the larva, cysts and spores did develop on artificial media. Perhaps nutrient requirements, competition with secondary invaders, microenvironment within the larva, age of the larva at infection or death, or the length of time the mummy is left in the hive influences the ability of the fungus to complete its life cycle. At present, our meager

TABLE 2: Mating Types of A. apts in White Honey Bee Mummies.

No. of mummies + mating - mating Sample examined type only type only Both

United States

Arizona 18 6 6 6

Florida 1) 1 0 6

Illinois 5 Z 1 2

Michigan 6 S 1 Z

Nevada 6 2 1 S

New York 10 5 2 3

North Carolina jj 2 3 Z

Ohio 5 DY, 2 Hi

Virginia 8 6 2 0

Washington 15 10 5 0

Wyoming ¥/ 2 3 Zz Canada

Alberta 6 3 1 2 Central America

Guatemala 7 3 Z 2 Total 107 47 29 31

Percentage 43.9% 27.13% 29.0%

47

knowledge of the processes of spore germination, growth and interaction of mating types, and maturation of the fungus in the larva has hampered both understanding of the fungus and progress toward development of control measures (Citiiam, VO78s'Gilliam’ etiala; 4978; Bailey, 1981).

All cultures from the white mummies were compatible with one another and with the A. apts obtained from England. This finding also is in agreement with the report by Christensen & Gilliam (1983) of complete intraspecific com- PAatibi Livy am As .¢pise., — it there are: differences in jstrains OruA. cpi6)-Lrom dicterent, parts of theovcs., Canada, Guatemala and England, they are not evident in either mor- phology or ability to mate. None oft, the ‘cubltures (of 4. apts mated with A. major or A. proltperda, however, nor did those species mate with one another. Thus these three species of Ascosphaera, all heterothallic, are reproduc- tively isolated taxa.

Thirteen samples of chalkbrood mummies of Megachile rotundata were examined from four states where that bee is

managed as a pollinator. Microscopic examination revealed that all of the 221 mummies were infected with A. aggregata (Table 3). We did not obtain growth of that species on

either SDA or the V-8 medium. In the tissue culture ex- periments, spores of A. aggregata germinated on the larval mosquito monolayer, perhaps in response to CO? stimulation (Kish, 1980), but there was not continued growth of the fungus here or on artificial media. In three instances, A. apts grew from all mummies examined in the given sample (Table 3).. Thus, although the Megachitle larvae apparently were colonized primarily by A. aggregata, A. apts was present as well as evidenced by its rapid growth from sections of mummies. Ascosphaera apis also was recovered from the soil cell of the alkali bee (Nomta melandert), but the accompanying adults and larvae contained Aspergillus flavus with no evidence of Ascosphaera.

Of the four pathogenic Ascosphaera species described, Only two, Aa “apts7in Apte ‘melbifera and A. saggregata in Megachtle rotundata, are authentically known from North America thus far. Furthermore, as pathogens in nature, those two incitants of chalkbrood in North America do not appear to be cross-infective. In view of our demonstration Of A. apts in Megachile and Nomta nests, earlier reports of its association with Anthophora pactftea, Megachile species and W. melandert (Baker & Torchio, 1968; Batra et al., 1973; Gilliam, 1978), and the report of Vandenberg et al. (1980) of adherence of literally hundreds of thousands of Ascosphaera spores to the external surfaces of foraging leafcutting bees, however, it appears tenable that trans- mission of pathogens between honey bees and wild bees may Occur when territories and food sources overlap.

Ascosphaera major was not found in either honey bees or leafcutting bees in the present study nor was 4. proltperda isolated from any of the samples. The latter species, which incites a "chalk-brood-like" disease, is

48 /

TABLE 3: Ascosphaera Species from Leafcutting Bee Mummies (Megachile rotundata).

No. of No. of mummies Date Ascosphaera Area samples examined collected species present Nevada Jungo 1 La ue Ws A.. aggregata. Lovelock 2 34 1978 A. aggregata; A. apts. Orovada A L7 LOTS A. aggregata. Oklahoma Stillwater af Li L979 A. aggregata. Oregon Umapine 2 34 11/78 A. aggregata. Washington Lowden iE hy 10/78 A. aggregata. Touchet 3 oat 11/78 A. aggregata. Touchet L 17 11/78 A. aggregata; A. apts. Warden ah V7 1978 A. aggregata.

known,only from Denmark from Megachile centunecularits L. reargd in greenhouses (Skou, 1972).

/) The four pathogenic species in Ascosphaera differ frcem

one another in spore size and shape (length/width ratio), ornamentation of the spore cyst wall, size of the spore cyst, and position of the spore cysts in relation to the larval integument. The surface of a black mummy infected with A. apis is a mixture of spore cysts and hyphae, and larvae mummified by A. major and A. proltperda also bear spore cysts superficially -(Skou,) 1972, 1975, LSs2zb).

Larvae attacked by A. aggregata aré very different in appearance in that the spore cysts are subcuticular (Skou, 1975, 1982b; Vandenberg & Stephen, 1982) and upon expansion rupture the surface of the mummy, hence the common name "ragged-brood disease" (Skou, 1982a). | Ascosphaera proltperda can be distinguished easily from A. apts and A. major by its much larger spores (Table 4; Figs. 1-5) and its spore cyst wall which is ornamented with "confluent small and larger warts" (Skou, 1972). Ascoéphaera apts

and A. major differ in spore dimensions, spore length/width ratio, size of the spore cysts, and ornamentation of the Sporeucyst wallieitVable 4; Pags:.. I-5). (Skouslo 7221 Aa Christensen & Gilliam, 1983).

The three apparently saprophytic species (A. fitmtcola, A. atra, A. asterophora) were not recovered or examined in this study, although both 4. atra and A. asterophora have been isolated by others from the mummies or nests of leaf- cutting bees (M. rotundata) affected by A. aggregata (Skou, & Hackett, 1979; Skou, 1982a). The distinctive features for those three species are: 1) A. atra is homothallic

with larger spores (up to 9 x 5 um) than have been recorded in any Other species in Ascosphaera (Table 4; Fig. 5);

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Figures 1-4. Spore balls and ascospores of the known path- ogenic species in Ascosphaera. X 1500. 4 Figs) lL. Al tape. Pidgsr2. 2 Ae vinagote Ibigs: (3. A proliperda” |) iii ¢ spanieae aggregata.

2) <A. asterophora is heterothallic and has pale yellow fusiform spores which are radiately-arranged in the spore baits (Skou', 2982a))3"and* 3) .A. "ftmieola, known only trom the cells and pollen stores of Osmita rufa and not yet suc- cessfully cultured, has spores which are intermediate in size between ‘those of A. apis and A. major, and those ora aggregata, A. proltiperda and A. atra (Table 4") Pigt .5)c. Additionally, A. proltperda and A. atra grow readily on standard agar media, whereas A. aggregata and A. ftmicola fail to grow or grow ephemerally on such media (Skou, 1975; Kish,/’1980).

. The Ascosphaera species constitute a very interesting group Of fungi primarily associated with bees. Further in- vestigations on pathogenicity, host specificity, geographic distributions, and means of spread are needed and presum- ably will be forthcoming as investigators gain experience in species identifications and continue to develop in vivo techniques (Fichter et al., 1981; Vandenberg & Stephen, L982).

The following key and Table 4 are presented in the ex-

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51

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species in Bettsia and Ascosphaera (Ascosphaerales, sensu Skouy 19825).

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Key to Species in the Ascosphaerales

Spores spherical, not in spore balls; Chrysosportum conidial states Saprophy tic: On) pollens 2) ie ane e ee Ste WA de acre an wDetteta alpen) (SKOUs LOZ eo coe

Spores elongated, in spore balls; conidial state un- RTPOWI Wek sie pe alah ak sept ees cia, bh pte bar Pak nen Rg ADL tae k Nanhai Cane a

2. Spores no longer than 4.0 um with an average length near 3-3.5 um. Mainly pathogenic inciting chalk- brood in the honey bee, Apts. melitfera. \s\ 2). \s98

2. tSpoxres \up to: 4.7) pm or more (in length.” Mainiy associated with the leafcutting bee, Megachtle, or MaAsOn DES OSME a, Veviegs is CL eho Gade te) i ahaa eaten

Spore cysts mostly near 130 um in diam, range 59-250 ui. erkapid -qrowtl on? most-med ia i.e ..0eeo cs Cuatro pAscosphaera major. (Skou, 1972, 1982b)"\ Pigs. 2 eo.

Spore cysts mostly near 82 um in diam, range 45-120 um. Rapiad-a.growth oni most: media vy sc )sh 5 2 Siow | oe Pees Ce Pes SANGO OS a OKOU, Pao 1c em oOo Zoi) i Figsas sliver.

45 (Spore average size’ 3.7 x,127).um, wange -256-40jae 1.1-2.6 wm; spore cysts globose, mostly near 64 um diam, range 25-125 um. Mainly saprophytic, associated with fecal pellets of the mason bee; has not beenyqrown on artifkicital media, <7. 44-\.0seee

oe ear ks ws le 6 ys telyetan PEMLeCOLG? (SKOUs tame

4.° Spores or spore cysts larger than above... ean.

Spore cysts oblong, large,subcuticular; spore average Size) 4.6°>x 1.8 um, range’ 3./8=-6.8 x 1.3=2.6 4. Madey pathogenic inciting chalkbrood in the leafcutting bee, Megachile; in our experience, growth lacking or ephemera lon arta fiicral madaa is .\is2 5 eS eee tise s An aggregaca, (Skou,, 1975, 1982b)\ iets. ar

Spore cysts globose. Mycelium culturable on most MOORE PAF Soe eters SET ve bist ele ne Far eee Lee ce. ae er

6.) ‘Spore “average size4.6 x 1.3 ym, mange 23=6 xei=2 um; spores several hundred per spore ball and radiately arranged about a hollow centrum, giving each spore ball a star-like appearance; spore cysts mostly near 93 wm in diam, range 28-159 ym. Known only from Megachtle larvae killed by A. aggregata. inoue te hve tes) or aus AL Cerenop hare S kat iris a ee

AS pea Miata eranet Stejskal (1974), reportedly an in- alkbrood in honey bees in Venezuela, resembles

Bettsta alvet in that both have conidial states. We agree with the comment (Skou, 1975) that verification of the Venezuelan fungus would be desirable.

55

6. Spores larger than above and not radiately arranged, £m, che Spore bal tare aE Mei evi Ne ee Gee Sporer average: S12e 507) 2.2.4) um, range rao - 7.5 x. 1. 7

3.5 um; spore cysts mostly near 134-155 ym in diam, range 70-208 um. Mainly pathogenic inciting chalk- brood, in) Megachi tle! centuncularise.% 2% (ie oa a ea procipevad (Skou, \LO72)is

BAS tS po = iia Spore average’ $126 7.3 13. 65um," range 4-9 x 2-5 1m; spore cysts mostly near 52 wm in diam, range 27-76 um. Saprophytic, but often in nests of the leafcutting Deer MeCICHT es wis sas aetna (SKOU SnacCketr, 197.9)’.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Dr. J. P. Skou for his confirma- tion of our identification of Ascosphaera aggregata and thank Dr. Martha Gilliam for her advice and encouragement throughout the study. The following individuals supplied diseased larvae: W. H. Arnett, D. M. Burgett, L. Connor, Maneormner yD. sDeJongp tao. Fin, Me Glibaame: yD. "A. GOCh— naver., -G.. Henn, EF. Hilbig,C.. A. Johansen, -D. “Knox, J. 7°O. Morirect, H..P.) Powers, D.. C. .Prusso, “f./B.2 Rinderer, PF. A. Robinson, W. C. Rothenbuhler, N. Sharp, G. Stevens, R. Stevenson, L. Stockton, and R. B. Wellemeyer. The study was supported in part by funds from the Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, and the Honey Bee Pesti- cides/Diseases Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Laramie, Wyoming.

LITERATURE CITED

Bailey, L. 1981. “Honey Bee Pathology." Academic Press, New York.

Baker) uG. UM. cand “Torchio, PoP. L968. “New records or Ascosphaera apts from North America. Mycologta, 60, 139-190;

Batra pilin Ree ba clay os We Jeo) and Boharte "Geek. L973. The mycoflora of domesticated and wild bees (Apoidea). Mycopathol. and Mycol. ,appl.;. 49, 13-44.

Christensen, M., and Gilliam, M. 1983. Notes on the Ascosphaera species inciting chalkbrood in honey bees. Apidologte, (in press).

Claussen, P. 1921. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuch- ungen uber den Erreger der als "Kalkbrut" bezeich- neten Krankheit der Bienen. Arbetten Biol. Retch- sanst. Land-Forstw., 10, 467-521.

Clout, Geen. 1 £956." *Chalebrood ‘and hunchback: flies. "bee CROP So, et ol

Fichter, B. L., Stephen, W. P., and Vandenberg, J. D. 1981. An aseptic technique for rearing larvae of the leatecutting bee, Megachile rotundata, J.’ Apte. Res., 20, 184-188.

54

Gril iam Me.) 1978. Pung olin "Honey “bee (Pests) Predators, and Diseases" (R. Aw Morse, ed.), pp-.-.78-L0l. “Corner University Press, Ithaca.

Gillian, M., Taber, iS; 7 ITT, and Rosey i .1 Ben lovee eens bre brood disease of honey bees, Apis mellifera L.: a progress report. Apidologte, 9, 75-89.

Gochnauern,. T. vA Hugnes/6S 0d.) and Corner, Wis hoiee Chalkbrood disease of honey bee larvae -- a threat to Canadian beekeeping? Canada Agric., 17, 36-37.

Hitchcock, J..D. 1972. \Chalkbrood disease of ‘honey bees: aMEeVICW cr amen. Boer s.. ,st toy SU0=3045

Hitehcock) oc. /D., and “Christensen, M., 1972. Occurrence of chalkbrood (Ascosphaera apis) in honey bees in the United States. Mycologta, 64, 1193-1198.

Kish, L. P. 1980. Spore germination of Ascosphaera spp. associated with the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile Potundatas wots Invertepr. Pathol.;, 36 7 b25=228

Maassen, A. 1913. Weitere Mitteilungen uber der seuchen- aften Brutkrankeiten der Bienen. Mitt. Katserl. Btol. Anst. Land-Forstw., 14, 48-58.

Maassen, A. 1916. Uber Bienenkrankheiten. Mitt. Katserl. BLoOl. Anet. Land-foretu:, 16, 51-58.

Maurizio, A. 1934. Uber die Kalkbrut (Pericystis-Mykose) der Bienen. Arch. Bienenk., 15,,165-193.

Melville, R., and Dade, H: A. 1944... > Chalkbrood attacking a wild bee. Wature, 153, 112.

Menapace, D., and Wilson, W. T. 1976. The spread of chalkbrood in the North American honey bee, Apts mel- Leper, weramewr. Becta | LOD TO Oss

Nelson, D. L., Barder, R. G., Bland, S. E.,Soehngen, U.,,and Corner, J. 1977. Western Canadian chalkbrood disease survey of honey bees, 1976. Amer. Bee J., 117, 494-

A967 0 5). Prokschl, H. 1953. Beitrdge zur Kenntnis der Entwicklung- sgeschichte von Pericystts apts Maassen. Arch. Mtkro-

BOL, 56, 98-2097

Skou;, 0.) P., 1972. Ascosphaeralées. —&rivesia, 10 .a-24-

Skou, J. P.. 1975. Two new species of Asecosphaera and notes on the conidial state of Bettsta alvet. Rriestas Ll jyOl= 14:

Skou, J. P. 1982a. Ascosphaera asterophora species nov. MU COLAO ALA TAQ) 59%,

Skou, J. P. 1982b. Ascosphaerales and their unique asco- mata. Mycotaxon, 15, 487-499.

skOUy jd. Pl, pandunackett)) KK... 11979 4, A new homothnavrac species Of) Ascosphaera.. Friesia, Liye 265-271.

Spiltoing CF end Olive, lb. Sie oP955. 9A rec taesat tess tion of the genus Pericystis Betts. Mycologia, Aq, 2a 244s

Stejskal, M. 1974. Arrhenosphaera cranei, gen. et sp. nov. a bee-hive fungus found in Venezuela. J. Apic. RGG ie, iS, 59-45;

stephen, W. P..,, and Undurraga, J. M.. 1978. “Chalkbrood Disease in the Leafcutting Bee." Oregon State Univer- sity Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 630. Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Stephen; W.P. ) Vandenberg, J. Ds, and’ Pichter, BL. 1981. "Etiology and Epizootiology of Chalkbrood in the Leafcutting Bee, Megachile rotundata (Fabricius), with Notes on Ascosphaera Species." Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin NO. 653. °° Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Thomas, )G..M.,"and Luce, “Ae. /1972." “An epizootic: of chalk- brood, Ascosphaera apts (Massen [sic] ex Claussen) Olive and Spiltoir in the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. in Ca weLOrl la. WAmeit hee ada.) bak, 88-90%

Phomas,. GCG. M.., wand Poinar, G./O.))-dr.. 919733. Report: of diagnoses of diseased insects, 1962-1972. Hilgardia, Ae O13 359",

Udagawa, S., and Horie, S. 1974. -Notes on some Japanese Recomycetes X11.) Tras: myeol. Soe. .sapan, wo, 105- oe

Vandenberg, 3. /D..,. Fichter)’ B. ol..,/and) Stephen; Ww R. 1980. Spore load of Ascosphaera species on emerging adults of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile fomundata. App li. Environ. Microbiol 179397. 1690-655.

Vandenberg, J. D:; “and Stephen, Ww (P. 1982. Etiology and symptomatology of chalkbrood in the alfalfa leafcut- tang bee, Megacht le srotundata.” f..Invertebr. \Pathol.,

So ts jake 2

MYCOTAXON

NODE NN eye January-March 1984

NOs bh Cle IMA AND IAPT SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEETINGS AT IMC,

Meetings of the Nomenclature Secretariat of the Interna- tional Mycological Association and of the Special Commit- tee for Fungi and Lichens of the International Associa- tion for Plant Taxonomy were held during the Phinds ai. ternational Mycological Congress in Tokyo, September 1 and August 30, 1983, respectively.

The IMA Nomenclature Secretariat requested formal dis- banding of the Secretariat, since the IAPT Special Com-— mittee had previously agreed to assume the unfinished tasks of the) Secretariat “and to’ accept." the!) repor weaics the few remaining Subcommittees that had been organized under. the Secretariat...As ‘of this writing, the “iaeNce menclature functions have been so transferred.

The IAPI Special Committee met to discuss its new for mat ‘under the new regulations of the Nomenclature Sect— tionof “TAPT | and «the, Botanical ‘Congresses. (It -alsoadect ded not to increase its membership from the 15 appointed at the Sydney Botanical Congress to the 18 it was so empowered to do (the 3 additional members were to have been nominated by the IMA Nomenclature Secretariat). Ronald Petersen announced his decision to retire as. Sec- retary .of the LAPT. Special: Committee for’ Fungo? and lee chens, and nominations for a replacement were solicited at the meeting and by mail from all committeee members. Only two nominees were suggested, and when one of the nominees withdrew his name from consideration, the new Secretary of the Committee became, by default, Richard P. Korf, Plant Pathology Herbarium, Cornell University, Lee NY 14853, USA. He assumed his duties December HP nS for

MYCOTAXON

VOMEXIX, pp eoiin GY January-March 1984

STUDIES IN THE PEZIZACEAE, 1. INTRODUCTION, 2, PEZIZA APICULATA AND ITS RELATIVES

GERALD HIRSCH

Friedrich - Schiller ~ Universitat Jena, Sektion Biologie, Herbarium Hausskmecht, DDR - 6900 Jena, SchloBgasse, G.D.R.

The present paper contains the first two parts of a new series concerning the tax- onomy of the family Pezizaceae. Part 1 deals with the general placement of the amyloid genera in the system of Pezizales. The new tribe Pachyelleae G. Hirsch trib. nov. is described in the Pezizaceae for the isolated genus Pachyella Boud.

In Part 2 a recent collection of the in- sufficiently known Peziza apiculata Cke. is described extensively. This species together with the related ones P. thoze- f2j4 co wel acnrog, ana pernaps (Ps Corl: and Aleurina subapiculata, form a section Ciiive, own: Peziza in sect, Aléurodiscina (Malengon) G. Hirsch comb. nov.

1, Nearly all contemporary authors accept a family Pezizaceae Fr. within the order Pezizales (Gamundi 1960, 1975; Dennis 1960, 1968, 1978; Maas Geesteranus 1967; Eckblad 1968; Rifai 1968; Kimbrough 1970; Korf 1972, 1973). The circum- scription of this family Pezizaceae is different by the different authors. Some genera, for inst- ance Peziza L., and, if acknowledged as differ- ent from Peziza, also Plicaria Fuck. and Sarco- sphaera Auersw., are traditionally recognized by all authors as members of the family. Represen- tatives of these genera have an ascus wall which is staining distinctive blue by use of iodine,

58

what means, it is amyloid. Other genera of the Pezizales which also have an amyloid ascus wall, like Ascobolus and Saccobolus, are classified as members of the family Ascobolaceae Sacc. The tax- onomic: position of still another number of genera has often changed, and some of them are sometimes placed in the family Pezizaceae, too. Such genera are, for instance, Thecotheus Boud. and Iodopha- nus Korf, which are included by Kimbrough & Korf (1967) in the family Pezizaceae,: by others in the relationship of the Pseudoascoboleae. Other exam- ples are Boudiera Cke. (cf. Dissing & Schumacher 1979; Hirsch 1980, 1983) and Pachyella Boud. The last mentioned genus was emended by Pfister(1973) and limited to species with amyloid ascus walls. Seaver (1928) and recently Donadini (1980) even want to unite this genus with Peziza s.str.. This seems to me very inappropriate, because the spe- cies of Pachyella have some characteristic featu- res which distinguish them clearly from the rest of the genera in the Pezizaceae:

- presence of hyphoid hairs which often form a tomentum on the ectal excipulum;

- presence of a gel inside the excipulum;

- inconstancy of ascus wall reaction with iod- ine (especially in European collections of Pachyella babingtonii);

- relatively thick walled ascospores.

I think that Pachyella occupies a rather iso- lated position in the family Pezizaceae. This should be reflected by the reservation of a tribe of its own for that genus:

Pezizaceae Fr. tribus Pachyelleae G. Hirsch OLD. NOM.

Apothecia pulvinata, discoidea. Asci opercu- lati, octospori, parietibus in iodo caeru- lescentibus, sed reactio inconstans. Asco- sporae hyalinae, crassitunicatae, laeves vel Ornamentis cyanophilis ornatae. Excipulum pro parte gelatinosum, strato superficiale pilis hyphoideis,

Genus typicum (et unicum): Pachyella Boud.

59

Eckblad (1968) - following such authors as Den-~ nis (1960) and Maas Geesteranus (1967) - has wid- ened the circumscription of the family Pezizaceae also for inamyloid genera. He likes to include eect Brumm., Korf & Rifai ( = Pulparia Karst.) in this family, because of the superfici- al resemblance of the species of that genus to typical amyloid roundspored members of the family Pezizaceae. This opinion was not followed by any other author. The genera Psilopezia Berk. and Di~ scomycetella Sanwal also recognized by tfckblad (loc. cit.) as members of the Pezizaceae, certain- icon uot Delonge, to; the: melationship ol the true

pezizoid fungi, as was pointed out by Kimbrough (1970) and Pfister (1973).

The genus Gelatinodiscyus Kanouse & A.H.Smith ~ by Rifai (1968) and Korf (i972) treated as a mem- ber of the Pezizaceae, too ~ is now considered as

inoperculate. It belongs to the Helotiales (Car- penter 1976).

Brummelen (1981) suggested in his search for evolutionary lines among the Pezizales based on the ultrastructure of ascus wall and apex, that the amyloid genera "...form a compact and closely related group..." in the Pezizales (p. 46). This Opinion as chiefly supported by the results of the papers by Samuelson (1978a, b), which were not Rr yet in the review of Brummelen (loc. Chives

On the basis of these studies and former sy- stematic suggestions, the amyloid genera should be kept as two separate families:

1. Ascobolaceae Sacc., with the tribes a) Ascoboleae (Ascobolus, Saccobolus ) b) Iodophaneae Korf (Thecotheus, Jodo- phanus )

2. Pezgizaceae Fr., with two tribes a) Pezizeae (Peziza, Plicaria, Sarco-

b) Pachyelleae

Ean essentially the system of Korf (1972 , Tie

sphaera, Boudiera, Scabropezia, Ruh-~ Landiella, Sphaerozone ) G.Hirsch (Pachyella)

60

In the series of papers beginning with this article selected taxonomic and nomenclatural pro- blems should be cleared up. It supersedes my con- tributions "Beitrége zur Kenntnis der Gattung Boudiera" in the scientific journal of the uni- versity of Jena (Hirsch 1980, 1983). Selected problems are the delimitation of genera and spe- cies, the variability of species, and the infra~- generic arrangement of the genus Peziza.

2. The subject of this paper is Peziza apicu- lata Cooke. The following description of this very rare species is based upon an own collection of this fungus in the southern G.D.R.. 2 Rave studied the material in fresh and in dried condi- tion, and I hope'to contribute towards a better knowledge of the variation range of this species.

PEZIZA APICULATA COOKE in: Mycographia, p.175,. PLS 79, £12... 305.

eseHO er Miche bral? sos TiirGiime: ha rea)

Typus: Italy, Selva, in cortice pulrit apie wine silva, August 1875, leg. P.A.Saccardo (holotype K).

Synonyms: Phaeopezia apiculata(Cke.)Saccardo ap. Vido in Michelia 1: 594 (1879); Aleuria apiculata(Cke.)Boudier in Hist.Class Discom.d 'hur., ean (1907);

Discina apiculata(Cke.)Seaver in Mycologia 13: 170 (1921); Galactinia apiculata(Cke.)Le Gal in Bull .Soc.Mycol.France 78: 208 (1962); Aleuria reperta Boudier in Bull.soc. Mycol.France 10: 64 (1894);

°? Peziza elaeodes Clements in Bot. Surv. Nebraska 5: 6 (1901).

Description of the material collected 1975 in the southern ‘GeD,R.:

Apothecia gregarious, dark brown, with a dis- tinct olivaceous tinge, outside of the same co- lor, but olivaceous tinge not clear; outside sur- face and margin fine flocky; apothecia up to 1 cm in diameter, saucer-shaped, flat, attached to the

61

substrate by a broad base, sometimes with an in-~- Gdzecincs very short stipe.

Anatomy of the fruitbody: Hymenium 250 - 270 pm thick. Subhymenium 50 - 8O pm thick, consis-~ ting of compact short-celled textura angularis, cells up to 20 pm, isodiametric or elongated; medullary and ectal excipulum not clearly dif- ferentiated from each other, together about 550- 600 yam thick; medullary excipulum of textura an- gsularis, cells polyedric, of irregular shape, very compact, up to 40 pm diam.; ectal excipulum OURS ours ancl laris.. Too. celle jeliontly larger than in the medulla, radially arranged, but not very distinct, outermost cells something clava- te.

spores: juvenile spores hyaline, then yellow- ish, mature spores light brown; shape ellipsoid or elongated ellipsoid, with polar apiculi;: api- culi colorless, pointed or sometimes blunt (bro- ken?), straight or rarely curved, but also few spores without apiculi seen; number of apiculi usually 1 at each pole, but spores with 2-5 api- culi of different lengths also occur, rarely 1 greater apiculus and some elongated warts at one pole; apiculi up to 6 pm long; the shape of spo- res and apiculi agrees perfectly with the illus- trations given by Le Gal (1941; fie. 4 / 8 and 9, p. 65) and Bckblad (1968; fie. 34c, p. 75). Asco~ spores ornamented with rounded, low, regular, isolated warts, which are clearly visible in op- tical section; warts and apiculi cyanophilous; juvenile spores with two oi1 guttules, which are not clearly detectable in the mature state, with- out de Bary - vacuoles; the spores measure (with- Cis OTnament ond ‘apicull oto. fo mee. Se Bel (— 94 pms Leneth/width ratio.251~ 25:7.

Asci cylindrical, something tapered towards the base, apex rounded to flat, eightspored, not protruding at maturity, operculate; wall region around the operculum strongly amyloid, contents of juvenile asci dextrinoid; 260 ~- 275 x11 -

Lip aoue site

Paraphyses cylindrical, 5 - 6 pm thick, apex

62

Slightly enlarged up to 8 pm, straight, septate, with 2 - 3 septa in the upper 100 pm, lower part more densely septate; unbranched, hyaline to light brown,

Collection examined: German Democratic Renpu- blic, District of EBrturt, Nature Reservation "Alperstedter Ried" 10 km N Erfurt; apothecia on rotten wood of a decidous tree (probably Alnus) in a very wet Alnetum; August 8, 1975; leg. et det. G, Hirsch; ds,

Peziza apiculata is a rare species. Only a few records were reported in recent times. After its original description by Cooke in 1877, which was based on a collection by Saccardo from northern Italy, Malengon (1939) was the first modern au- thor who gave a description and reported a collec- tion of Peziza apiculata. His material was from northern Africa, Morocco. Later, Gamundi (1960) reported the fungus from Argentine. But according to her description (nonamyloid asci, small asco- spores) this report must be based upon another species. Eckblad (1968) had already reached the Same conclusion,

Graddon (1960) has found the fungus in Eng- land. Moravec (1977) reports the fungus from a locality in Central Europe (Czechoslovakia) for the first time. A more recent record from Eng~ land was provided by Legon (1979) and illustra- ted by Spooner (1981). Moodie (1982) reported a further British collection) O17) /(apLcumouas

According to Pfister (1979), Moravec *s col- lection from Moravia, Czechoslovakia, is not Pe- ziza apiculata but belongs perhaps to a Theco- fheus species. The illustration of Spooner (loc.

FIGURE |. Peziza apiculata. a,b. Spores with apiculi. c,d. Ornamentation of the spores. e€. Submature spore with 3 apiculi at one pole. f. Upper parts of paraphyses. g. Eetal exci- pulum. All in cotton blue, .a-f° "X 1300;

63

i)

I

64

cit.) resembles the Moravec record in every res-~ pect, so that the true identity of the recent British collection of Legon remains, in my opi- nion, doubtfully. The apiculi of the ascospores as illustrated by Moravec and Spooner are very stout and thick at their bases, so they gen a triangular shape in side view. This is, in fact, not the case in the true Peziza apiculata. Very well illustrations of the spores of this species were presented by Le Gal (1941, 1947), Eckblad (i968) and Donadini (1977).

The last mentioned author (Donadini 1977) has described the new variety P. apiculata var. fla- vobrunnea, Donad. from southern France. It can be distinguished from the typical variety because of its yellowish colors in the hymenium. Donadi- ni mentions some further collections of the ty- pical variety from France (leg. Romagnesi, Nar- di), which were partly recorded already by Gre- let (1945). A much more recent collection from Corsica (Haffner 1983) is still doubtful.

The description of the anatomy in the fruit- body of P. apiculata in the present paper aé tentative, because it is based on examination of the dried material. I tried to recollect the Tun gus in the same locality in later years, but without any success,

Peziza apiculata is known from northern Italy (locus FaMane France, Morocco, Great Britain, and the G.D.R. The report from Czechoslovakia (Moravec 1977) is doubtful. Furthermore it oc- curs in North America. A report from South Ame- rica, Argentine, by Gamundi (1960) is erronne~ ous.

Aleuria reperta Boud. is fey ene kept as distinct from Peziza apiculata (Malencgon 1939; Pfister 1979). Others, like Le Gal Cisat, 1947, 1962) and Moravec (1977) consider Aleuria reper-~ ta Boud, as identical with Peziza apiculata. Ac- cording to Donadini (1977) there is no authentic material of A, reperta preserved in the Boudier-— Herbarium in PC. Pfister (1979) has summarized the "differences" between P. apiculata and A. reperta, following Malencon (1939). Aleuria re~-

65

oe should Pee SER QO PORCS ae. & Borie ? - 11 pn, eziza apiculata 17 - 20 x 9 - 10 pm, The measu- rements of ascospores given by te Gal (1941) and of my own collection clearly mediate between. these two extremes. The other differences in co- lor (more light olivaceous in A. reperta - dark olivaceous brown in P. apiculata) and in gross morphology (substipitate apothecia in A. reperta ~ sessile ones in P. apiculata) are not suffi- cient for distinguishing these taxa at the spe- cies level. They shall not be taken into account any longer if one compares them with the descrip- tion of my own collection given above. Conse~ quently I believe, that Aleuria reperta Boud. is a synonym of Peziza apiculata Cke. and shall not fall into consideration any more when determina- tLON Ot yrecent collections, of these fungi’ is: ne- cessary.

A similar but clearly different species is Pe- giza thozetii Berk., which was excellently de-~ Seribed and illustrated by Rifai (1968). Its api- culi are more truncate, spore dimensions are greater than in P. apiculata, and the warts at the spore membrane are not rounded but elongated. The fungus, originally reported from Australia, was recently described from Papua New Guinea by Otani (1975), too. This extension of geographical range gives support to the opinion, that Aleurina Subapiculata Hoehn. perhaps is identical with P, thozetii, as questionably indicated by Pfister (1979). However, the holotype of this species described from Java bears inamyloid asci as proofed by Pfister. Maybe this is caused by the kind of preparation.

Aeurchenmvsepecios. related (TOP. apieulata is Peziza elachroa Berk. & Curt. This species, known only from the type locality in Cuba (holotype XK), has ascospores 16 ~ 18 x 10 - 12 pm ornamented with short, low, anastomosing ridges. Its apiculi are more truncate, blunt,

Peziza elaeodes Clements is according to the original description very similar to P. apiculata (Seaver 1928; Pfister 1978). No original material of this species seems to be in existence. It is here considered as questionably identical with

66

Peziza apiculata.

A further but very incomplete known species with affinities: to.P. apiculata as Pezize coms (Boud.) Korf. This is indicated by the brownish, warty, apiculate spores. Spore dimensions are in the range of P. se Lt but the thecium was said to be reddish purple-brown. It occurs on soil. According to Donadini (1977). no type ma- terial does exist in the Boudier-Herbarium (PC). 50 only fresh collections can help to clarify the question of specific distinctness of P. cornui.

Moravec (1974, 1977) has discussed Peziza vag~ neri J. Morav. in connection with P. apiculata,. He believes, that these species are relatives. This seems, however, unjustifiable because PP. vagneri is not truly apiculate. Its ascospores have some elongated warts at their poles as it is the case in some other Peziza species.

The same is meant for Peziza bubacii (Velen.) Svréek, a species with + fusiform ascospores that are covered with irregular warts, something elon- gated at the poles, without true apiculi (cf. Svrtek 1976, 1979).

The discussed species Peziza apiculata (incl. Aleuria reperta Boud., Peziza elaeodes Clem.), Peziza thozetii Berk., Peziza elachroa Berk. & Curt. and, perhaps, Peziza comui (Boud.) Korf and Aleurina subapiculata Hoehn, form a group of naturally related species inside the genus Pezi-~- za. This was also the opinion of Donadini (1977), who erected the new section Apiculatae Donad. However, Malengon (1939) has already described a section Aleurodiscina Maleng. in the genus Aleu- ria with the species Peziza apiculata and Aleuria reperta. This is the first available name at. the section level. For reasons of priority the cor- rect name for the taxon in question should be:

Peziza L. sectio Aleurodiscina (Malengon) G. Hirsch comb. nov.

Basionym: Aleuria sect. Aleurodiscina Malengon a RNa Le 55 ee LO oe)

67

Lectotype: Peziza apiculata Cooke

Synonym: Peziza sectio Apiculatae Donadini in Bull.Soc.lfycol.France 93: p. 1|80 (1977).

Further synonyms: Peziza L. subgen. Phaeopezia Sacc. ap. Vido in Michelia 1: p. 594 (1879); Phaeopezia (Sacc.) Sacc. ap. Vido in Michelia 1: p. 595 (1879); Phaeopezia (Sacc.) Sacc. ap. Vido

subgen. Geoscyphula Sacc. in Bot. Opisele sie koe leGAy.

Apothecia small to medium sized, disc-shaped, saucer=shaped or flat. Thecium with brownish colors: yellowish, olivaceous or reddish brown, Ascospores hyaline to yellowish or brownish, usual with one apiculus at each pole, warted; apiculi and ornamentation cyanophilous. On bare soil or rotten wood,

After more material is available, the diagnosis of this section should be completed with fea~ tures of apothecial anatomy.

To this section belong the following species of Peziza: P, apiculata Cke. (+ var. flavobrunnea Donad, ) Popthozetii Berk. P. elachroa Berk. & Curt.

and questionably ? P. cornui (Boud.) Korf ? Aleurina subapiculata Hoehn.

The recognition of a section of its own for the species related to Peziza apiculata seems well justified because of some remarkable fea- tures as there are the apiculate ascospores which often have brownish pigments. It is a necessary task to elaborate an infrageneric arrangement of the genus Peziza that can be recognized by most mycologists. But, in my opinion it seems to be mich more difficult to fulfill ‘this task among other groups of natural relationship within the genus Peziza than in the presented example.

68

Acknowledgement

My best thanks to Dr. F.K. Meyer (Jena) for his help in preparing the Latin diagnosis, and to Mrs. M. Wisniewski (Jena) for kindly correcting the English manuscript.

References

BRUMMELEN, J. van (1981): The Operculate Ascus and Allied Forms. In: Reynolds, D.R. (ed.): Ascomycete Systematics. The Iuttrellian Concept. Springer: New York, Heidelberg, Berlin, pp. 27 - 48. -=- CARPENTER, ae Sei eae morphology, and ontogeny of Gelatinodiscus avidus Soll ea Smith. Mycotaxon 3: 209 = 232. -- DENNIS, R. W.G. (1960): British cup fungi and their allies. London. - DENNIS, R.W.G. (1968): British Ascomycetes. Lehre. -~ DENNIS, R.W.G. (1978): British Ascomycetes, Edit. 2. Va- duz. -~ . DISSING, H. & SCHUMACHER, T. (1979): Preliminary studies in the genus Boudiera, taxonomy and ecology. Norw. JeBot. 26: 99 - 109. -=|-— DONADINI, J.C. Sea: melt dis- comycetes nouveaux: Peziza apiculata Cooke variété flayo-~ sen ee nov. var. et Peziza muscicola nov. sp. Bull.Soc. Mycol,.France ae TOE DO te teces DONADINI, J.C. (1980): Le genre Peziza (Dill.) Linné per Saint Amans sousegenre Pa- chyella (Boudier) nov.comb. Docum. Mycol. 11(41): 25 - 26. E » Fe-E. (1968): The oa of the Operculate Disco- cetes. Nytt Mag.Bot. 15: 1 - 191, =<: GAMUNDI, 1.J. (1960): Discomycetes operculados de la Argentina familias Pezizaceae y Humariaceae. Lilloa 30: 257 = 338. -- GA- MUNDI, I.J. (1975): Fungi, Ascomycetes, Pezizales. Flora Cript. Tierra del Fuego 10(3): 1 - 185. -— GRADDON, W.D. (1960): British Records, Trans.Brit.Mycol.Soc. 43: 689 - 691, -— GRELET, L.d. (1945): Les Discomycétes de France d’aprés la classification de Boudier. Rev.Mycol. 10: 96 - 116. -— HAFFNER, J. (1983): Die Pilze Korsikas. Studien liber das Vorkommen hdherer Pilze auf der Mittelmeerinsel Korsika. 1. Lieferung: Ascomyceten. 38 pp. Verdff. Verein Pilzk. Wissen. -=- HIRSCH, G. (1980): Beitrdge zur Kennt- nis der Gattung Boudiera Cke. (Pezizales, Ascomycetes). I. Eine Boudiera-Kollektion aus der DDR und ihre Stellung zu den bisher bekannten Arten. Wiss.Z.Univ.Jena, Math.-nat. R. 29(4): 649 - 655. -- HIRSCH, G. (1983): Beitrdge zur Kenntnis der Gattung Boudiera Cke. (Pezizales, Ascomyce- tes). II. Conspectus der Arten. Wiss.Z.Univ.Jdena, Math.- nat. R., in press. -= KIMBROUGH, J.W. (1970): Current trends in the classification of Discomycetes. Bot.Rev. 36: 91 ~ 161, -- KIMBROUGH, J.W. & KORF, R.P. (1967): A syn- opsis of the genera and species of the tribe Theleboleae (= Pseudoascoboleae). Am.J.Bot. 54: 9 - 23. -— KORF, R. P. (1972): Synoptic key to the genera of the Pezizales. Mycologia 64: 937 - 994. -= KORF, R.P. (1973): Discomy- cetes and Tuberales., Chapt. 9 in: The Fungi: An Advanced Treatise. Ed. by GC. Ainsworth, F.K. Sparrow jr. & A.S. Sussman. -= LE GAL, M. (1941): Les Aleuria et les Galac- tinjas HeysMycol. 6CSuppl, 3) 27656" G27) “a5 eae Gad ee

69

(1947): Recherches sur les ornamentations sporales des Discomycetes operculés,. Ann.Sci.Nat.Bot.Biol.Veget., Ser. 11, 8: 73 = 297. -— LE GAL, M. (1962): Combinaisons nou- velles concernant les genres Galactinia(Cooke)Boud. emend,. Le Gal, Scutellinia(Cooke)Lamb. emend. Le Gal et Sarcosoma Casp. Bull.soc.Mycol.France 78: 204 - 216, -- LEGON, N. W. (1979): Pungi from Norbury Park. Bull.Brit.Mycol.soc. 13: 95 ~ 96... -~— MAAS GEESTERANUS, R.A. (1967): De fungi van Nederland, 2a Pezizales deel I. Wetensch.Meded.Koninkl. Nederl .Natuurhist.Vereniging No. 69, -—} MALENQON, G. (1939): Champignons rare ou nouveaux du Maroc frangais. Bull .Soc,.Mycol.France 55: 34 = 60. -- MOODIE, W.T. (1982): Spring Foray 1981. Forest of Dean 22 ~ 29 May.

Budd Orit. Mycol .o0c,.16:°12 2921. “<2: MORAVEC, J. (1974): Peziza vagneri spec. nov. from Czechoslovakia (Discomyce- tes, Pezizales). Cesk& Mykol. 28: 223 - 226, -- MORAVEC, J. (1977): A new collection of Peziza apiculata in central Europe. Kew Bull. 3il: 699 = Jo2, -m/— OTANI, Y. (1975): Some Discomycetes collected in Papua New Guinea. In: Re- ports on the Cryptogams in Papua New Guinea. Nat. Sci. Mus. Polvo (pp. 5) 41). 0 me PPISTER, DD. He) (1973) ¢ Phe psilo- pezioid fungi. IV. The genus Pachyella (Pezizales). Can.J. Bouse oi: 2O09K=—" 2023... --) PFISTER, DH. (1978): Type ‘Btu- dies in the genus Peziza. IV. Species described by F.&. Clements. Mycotaxon 7: 214 - 217, -=— PFISTER, D.H.(1979): Type studies in the genus Peziza. VII. Miscellaneous spe- cies described by M.J. Berkeley and M.A. Curtis. Mycotaxon 8: 339 - 346. -—- RIFAI, M.A. (1968): The Australasian Pezizales in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Verh.Koninkl .Nederl.Akad.Wetensch., Afd.Natuurk. 97:

- 295. -— SAMUELSON, D.A. (1978a): Asci of the Peziza~ les. I. The apical apparatus of iodine-positive species. Can.J.Bot. 56: 1860 ~ 1875. -— SAMUELSON, D.A. (1978b): Asci of the Pezizales. VI. The apical apparatus of Mor- chella esculenta, Helvella crispa, and Rhizina undulata. General discucsion, Can.J.Bot. 56: 3069 = 3082, -— SEA- VER, Fed. (1928): North American cup-fungi (Operculates). New York. -~ SPOONER, B.M. (1981): New records and spe- cles of British microfungi. Trans.Brit.Mycol.sSoc. 76:

265 =~ 301, -j—- SVRCEK, M. (1976): A revision of species

of the genus Peziza Dill. ex St.Amans, described by J. Ve~ lenovsky II. Geskd Mykol. 30: 135 = 142. -=— SVRCEK, M. (1979): A taxonomic revision of Velenovsky's types of operculate Discomycetes (Pezizales) preserved in National Museum, Prague. Sborn.Narod.Muz.Praze 32 B (2-4): 115 - 194 ("1976"),

MYCOTAXON

Vola XI oe 3/0 January-March 1984

NOM ta Cee XIV INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CONGRESS

The fourteenth International Botanical Congress will be held in West Berlin, Germany, 24 July - 1 August 1987.

Pre- and post-Congress scientific field trips will be ar- ranged to various parts of central, south,. and “nore Europe. Brigette Zimmer convenes the Field Trip Commit-— tee.

The Nomenclature Section convenes in Berlin 20-24 July 1987, under the chairmanship of Frans A. Stafleu.

Six sections are arranged for the program: Metabolic Botany, Developmental Botany, Genetics and Plant Breed- ing, Structural Botany, Systematic and Evolutionary Bo- tany, and Environmental Botany.

The first circular is available on request, and includes further details on the Congress and a preliminary reply form. (An, early “senquiry “and reply ‘isi requesteds” [end Lnese: LO.

Congress Secretariat

XIV International Botanical Congress Kénigen-Luise-Strasse 6-8

D-1000 BERLIN (West) 33

WEST GERMANY

MYCOTAXON

Vol, #XLX,0 pp. 71-80 January-March 1984

MOLLICARPUS, GEN. NOV. (POLYPORACEAE) WITH NOTES ON CORIOLOPSIS BYRSINA, PHELLINUS CROCATUS, AND

POLYSTICTUS CROCATUS VAR. SIBIRICUS

J. GINNS Btosystematics Research Institute, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontarto, Canada K1A 0C6

Summary

Motltearpus cognatus (type for genus)

occurs in southeast Asia and has soft, light- weight basidiomes with relatively small spores and cyanophilous, typically dextrinoid binding hyphae. Cortolopsis byrsina is described and contrasted with Phellinus crocatus. Phelltnus crocatus is neotypified. A piece of the presumed type of Polystictus crocatus var. stbt- rteus was located and found to be a Phellinys.

Many of the names in the Cortolopsis Murr. complex were proposed in the late 19th century and the published descriptions frequently lack the microscopic details that are, today, known to be significant in distinguishing

species.

most of

species.

several complex

Because few collections were available under the names it was difficult to circumscribe the

Therefore, when one fungus, represented by collections, could be readily separated from the but did not fit in a genus in several keys to the

polyporoid genera (Cunningham, 1965; Pegler, 1973; and Ryvarden and Johansen, 1980), it was decided to propose a new generic name for it.

Ve

MOLLICARPUS, GEN. NOV.

Cortolopsts affin, differt sporis ellipticis late, (4-)4.6-5.2 X (3.2-)3.6um et hyphis ligantis cyanophilus, typice dextrinoideus.

Typus: Trametes cognata Berk.

The genus Molltcarpus was segregated from Cortolopsts because the combination of short, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with cyanophilous, typically dextrinoid binding hyphae which occur in the type and only species of Mollicarpus are not known to occur in Cortolopsts.

Mollitcarpus cognatus (Berk.) Ginns, comb. nov. (Figs.1-2) = lranetves ‘cogndta Berk. , J. Lint.) Soc. dM ot Rae Wen MST EP Ga = Polysttctus turgtdus Lloyd, Mycol. Writ. PO Sie OZ

Basidiomes often perennial, effused-reflexed to dimidiate and applanate, 2.5-5.5 X 2-3 X 0.3-0.5 cm; pileus surface when fresh "uniformly cinnamon or fawn brown'' (Corner, in herb.), drying Fawn Color (Ridgway 1912) or Tawny Olive on the older part and on the marginal area Tawny Olive to Wood Brown, dry, concentri- cally sulcate, soft, matted tomentose but irregularly roughened; context soft, densely cottony, Tawny Olive or Clay Color, homogeneous or duplex with a dark tomentum over a paler and denser hyphal layer, sections discolor- ing a pale red-brown in KOH, overall 1.5-4 mm thick; margin Warm Buff, sterile, acute, to 1 mm wide; tubes 5-8 per mm, up to 2 mm long, the mouths "white, when fresh" (Corner, in herb.), drying a Cinnamon Buff to Pinkish Buff, round to slightly angular, dissepiments

QOO00 |-

Fig. 1. Molltcarpus cognatus. Basidiospores from Polysttctus turgidus type (K).

VS

thin (50um), edges granulose or weakly fimbriate, in vertical section Light Buff, firm, corky.

Hyphal system trimitic; hyphae not darkening in KOH; generative hyphae uncommon, with clamp connections, (1.8-) 3-4um diam, the walls thin, hyaline, neither amyloid nor dextrinoid; skeletals in the context aseptate, (2-)3-4(-5)um diam, wavy or straight, the walls pale yellow-brown to yellow, thin to 1.7um thick, acyanophil- ous, nondextrinoid; binding hyphae in the trama serpentine, infrequently branched, (1.6-)2-3um diam, the walls subhyaline to pale yellow, thickened, cyanophilous, -dextrinoid (except in 14355); basidia not preserved; spores numerous in the collections studied, broadly ellipsoid, (4-)4.6-5.2 X (3.2-)3.6um, the wall hyaline to pale yellow, thin, smooth, acyanophilous, nonamyloid, nondextrinoid.

Collected on rotting wood, the nature of the rot unknown, Four collections have been found, all are from southeast Asia (Indonesia: Aru Islands, 22 Sept. 1874, Challenger (7. cognata, type-K); British N. Borneo: Sandakan, Sept.-Dec. 1920, M. Ramos 2099 (P. turgtdus, isotype-K); Malay Peninsula: Tambeling: Pahang, 19 Nov. 1930, E.J.H. Corner, Singapore Herb. 24461 (K); Philip- pines: Luzon: Nueva Vizcaya Prov.: near Dupax, Mar.-April 1912, R.C. McGregor, Bureau Sci. 14355(S)).

The light weight, the contrast between the dark context and pale tube layer, and soft texture of the

Figs. 2-3. Basidiomes. Fig. 2. Molltcarpus cognatus. Sulcate pileus (left) and pore surface (right). From 24401 VK) aie, 33 .eCortolopets byrsina. Sulcate pileus. From 1664 (K). Scales equal 2 cm.

74

basidiomes are distinctive features of M. cognatus. Cortolopsts byrstna although of similar morphology is geographically isolated, occurring in the western hemis-— phere and Africa (see below). In addition, C. byrstna has larger spores (9.5-12um long) and pores (4-5 per mm), and nondextrinoid hyphae.

The skeletal hyphae are readily distinguished from the binding hyphae in many species with a trimitic hyphal system. In M. cognatus these two types of hyphae are very similar. The binding hyphae were relatively narrow, restricted to the trama, branched occasionally and had walls which were dextrinoid (in most collections), cyano- philous and paler than those of the skeletal hyphae in the context.

Cunningham (1965, p. 239) listed 7. cognata as a synonym of Phellinus (Polyporus) btcolor (Jungh.) Cunn. but I consider Polyporus bicolor to be a synonym of Cortolopsts sangutnarta (Kl.) Teng (see Ryvarden & Johansen 1980).

CORIOLOPSIS BYRSINA

Cortolopsts byrsina (Mont.) Ryv., Norw. J. Bot. 1929930. 919727 (Fig. 3) = Polyporus byrsinus Mont’, Ann. Sci. Nat.,/ser.92, 17: 126. -18422-4 (Also 4 few months Later sin La Sagra, Hist... Cuba.9s S9t 71842)" Polysttetus crocatus var. byrsinus (Mont.) Fr., Nov. vp. Mycol. "0. (9b boo. Polystictus byrsinus (Mont.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. Or eZ Jan Looe. Trametes byrstna (Mont.) Pat. et Heim, Ann. Crypt. Exot) deena s Ger os 1209") L928.

HW

Basidiomes typically reflexed with the effused part on a vertical surface, occasionally dimidiate, sessile and hemispherical (as seen from above), confluent, rather soft, coriaceous and very lightweight, 3-6(-10) X 2-3(-7) X 0.3 cm; pileus surface Clay Color to grey brown, con- centrically sulcate, dry, soft to the touch, felty, dull; context Buckthorn Brown, duplex with a darker brown tomentum and a paler, denser hyphal layer above the tubes,

ho

soft, leathery-spongy, 1-3 mm thick; margin cream color, slightly darker than the tubes, sterile, matted-tomentose, to 1 mm wide; tubes 4-5 per mm, up to 1 mm long, round to angular, Pinkish Buff to Clay Color, in texture soft and felty to rough and rather coarse, the dissepiments thin with edges (the tube mouths) somewhat scalloped and smooth.

Hyphal system trimitic; generative hyphae uncommon, typically seen as small fragments, with clamp connections, 2-4um diam, the walls thin to slightly thickened, hyaline to subhyaline; skeletal hyphae straight, unbranched or rarely branched, with retraction septa, (2-)3-6um diam, the walls thin to 2um thick, dark yellow to yellow brown, cyanophilous or acyanophilous, nonamyloid, nondextrinoid; binding hyphae rare to common, frequently branched, the walls thin to thick, subhyaline to pale yellow, nonamyloid, nondextrinoid, acyanophilous or cyanophilous, (1.5-)2-3ym diam; trama containing the three types of hyphae but each was narrower and of a paler color than in the context; basidia broadly clavate, 8-10um diam and tapering rather abruptly to a narrow, stem-like base; spores ellipsoid with broadly rounded apices, slightly flattened on the adaxial surface, 9.5-12(-14) X (3.5-)4-5.5(-6.4)um, the apiculus broad and blunt, the wall hyaline to subhyaline, smooth, thin, acyanophilous, nondextrinoid, nonamyloid.

Collected on the wood of angiosperms, associated with a white rot. Specimens have been seen from U.S.A. (Florida, South Carolina, Louisiana), Cuba, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Columbia, Bolivia, Brazil and Argentina; in Africa from Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Also reported from Puerto Rico (Stevenson 1975) and Venezuela (Patouillard & Heim 1928).

The features which distinguish this apparently uncommon fungus are its effused-reflexed, extremly light- weight basidiomes, the strongly sulcate pileus, duplex context, large spores and occurrence in central and South America and Africa. Macroscopically Molltcarpus cognatus is similar but differs in having smaller spores (4.6-5.2 X 3.6um), smaller pores (6-8 per mm) and it is known only from southeast Asia.

An unpublished herbarium name, "Sterewn malacho- dermus" was applied by Fries to a specimen of C. byrstna

76

(Costa Rico, script E. Fries, Herb. Berkeley (K)) sent to Berkeley. The name was not published because Fries (1855) decided, wrongly, that the fungus was the same as Stereum tenutsstmum Berk. (1847, p. 510) for he stated (1855,

pp. 111-112) under S. tenutsstmum "Synonymo Berkeleyi non cognito sub St. malachodermo distribui." The S. malacho- dermus collections from Costa Rica (above) and Cuba (Wright 364 & 365 at Kew) are also Cortolopsts byrstna. The Wright collections were cited by Berkeley (1868,

p. 320). Berkeley thought byrstnus and malachodermus were only states of C. ocetdentalts (K1l.) Murr. and Patouillard and Heim (1928) referred to P. byrsina as a thin form of C. occtdentalts. However, C. ocetdentalis differs in having spores 6-7 X 3um, skeletals up to 10um diam and a firmer basidiome.

Selected specimens studied: as crocatus: Mexico, script, &,):Fries (K)) Mirador, Jan; 1943. tiepmang (CM Costa Rice, Sydow, Fungi exotici exs, 552 8). Uo cas Florida, Lowe 4158 (K); Columbia, 1664 (K); Guatemala, 4384, det. Lloyd (S); asbyrstnus: Cuba, ex herbier Montagne, herb. Berkeley (K presumed isotype); Bolivia: Mapiriy Britton, & Rusby. 1324 (kK): Nicaragua, U, owen Exped.', herb,’ Hooker: (K);" Brasil: Est. Para: Ochions. RBOP 706. CK);

POLYPORUS CROCATUS NEOTYPIFIED

Phellinus: crocatus (Fr.) Ryv., Norw. J. Bot. 19: 234. 1972:

Polyporus crocatus ‘Fr. , Epicrisis, p. 47/2, 20008

Polysttetus crocatus (Fr.) Fr., Nov. Symb. Mycol.,

Die Li Oo Dee

Cortolopsts crocatus (Fr.) Murr., Bull. Torrey

Bou: Clubees 5064 11905.

Pertinent specimens examined: 1) "Polyporus eroecatus, Epicr., Amer. boreal."' (script E. Fries), "TYPUS! No specimens in Uppsala" (in pencil, author un-

known to me), "Herb. Berkeley 1879." (by printed stamp). At K, herein designated neotype. 2) "Polyporus crocato affinis! Mexico. ...Trametes...

affinis!" (script E. Fries), "Herb. Berkeley 1879" (by printed stamp). At K.

vie

3) "Polystietus crocatus" (script E. Fries), "Polyporus? 27, Mirador, 1/43" (? script Liebman), with the additional data on the typed label: ''TYPUS, AMERICA SEPT.- Mexico, leg. Liebman, januar 1843." At C.

Two taxa have been labelled Polyporus crocatus Fr. This unfortunate situation arose when Fries (1855) broad- ened his concept of Polysttctus crocatus to include Montagne's P. byrsinus. Fries reduced P. byrstnus to a variety of Polysttctus crocatus but Saccardo (1888, p. 275) rejected this varietal status and treated P. byrstnus and P. crocatus as distinct species. Saccardo (1888) noted, under P. byrstnus, that Fries’ P. ecrocatus in Nov. Symb. Mycol. (1855) from Mexico was distinct from P. crocatus described in the Epicrisis.

In addition Fries labelled two specimens with the name P. crocatus and sent them to Berkeley. These speci- mens are now at Kew and are cited above as nos. 1 and 2. No... lL wsra eneliinus and had ‘been, when Ll -saw,it in’ 1977, annotated as such by Ryvarden of Oslo. This concept was followed by Pilat (1942), Bondartsev (1953), Ryvarden (1972) and Ryvarden and Johansen (1980). Pilat and Bondartsev listed, without comment, Polysttctus crocatus as a synonym of Phellinus gtlvus (Schw.) Pat., whereas Ryvarden (1972) and Ryvarden and Johansen (1980) treated the name as P. crocatus.

Specimens 2 and 3 above are considered by me to be part of the same collection. They appear to be the Liebman collection from Mexico that Fries (1855, p. 91) cited. The fungus in these packets is Cortolopsis byrstna. After Fries (1855), this concept has been applied to Polysttctus crocatus by Murrill (1905), Bresadola (1916, p. 223), Sydow (1927) and Overholts (1953). All, except Sydow, listed Polyporus byrstnus as a synonym. Murrill (1905) and Ryvarden and Johansen (1980) were of the erroneous opinion that P. crocatus was originally collected in Mexico.

Resolution of the problem lies in the designation of a type specimen. The protologue (Fries 1838, p. 477) gives only "In America boreali" as collection data for the specimen(s). Only one (no. 1) of the three specimens cited above carries this designation and it contains a

78

specimen of a Phellitnus. In the absence of any additional collection data, such as a date or collector's name, it is uncertain whether this is original material. It is desig- nated neotype with the realization that it may be original material.

Ryvarden (1972), Ryvarden and Johansen (1980) and possibly Bresadola (1916) indicated that the type had been studied. Bresadola (1916) and Ryvarden (1972) did not include data on the specimen they considered to be type, give a description of it or cite the herbarium where it was stored. Thus they have not designated a neotype. Ryvarden and Johansen (1980) provided a description of Phellinus erocatus, cited the type as "K, C!'", presumably meaning that a part was in each herbarium, and stated ''We have only examined the type from Mexico." Having examined the three specimens cited above I was unsure of their intention. The specimens from Mexico, nos. 2 and 3 above, were collected in 1843 several years after the species had been described, thus cannot be holotype or lectotype. In addition, the original description gave America boreali as the locality, not Mexico. Fries did not submerge Mexico under the category America boreali when more specific data was available (e.g., Fries 1855).

The specimen, no. 1, herein designated neotype has the locality America boreali in agreement with the original description. This specimen, a Phellinus, was annotated by Ryvarden with data similar to that in the description in Ryvarden and Johansen (1980). It seems more than likely that this specimen was the basis for their description. Thus their miscitation of the herbaria and Mexican locality for the type are best con- sidered a lapsus calamt. If one interprets Ryvarden and Johansen's citation as having neotypified P. crocatus it creates the unnecessary situation of tying the species concept to the Mexican specimens at K and C (cited as type by Ryvarden and Johansen 1980). Since they are Cortolopsts byrstna, C. byrstna would become a synonym of C. crocatus then the specimen from America boreali would have to be described as a new species.

POLYSTICTUS CROCATUS VAR. SIBIRICUS SACC.

A piece of the presumed type (at S) (labelled in

79

part: Sibiricae, prope Minusinsk. Ad truncos hosae Gmelin. Comm. Saccardo) is, to me, Phellinus rtbis (Fr.) Quél. Bondartsev (1953, p. 394) also recognized Saccardo's variety as P. rtbis.

Acknowledgments: This study was initiated and essentially completed in 1977 while I was a visitor at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Every courtesy was extended to me by Dr. D.A. Reid, his colleagues and the staff.

LITERATURE CITED

Berkeley, M.J. 1847. Decades of fungi 15-19. Ceylon Pings. VONGON J. bot. 1-02) 479-514,

Berkeley, M.J. and M.A. Curtis. 1868. Fungi Cubenses (Hymenomycetes). J. Linn. Soc. 10: 280-341.

Bresadola, J. 1916. Synonymia et adnotanda mycologica. Ann. Mycol. 14: 221-242.

Cunningham, G.H. 1965. Polyporaceae of New Zealand. New Zealand Dept. Sci. Ind. Res. Bull. 164.

Fries, E. 1838. Epicrisis systematics mycologici. Uppsala.

Fries, E. 1855. Novae symbolae mycologicae. Nova Acta Regise. Soc.) sci... Upsala Ser..3, "1s 1-136.

Murrill, W.A. 1905. The Polyporaceae of North America- XI. A synopsis of the brown pileate species. Bull. EOtrey BOt. GLUD, 522) 5595-571.

Overholts, L.O. 1953. The Polyporaceae of the United States, Alaska and Canada. Univ. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 466 p.

Patouillard, N. and R. Heim. 1928. Champignons recueil- lis par M. Mayeul Grisol dans le haut Orénoque. Ann. CEYDE EXOU.. b,) PASC: 3: 2665275,

Pegter. DeN.) 19/3.) Aphyllophorales. 1V: 7 ;Poroid families. In: Ainsworth, G.C., F. Sparrow and A. Sussman (eds.), The fungi. Vol. 4B. Academic Press, Ney.

Pitat A. L942, Polyporacese /f. si: sKavina, C.. and A .ePil4at..| Atlas des Champienons de ."Europe. Vol. 3. ser. B, Fasc. 42-48. pp. 473-624,

Ridgway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclat- Ure. unl. -byi the author. Washington.) DIC. 43. pp... LIII plates.

Ryvarden, L. 1972. A critical checklist of the Polypor- aceae in’ tropical. East Africa. Norw. .J. Bot.

192 229=238,

80

Ryvarden, L. and I. Johansen. 1980. A preliminary polypore flora of East Africa. Fungiflora, Oslo. 63650;

Saccardo, P.A. 1888. Hymenomycetum. Sylloge Fungorum. Vol. Oe) \haruoes ea abavan.s

Stevenson, J. 1975. Fungi of Puerto Rico and the American Virgin Islands. Contrib. Reed Herbarium 23. Baltimore. 743 p.

Sydow, H: | 1927... Fungi exotici exsiccati. Fasc. ATI. Berlin.

MYCOTAXON

Vol. XIX, pp. 81-84 January-March 1984

A TUBER FROM NOVA SCOTIA

K.A. HARRISON, KELLY A. GRATTO AND D.W. GRUND Department of Biology Acadia University Wolfville, Nova Scotia

The discovery of Tuber dryophtlum Tul. & Tul. is of great interest to mycologists in Nova Scotia as this is the first record of a species in the Genus Tuber in the province. Hydnotrya cubtspora (Bessey & Thompson) Gilkey is the only other member of the Tuberales reported from the region, S.N. Demmons (1974), C.O. Gourley (1983).

Cubical spores that appear to be Hydnotrya have recently been seen in the feces and stomach content of the Woodland Jumping Mouse, Napaeozapus tnstgnts Miller, captured in Kings County. Other spores similar to those of the Tuberales also were seen.

Tuber dryophtlum Tul. & Tul. Funei Hypogaei, p 14/7, pl 5, fig 34, pl 19, fig 8 1862.

Tuber untcolor Gilkey Mycologia 12:100. 1920. Figs. 1-3

Ascocarp 0.5-2.3 cm in diam., many + 1 cm, irregular- ly globoid to oblong, firm, solid, Sayal Brown (Ridgway, 1912; pl. XXIX) or slightly darker; surface finely rough- ened (under hand lens); periderm (225)270-360(420) um thick, white with outermost coating colored, pseudoparen- chymatous, compact to loosely and irregularly arranged, breaking at surface, hyphae 6-18 um in diam., gleba with conspicuous white venae externae and brown venae internae; venae externae hyphae compact to loosely and irregularly arranged, branched, pseudoparenchymatous, originating from periderm; venae internae of thin-walled, irregularly arranged, densely compacted, narrow hyphae; asci 60-90 x 50-75 um, irregularly arranged, irregularly subglobose to subellipsoid, short stipitate, 1-4 spored (generally 2-3), conspicuous, randomly scattered in gleba, separating easily from hyphae; spores 30-48(53) x 22-30(34) um,

82

golden-brown (under optical microscopic dark-field), ellip- soid, alveolate, sculpturing 4.5-5 um high; (3)5-7(9) x (3)4-6(8) um, across alveoli.

Habit and Habitat: Gregarious, on shaded lawn, in soil directly under sod layer, near a recently prepared flower bed. Neighboring trees were apple and willow.

Material Examined: ACAD 13999, Starr's Point, Kings Co., N.S.3; first collected 17/08/81 by Jennie (Harrison) Sheito, more mature sporocarps collected on 02/09/81 by K.A. Harrison and J. Sheito.

Collections are deposited in the herbaria of Oregon State College (OSC), Corvallis, Oregon, and in the E.C. Smith Herbarium (ACAD), Acadia University, Wolfville, N.S.

DISCUSSION

The habitat at Starr's Point is of historic interest as it was the site of the headquarters of the English regiments in the area after the expulsion of the Acadians in 1755. The old building and surroundings were for the officers. The grounds have some old English oak trees but is now mostly a tangle of vines, shrubbery, apple trees, maples and the stumps of huge old French willows, with remnants of acacias etc.

Tuber dryophtlum is an old European species that has been reported from several places in the state of New York (Gilkey, 1939). Finding this species in these surround- ings is consistent with a feeling that there are more species of Tuberales to be found in Nova Scotia once people are aware that such fungi exist in the region.

This feeling is supported by investigations of European beetles found around certain parts that were obviously brought to the province in the ballast of ships which was dumped before onloading cargo for Europe. It seems highly likely that the materials dumped could have contained propagules of various European fungi.

Figs 1, 2 Tuber dryophilum. S.E.M. photomicrographs of ascospores showing alveolae and variations of ornamentation. Fig 3 Ascocarps, ACAD 13999, collected from Starr's Pt. Kings Co. N.S.

83

84

We thank Dr. J. Trappe for the identification of this collection and to Dr. Robert Fogel who suggested that Dr. Trappe should be consulted as the spores were not typical for the present keys. Dr. Trappe said "It's spores tend to be somewhat longer and narrower and the gleba to have rather more inflated cells than is typical for the species as it occurs in Europe".

Scanning photomicrographs were taken on a JEOL JSM 25 located in the Department of Biology, Acadia University. Secondary electron images were recorded on Polaroid Type 55/PN 4x5 film. Coating was accomplished with a Technics Hummer II coater at three-minute pulse coating with gold/ palladium at 200-300 Angstrom units of thickness. Spores were mounted on adhesive copper tape (3-M) directly from the dried sporocarps. The tape was glued to JEOL mounting stubs with Duco cement (Dupont product). Secondary electron images were made using 15 KV.

REFERENCES CITED

Demmons, Susan N. 1975. Nine species of Hypogeous Fungi found in Kings Co.,, Nova Scotia in 1974. B.Sc. with Honours Thesis, Acadia University (ined.).

Eidt, D.C. 1955. European Wireworms in Canada with particular reference to Nova Scotian infestations.

Gilkey, H.M. 1939. Tuberales of North America. Studies in Botany I. Oregon State College, Corvallis, Ore.

Gourley, C.0. 1983. An Annotated Index of the fungi of Nova Scotia. Proc. N.S. Inst. Scts'32(2/3)@ 1-295.

Ridgway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenciature. Publ. by ‘the author. -Washington, D.C. 43) p54753)p1.

MYCOTAXON

Vow. Sel XS pp ensh+ 92 January-March 1984

CONIOCHAETA NEPALICA, a common LONG ISLAND SOIL FUNGUS

S. E. GOCHENAUR BLotogy Pepi. . AGeipnte University, Garden Crty, N.Y. T1530

ABSTRACT

Two strains ofa species of. Contochaeta moutinelyi isolated from Ls. 1. soils supporting bake wares shown to be identical to C. mepatzed baown previlously only, from ats ,type locality” in Nepal. Their morphology, hydrolase patterns and

vitamin requirements are compared. Ade. SiCne pie con. of one strain is presented. The ascospores are shown to be constitutively dormant. Germination

LV induced py heat shook.

INTRODUCTION

A species of Contochaeta has been routinely isolated on Long Island from weakly podzolic soils of forested areas containing oaks. The distinguishing feature is its narrow elliptical ascospores, reminiscent of those produced by Xylarta Hill ex Grev., but with a longitudinal germ slit. The ascospores are 8-10 um long. The initial isolate was obtained during a study of the effects of chronic irradiation’ on the soil microfungi of an oak-pine forest at Brookhaven Lahoratory, Suffolk County, L.I., New York. The Brookhaven strain was examined by Dr. Jack Rogers who pointed out its Similarity to Rosellinia xylartspora (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. (personal communication). Subsequently, the species has been obtained repeatedly from the oak-birch forest at Hempstead Lake State Park, Nassau County, L.I., New York. Two taxa with ascospores similar to the Long Island isolates recently have been described.

C. perangusta Udagawa & Sugiyama with ascospores 11-14 um long and with a longitudinal germ slit was obtained from a Nepal forest soil (10). Its authors believe it may prove Cowbecidentical, to. Conzocnaeta spi.) cin. hosellinta xylartspora, described by Munk (8) as an unidentified fungus on decorticated twigs of Calluna in Denmark. The two species are identical except that the latter is said by Munk to be without a distinct germ slit. C. nepaltea Minoura, Morinaga & Muroi also described from Nepal soil has ascospores -8-10° um long (7) %.°-lihas:<identical. to

Ce —peranquera except, for\thersmaller size iol its elements: A new family, Coniochaetaceae, has recently been proposed to accommodate Contoechaeta and the related genus Contochaetitdtum Mallock & Cain (6). A synopsis of the species in Contochaeta is available (5).

86

In this paper the two Long Island strains are shown to be identical to C. nepaltea based on a comparison of their morphology, hydrolytic patterns and vitamin requirements.

A description of the Hempstead Lake strain is included as a supplement to the original (7).

Desiccated agar cultures of the Brookhaven and Hempstead Lake strains are deposited in The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium, Bronx, N.Y.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three strains of C. nepaltca were examined in this study. The, Brookhaven strains CATCOKS235'.) Nori eiuat aes isolated from 'avLtS apradiated)oak-pine (rorest where sae was most common in that section of the forest receiving the Vowest radiation, dose. (2). The type ‘strain CATCE 3655u) was obtained from a single soil sample from Nepal (7). The L.t.) Hempstead Lake “State Park strain was, the moses (common sphaériaceous fungus isolated from the A horizon of the vak=bireh forest “Cib)

The description of the Hempstead Lake isolate and comparison of the morphology of the three strains is based on colonies grown on malt extract agar and cornmeal agar (9) 2220 “Cofor-3..days: Lanamorph) (or 30: days Gteleonorp ays Colors refer to plates in the Methuen Handbook of Colour C3 )Rs

Hydrolase patterns were assessed using methods and substrates previously described) (1). Inoculum consisted of small squares cut from the margin of young colonies grown on Bacto-Czapek-Dox Agar (Difco Laboratories, Detroit,; Mi). Cultures were inoculated in duplicate, incubated at 20 C and \evalwatedi when: colonies had radidiof) 2-3), cme Balsx additional substrates were tested in the present study. These are, at the ‘concentrations shown :in) parentheses, citrated rabbit: plssmas(C0.u54,, Bacto-CoaculaserRlacmays inulin ‘CO,S5Z24,Fushers Pair Lawn. .Nad si. dextrans G0. eee 200,.000=300;, 000, ICN. Cleveland, ..0H)i,> sodium inéepatrine (Oro: LON) arb utan C0 5742 DCN) Y and “ae sicud tina, GOGO pa GIN tee substrates except the rabbit plasma were heat sterilized CO Aas Or fay ben ns The rabbit plasma was rehydrated and used without further treatment. Hydrolysis of the, latter was detected as a clear zone around a colony after precipitation of sthe residual substrate by anvacidgiged mencurde ichlorigemsolution’ C152) HeClvin, 202 °H CL). on) Maun: dextran and heparin by a 1% aqueous solution of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; of aesculin by loss of Fluerescencevunder black Light; and jofs arbuuiny Dyairae production.of.a brownish: discoloration around, the) colonuvwean the presence of ferric, citrate (4).

The growth of the three strains in the absence or presence’ of biotin,» thiamine, or) biotinge + thiamaneswas tested using Bacto-Vitamin Free Yeast Base plus sterile absorbant paper discs containing either, both, or neither

of the above vitamins. The vitamin-free base was solidified with’ 22 Bacto-purified agar.) Bacto=Yeast

Morphology Agar which contains these vitamins served as the

87

positive control medium. The inoculum consisted of .a washed conidial suspension prepared as above from colonies grown On a vitamin-free medium. The cultures in duplicate were “areubated at; 2O0NG for’ i2 (weeks

fhe -erfrect of heaton inducing germination was. tested using the Hempstead strain. Both. young: Cle days’ old) and aged cultures (270 days old) were employed. An ascospore- conidial suspension was prepared by rubbing the surface of tdooded slant cultures on MEA with an anoca lating oop .and was clarified to remove perithecia and hyphal fragments by Passing Gt throush sterile slas¢ wool. “The number of ascospores per ml was determined using a haemocytometer. The suspension was adjusted to deliver 20,000 ascospores/ml ANnGwonNeiaDbaced winyea water path) at 60 (Cwahter: Pare € removing an aliquot to use as the non-heated control. One half ml: was removed at various antervals of ‘time, wsed) to sunface inoculate MEA plates, and’ then spread out ‘with a steriiemelass rod. .Cultures) were incubated) at 30.C for up too lors. Per vcent ‘germination was) ‘based on) four counts On lOUrspores each per time Aantervad

MORPHOLOGY OF THE HEMPSTEAD ISOLATE

The Hempstead strain C. nepaltca produces colonies OMOMEAU( Fig. (LA) with a diam of 4-5 cman 30 dav‘at. 20 C. The surface is appressed, strongly buckled and radiately wrinkled centrally, rusty-orange (7B8) but becoming black with maturation of the fruiting bodies. The colony reverse is black centrally becoming rusty-orange to pale orange (7A4) near the periphery. An amber (6B7) diffusible

pigment colors the surrounding agar. Colonies on CMA (Pig. IA) reach a diameter of. 6-7 cm in 30: da ‘at 20 Cand are very pale orange (7A2). Aerial hyphae are lacking.

PEULting Gccurs? within 14° da of inoculation’ at’ or’ below the agar surface with the ascocarps often concentrated in concentric bands. The mycelium is hyaline but becomes pale amber near the perithecia. It is composed of narrow hyphae of uniform width, 1.5-3.0 um. The ascocarp initial is a small hyphal knot, 8-10 um in diam, borne on a short lateral branch. The ascocarps are globose to subglobose (Fig. 1B), .small,65-75 x 90-110 um rarely exceeding 100 um, black by reflected light, glabrous or slightly hairy, ostiolate and ornamented with setae apically. The peridium is composed of 3-4 layers of dark brown, angular to elongate, parenchyma-like cells, 4-5 x 4-10 um, with slightly thickened walls. Setae (Fig. 1D) are concentrated on one side of the ostiole, aseptate, very dark brown by transmitted light, 25-40 um long, somewhat swollen at the base, 3-4 um wide, tapering to a narrow point, 1 um wide, with the wall over most of its length Mme thek and slightly ‘irregular. -vAscii( Fig. “fC) \are.25- 35 um p.sp. x 6-10° ptm, clavate, short stipitate, 8-spored, non-amyloid, persistent, interspersed among hyaline, septate paraphyses. The presence of an apical ring is revealed using phase contrast optics. The ascospores (Pig.clk) are 85-1005 2 4-455 1 =3)um, -biseriate,

88

PMA iia

89

narrowly ellipsoidal, sometimes collapsing and then producing a longitudinal furrow, medium brown by transmitted light, quttulate, and’ with an indistinct longitudinal germ slit. The anamorph (Fig. IF) is produced Guiekiy within 3° da of inoculation onto MEA ‘or CM agar. Conidia are borne in moist clusters from short adelophialides 1-4 um, longer true phialides 8-10 x 2-3 um, or small openings in the cells of the hyphae. They are hyaline, unicellular, smooth-walled, oval, to cylindrical, Lope laAncOola, Variable: in size, 4-5,¢7) “um x 10.8 G2) im

(Fig. 1G). The larger conidia may produce secondary

Dias rospores:: (Pig. 1H).

COMPARISON OF THE THREE STRAINS

Morphology.- The dimensions and morphology of the anamorphs of the three strains are identical. The teleomorph of the Brookhaven strain produces larger perithecia 110-150 x 110-120 um and ascospores with a mean Leng ee A.5);e Ot srl 2 um 0.9 8,0. but invall other regards is identical to the strains from Nepal and Hempstead Lake. Its dimensions lie between those of

C. nepalica and C. perangusta. Colony morphology varies depending on the type of inoculum used but is similar for the three strains. On MEA, point, inoculations’ using

mycelium or conidia typically produce sterile colonies of white floccose-funiculose hyphae; mass inoculation of the entire surface with conidia yields light orange colonies with sparsely produced perithecia; ascosporic inocula give rise to brilliantly colored colonies and massive production of perithecia; aerial hyphae are suppressed.

Vitamin Requirements.- Behavior of the strains on the complete and vitamin-free media was identical. The three strains did not require exogenous vitamins for growth or production of the anamorph. The positive control medium used was not suitable for production of the teleomorph.

Hydrolase Patterns.- With the exception of inulin, the pattern of substrate hydrolysis for the three strains is identical although the intensity of the reaction on a substrate varies (Table I). Note for example the results with glycogen and cellulose. C. nepaltea is among the most enzymatically versatile of the species tested from Hempstead Lake (1).

Pigs Le mMconvoch¢eta mepalicd:,

(A) Calentes:on cornmeal aear (left) and malt extract agar Cine tia tet ean 330 dae lath OOo Cie (B) Perilthecia. (CEE MINS OSE showing biseriate arrangement of ascospores.

(D)... Perithecial setae. (E) Ascospores. Insert shows spore fractured so as to reveal the -longitudinal germ slit. (F) Anamorph on the surface of cornmeal agar.

(GPL oPhRialoconidia: (H) Secondary conidia produced by budding of the phialoconidia. Bars represent, 10 Um in C,H, i. cetvane 0 hein oD.

90

‘Ta buvew ile: Comparison of substrates hydrolyzed by three strains of Coniochaete nepaitca.

Substrate Strain Hempstead Lake Nepal Brookhaven AEC Cl F6 Dik ATCG S543 52

Proteins

Casein at ah + Gelatin aaa ++ ++ Plasma 3e5F Sesteate ++ Albumen - - -

Polysaccharides

Amylose ++ as ur Amylopectin sesh ++ ++ Glycogen cientacts + ay Inulin - & ve Dextran = a % Cellulose + + aes Xylan + at + Pec 1n (pH eae +-- +++ Steleat Peete me pe uijee 2) + + ari Heparin - = 3 Glycosides Arbutin = a, a Aesculin a a. ri lS eGnes Oat ds rn ie DNA +++ ee +++ RNA a =“ a Daphosphophenolphthalein: cost +++ sueeale Zones Of Cleat ine eeea min) =) i) 4m fp ite 7) Oe ca

ASCOSPORE GERMINATION AND CULTURE MAINTENANCE

Both young and aged ascospores of the Hempstead strain are constitutively dormant (Table II). The aged ascospores showed no decrease in their ability to germinate nor any change in dormancy but the aged conidia were non-viable. Heating the ascospores at 60 C for as little as 6 min induced germination; the conidia were rapidly killed at this temperature. Heat-shocked ascospores exhibit maximum germination after 12 hr at 30 C. The rate of germination was slower at 20 and 35 C. This species is the first « Contoechaeta to be shown to require heat shock for ascospore germination (5).

a1

Ta bites el Le Germination’ (4) of, ascospores, sand: conidia (of Contochaeta nepaltea before and after heat treatment and rate of germination of treated ascospores. 600 ff Ox plo: pine)

Ascospores & Conidia 1) Treated Ascospores Heated Ge CaS aint) Time 7aaG 60 C Ascospores Ascospores Conidia Consdia (hr janZ0C ) 30C\ 356 (min) (14d-old) (270d-old) (14d-old) (270d-old)

0 0 0 90 0 4 0 0 0) 6 79 76 iS 0 6 ihe) 29 2 12 86 81 <i 0 8 35 59 hes) 18 85 87 0 0 10 52 7D 38 24 82 85 0 0 2 66 86 Tat 30 84 86 0 0 14 73 88 7/7

Ear ae aa gyie By) (he

Both the Brookhaven and Nepal strains as received from ATCC showed extensive aerial mycelium and poor perithecia production on MEA and CM. The Hempstead isolate derived from conidial or mycelial inocula showed the same loss of vigor after as few as two transfers. The strains are easily revitalized by using ascospore inoculum and heating ae .o0 sc ror 15 min to inactivate the conidia. In laboratory cultures prepared in this manner, no degenera- tion has appeared during the past six years.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wish to thank Dr. John Cooke, University of Connecticut, Groton for reviewing this paper and Mrs. Barbara Dixon for typing the camera-ready copy.

LITERATURE CITED

Doe GOcnen ab) iSix, Ey. 1983.) The funmet of a Leng Leland Cak-=barch «forest. Tae S Population dynamics and hydrolase pavrernes tor ‘they soa] penicilitia.) My colo: ia: in press.

Dia Cochenaur,;, S.). Es) and-G. WWoodwell. POF a The soil microfungi of a chronically irradiated oak-pine forest. Kealogy S55 1904-1016.

Oye MOsinieietiory Vis 4 elineh Who AilelinGeloaue - 1967. Methuen handbook Ole Colores 2nd. ed. “Methuensand Co.;) Ltda. London. DIA Sy 50) 6

Sem OOd Os 0.5 AndaoN. J) Wee Rreser— man. Ry" IS) Se The Yeasts. North Holland Publ’.; Co., Amsterdam, MSS oye

Diumimanone yt, Dis PAS andes, bakavre. WhlOel.. eContochae la extramundana, with a synopsis of other Contochaeta species. My e ovo ga" i393) °9 SLO?)

OMe a eo. Da. and one Fs Carn OF / ieee Ne waneredusHtae)— thecial Sordariaceae and a new family, Coniochaetaceae.

92

Canad. J. Botany 49: 869-880.

P2y Mainourasy aks... Morinagra and. Ty (Moroad . WON se Some ascomycetes tsolated trom soll jof Nepal (CLET jr ean srs Mycol Sod. Japan, Ler LL g-f24.

8. Munk, Anders. 1957..° Danish Pyrenomycetes. Dansk Botx AMD 57 be Obl

oi. Pied Eager ag fe ERE Aen Un EOE: « PI 49 PAL mani all Orn se me penieiiiia::. The Willvams sand Witkins Co .5 Baltamores. Md ey Signe

Low. Udagawa,. S45 sand. Yu. Sugivana. + LIS2e.) New PecoraQg mace new species of ascomycetous microfungi from Nepal, a preliminary teport: on the expedition of 1930... Repe Cryo. Study Nepal} Nati Sense Mus... Lokyo.

Lee C2hatcener, .L.,.andSs Gochenaur...( 196). Fungi “et eamiane Usitandwoak-pirehn <borest. JENNA Distribution and, survival of ascospores im the A=-Horizon.. Gialtia. dja ene ior brs Orla,

submitted.

MYCOTAXON

Melee bs DD oS LO January-March 1984

TWO NEW TRICLADIUM SPECIES FROM MOUNTAIN STREAMS

LUDMILA MARVANOVA

Czechoslovak Collection of Microorganisms Jsee PURKyoe University 662 43 Brno, Czechoslovakia

Tricladium: fallax anam.: nov. \(Fig. 1) Etym: fatlax = deceiving: concerns the striking similar- ity of conidia to another species of Tricladium Ingold,

Moniliaceae, Staurosporae

Coloniiae in agaro maltoso 2% lente crescentes, aipae, Glabrae, Fructificatio. in aquacw Gro nied) io - p hora simplicia, ea lateralia usque ad 55 um longa, SaeLata,.epice annulate. C#eoluleu lve. 'e c/o nid, i~ ogenae terminales, per cicatricem conidicam proli- ficantes’.. Gon aid tam terminalia, solitaria: axis) ar- cuatus vel sigmoideus, 59-90 x 2.5-4 um, apice acicularis, basi primum truncatus, dein acicularis, 6-10 septatus, ra- mos duos, raro tres, antrorsos, 4-17 um distantes, gerens. Ramus proximalis 30-50 x 2.5-4 ym, basi minus constrictus quam ramus distalis, apice acicularis, 3-6 septatus; ra- mus) distalis: 25-45 x 2.5-3.5 pm, 2-5 septatus, \character- ibus ceteris ramo proximali valde similis. Dehiscentia conidiorum schizolytica, cicatrix basalis Tata.

Habitat: Slovakia septentrionalis, montes Vysoké Tatry, in rivulo parvo secus viam pedestrorum inter lacum Strb- ské Pleso et vallem Mlynicka dolina, prope hospitium "FIS" dictum, c. 1 350 .m.s.m., ut conidia in spuma dispersa; 20.10.1980 leg.L. Marvanova.

Typus BRNU 498930, cultura viva CCM F-03380.

Colonies. slow growing, smooth, whitish, with Sparse aerial mycelium, Sporulation under water: Con i- dao lp sho re s “simple, Upto SS iumvlong when tateral, 3 um wide, annellate near apex (up to 6 rings seen). C o- heed a0 Gg ‘es nloturs, j-cyerl Liss terminal »inveqarat ed), proliferating percurrently, swelling near apex after re- lease of each conidium, marking so each level of pre- Vious. conidium formation, Cootn id i a vapical).soli- tary. Axis 59-90 x 2,.5-4 um, broadest in the middle, bent or sigmoid, with sharp apex and base truncate immediately after release, becoming acicular after a time. Arms two,

94

Fig. 1. Tricladium fallax CCM F-03380. (a,b) ontogeny of the first conidium; (c-~e) ontogeny of second an sub-= sequent conidia; (f-i) free conidia, Scale = 50 um.

95

antrorse, constricted bilaterally at the point of insert- ion, acicular at the distal end. Proximal arm 30-50 x 2.5-4 um, usually longer and less constricted at the ba- se, 3-6 septate, Distal arm 25-45 x 2.5-3.5 um, 2-5 sep- tate, situated 4-17 um apart from the proximal, Secession schizolytic, detachment scar broad. There is a marked tendency to elongation of all extremities of free conidia floating on the surface of stagnant water in culture. Occasional secondary branching may also appear under these conditions.

Conidia of this species were collected only once, in the type locality.

Distinguishing features: White colonies, percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells and conidia with two arms markedly constricted at base.

There are four other taxa with similar conidia, the most close being Tricladium attenuatum Iqbal (1971). Nevertheless, this species has smaller and usually more straight conidia, which develop on branched conidiophores in groups of 2-3, simultaneously with the new conidio- genous cell.

The fungus originally described as Ingoldia biappendi- culata Arnold (1970; = Gyoerffyella biappendiculata (Arnold) Ingold 1975), has markedly smaller conidia with arms rather perpendicular than antrorse. Conidiogenous cells have a swollen base and a narrower neck, which bears signs of proliferation intergrading between percurrent and sympodial. The more proper taxonomic classification of this fungus will be published later,

Tricladium splendens Ingold (1942), the type species of the genus, has also multiseptate conidia with arms mar- kedly constricted at base, but this fungus differs by its dark, quickly growing colonies, and the conidia are much lerger, with subulate, notvacicular’apexes. The percurrent proliferation exists, however, in both species. The teleo- morph of Tricladium splendens is Hymenoscyphus splendens Abdullah et al. (1981). A microconidial state was repor- ted for that species in culture (Descals’ et Webster 1982) and was observed in nature, too (Marvanova, unpublished). No microconidial state has been found with Tricladium fallax up to now,

Tricladium chaetocladium Ingold (1974) has similar thickenings on the conidiophore apex (Ingold, l.c. Fig. l) indicating the probability of percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells being involved. Nevertheless, the colonies of that species are dark and the conidia exceed in size these of Tricladium fallax considerably and dif- fer in other details, too; namely in less frequent septat- ion and much less constricted bases of conidial arms. The ends of conidial elements are obtuse, not acicular.

96

Tricladium raobustum-anam,.. nov. (Figs... 2)'3) Moniliaceae, Staurosporae

Coloni.ae in agaro maltoso 2% celeriter crescen- tes, melleae, in parte reversa brunneae,. Fructificatio in aqua, "Status macroconidicus:C.o'n did ipo05%p hve Fran tem plicieyuterminalia sc eaimiiuelva er reso ne tcdeeyongeems na ebvapicales);sproiaficatios non) visas?) Cyounm 2adeisa terminalia, solitaria, ex axe et ramis 2-3(4)-in succes- Sione basifugali ecrescentibus consistentia. Axis clava- tus, 80-190 x 3.7-8 um, apud insertionem ramorum flexus, paulo attenuatus in internodiis, basi truncatus dein co- nicus, apice subacute rotundatus. Rami 30-70 x 7-10 um, stricti, antrorsi, conici vel in parte centrali paulo in- flati, late adnexi vel basi subconstricti, apice subacute rotundati, 6-20 um mutue remoti. Conidia tota dense septa- ta, cellulis ramorum saepe subinflatis. Conidiarum dehis- centia schizolytica, sed conidia tarde liberantur. Status microconidicus:: C) own icdyijo p hie'ria’ dongs wapicesras mosa; jAcve dy, Louse 46: cio nel dokdocg ‘efi ta yemenh tava formes 8-10 x 3-4 um gerentia. Co nidia=erotundata vel pyriformia, hyalina, c. 3-5 um in diam.; germinatio non observata.

Habitat: Moravia septentrionalis, montes Hruby Jesenik, loco humido prope rivulum Keprnicky potok sub monte Toé - nik, c. 600 m.s.m., ad folia putrescentia Fagi sylvaticae, 2OMLESTS77vleq. .L. iMarvaneva, mes.

Typus BRNU 498931, cultura viva CCM F-03177.

Co l.on,i es,: quickly spréading., white, becoming honey (Rayner 1970, 64"), brown from below, cottony in the centre, funiculose after longer cultivation. Sporulat- ion, -in- water; Macroconiddal: states Crotnsiod. + ofp pacers eno Vapical) .simphe: Ceo, n dvds i709 eaunvoyvuss ie we.) eee apical, integrated.)'C of n, ted) aya sapical;:solitary, cous sisting of one axis and usually 2-3(4) arms appearing in basifugal succession. Axis clavate, 80-190 x 3.7-8 pum, bent award at each point of branch insertion, with slightly narrowed internodes; base truncate, becoming blunt conic, apex obtuse. Branches 30-70 x 7-10 um, straight, antrorse, conic or slightly inflated in medial part, with broad or somewhat constricted base and obtuse apex, situated 6-20 um apart. The whole conidium is densely septate, with cells in branches sometimes slightly inflated. Dehiscence of conidia schizolytic and late, detachment scar broad. Pro- liferation not: seen. Microconidial state: Conidio = phoreées with simple long stalk and penicillately branched. apex, Co nijivdyi ot gretnxomuns) Ac ele the tuone- alidic, 8-10 x 3-4 pm; con id ia rounded to pear- shaped, hyaline, c. 3-5 um in diam., not germinating.

This species tends to produce giant conidia in culture, with axis up to 300 pm long and loosely arranged branches.

Pig2st2.2 Iricladium ooustum. (fa-c) yconidial . ontogeny; (d-h) free conidia. (a-f = CCM F-03177, g-h = conidia from foam). Scale = 50 um.

98

ek

[ae eT a Sa EEE a ee

b-e

Fig, 3.,0ricladium robustum CCM F-03177. (a) giant coni- dium from stagnant water; (b) chlamydospore-like cells appearing after long maintenance in distilled water; (c) phialiadicrmieroconidial state; (die), sessile Dlacto- Conte tee. weobicsca les (=) SO. un,

Beside the overall robust appearance of the conidia the most apparent feature is the thinner axis in contrast to the thick arms,

Conidia of this species were seen also in foam in the raght. tributary of the,Latanaistream near sits mouth;..c. 1 000 m.s.m, in the Western Tatras, 17.7.1977.

This species is easily recognizable even as free coni- dia in foam and can hardly be confused with any other species, especially due to the size. Ingoldiella hamata Shaw (1972) shows an overall similarity with respect to the configuration of conidia and the proportions of axis and branches; nevertheless, this species is a basidio - mycete anamorph with clamps on conidia and its distribut- LOnVi4s restricted to tropies.

The classification of Tricladium robustum may seem questionable as regard to the higher number of branches and a "scorpioid" axis. However, the genus Tricladium at present is an assemblage of mostly unrelated anamorphs joined on the basis of having conidia predominantly with one axis and two or more primary branches, which may branch again. This configuration is very simple and _ has probably been evolved by a wide range of fungi with asco- mycetous, and a few with basidiomycetous, affinity. Even the application of numerical taxonomy (Marvanova 1983)

did not help to divide this genus into well defined smaller units and therefore I prefer to retain the broader concept - ion,

REFERENCES

ABDULEAHT SK DESCALS ) iE et WEBSTER, Jyolosl Teleo = morphs of three aquatic hyphomycetes. Trans. Br. Mycol. BOC.) 77 :475-483.

ARNOLD, G.R.W. 1970. (On a new species of the genus Ingol- dial. Nove. sist. Nizn, Rast... lo: 75<176.

DESCALS, E. et WEBSTER, J. 1982. Taxonomic studies on aquatic hyphomycetes IV. Pure culture and typification Of Varlous species, wWirans,. Br. (Mycol, Soc.) 79;:45-64.

INGOLD, C.T. 1942, Aquatic hyphomycetes of decaying alder POAVES walmans ibis MYCOL. “SOC, 255 59eaa,/),

TINGOLD), CC. 7.) 1974. 1ricladium (chactocladium isp, nov. ;.an aquatic hyphomycete from Britain. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 63:624~626.

EINGOLD,, C.t.1975.¢An illustrated guide to aquatic end water-borne hyphomycetes (Fungi imperfecti) with notes on their biology. Scient. Publs. Freshwater Biol. Ass. Now isO 696 upp.

100

IQBAL, S.H. 1971. New aquatic hyphomycetes. Trans. Br, Myco:le S0¢ . “56 3345—552.2

MARVANOVA, L, 1983. Concerning taxonomy of the genus Tri- cladium, Abstracts of papers delivered at the 7th Con- ference of Czechoslovak mycologists held in Ceské Bu- déjovice, 13-18th September, 1982. €. Mykol. 37:108-128.

RAYNER, R.W. 1970. A mycological colour chart. Commonw. Mycol, Inst. °Kew,

SHAW, D.E.) 1972. Ingoldiella hamata gen."et eps niove 7 ve fungus with clamp connexions from a stream in North Queensland. Trans: Bre Mycol. Soc.’ 959-255-259"

MYCOTAXON

Valea Miss PD. LOT= 152 January-March 1984

ETUDES DES TYPES DE PECK ET DE MURRILL APPARTENANT OU AYANT APPARTENU AU GENRE MELANOLEUCA *

JACQUES PFISTER

Université de Lausanne Institut de botanique systématique Av. de Cour 14 bis CH-1007 Lausanne (Suisse)

RESUME

88 espéces décrites par Murrill sous le nom générique de

Melanoleuca et 43 espéces décrites par Peck et transfé- rees dans ce méme genre par Murrill et Singer sont brié- vement examinées. Parmi elles, six espéces appartenant vraiment au genre Melanoleuca -soit Melanoleuca albo- flavida (Peck) Murrill, M. melaleuca (Pers.) Pat. var. caespitosa Murrill, M. planiceps (Peck) Singer, M. praecox Murrill, M. subcinereiformis Murridd: et Me subcinerea (Peck) Murrill- ainsi que Melanoleuca earlei (Murrill) Singer sont étudiées de maniere plus approfondie.

SUMMARY

88 species described by Murrill under the generic name of Melanoleuca and 43 species described by Peck and transfe- red into the same genus by Murrill and Singer are briefly examined. Among them six species belonging really to the genus Melanoleuca -i-e. Melanoleuca alboflavida (Peck) Murrill, M.melaleuca (Pers. )Pat.var. caespitosa Mur- rill, M. planiceps (Peck) Singer, M. praecox Murrill, M. subcinereiformis Murrill and M. subcinerea (Peck) Mur- rill as well as Melanoleuca earlei (Murrill) Singer are studied more thoroughly.

* Ce travail entre dans le cadre de la préparation d'une thése de doctorat a l'Université de Lausanne.

OZ

I: INTRODUCTION

Patouillard (1887) mentionnait dans la description de son nouveau genre Melaleuca des caractéres essentiel- lement macroscopiques. Ce nom étant déja occupé pour désigner un genre de phanérogames, Patouillard (1897) le transforme en Melanoleuca . Par la suite Kiuhner et Maire (1926) ont mis en évidence l'amyloidie de la paroi spori- que en utilisant le réactif de Melzer (1924). Enfin Métrod (1948) puis Singer (1975) ont permis par leurs observa- tions microscopiques de mieux définir les limites du genre Melanoleuca.

A la lumiére de ces derniers travaux et sur la base de ceux de Singer (1942), Hesler (1958), Bigelow & Barr (1962), Ammirati & Ovrebo (1979), Bigelow (1979) et Clé- mencon (1982), nous avons examiné les espéces types de Murrill décrites sous le nom générique de Melanoleuca et celles de Peck transférées par Murrill et Singer dans ce méme genre. Nous avons aussi étudié une espéce décrite par Murrill sous le nom générique de Clitocybe et transférée par Singer dans le genre Melanoleuca.

II: MATERIEL ET METHODES

Les types de Peck que nous avons étudiés sont déposés dans les herbiers du Farlow Herbarium (FH) et du New-York State Museum (NYS) et ceux de Murrill dans les herbiers du New-York Botanical Garden (NY) et de l'Université de Floride (FLAS).

Nous avons examiné chaque type en notant 1'éventuelle amyloidie des verrues de la paroi sporique ainsi que, le cas échéant,l'auréole qu'elles déterminent en bordure de la plage supra-apiculaire lisse et,dans ce cas la possible présence de boucles. Nous avons également indiqué les nou- velles combinaisons relevées de 1'Index of Fungi (1920- 1980), de Saccardo (1887,1925) et mentionné la littérature existante en indiquant, entre t+, l'opinion taxonomique exprimée par les auteurs.

Pour les types appartenant vraiment au genre Mela- noleuca, nous avons observé, dessiné et mesuré au moyen d'un microscope Zeiss standard muni d'un tube a dessin:

- les spores (longueur et largeur, y compris 1'ornemen- tation amyloide) dans du liquide de Melzer (1924)

- les basides (longueur sans les stérigmates et largeur) et les cystides (longueur, largeur a mi-longueur, plus grande largeur) dans du rouge congo ammoniacal a 1%

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- les hyphes (largeur de la cloison) dans de 1'ammoniaque amet

Toutes les moyennes sont accompagnées du nombre de me- sures effectuées et de leurs écart-types. En outre, nous avons calculé pour les spores, les basides et les cystides le rapport de la longueur a la largeur ainsi que 1l'écart- type et le coefficient de corrélation, qui exprime la ré- gularité, de ce rapport.

Enfin, nous avons replacé ces espéces,lorque cela était

possible,dans les différentes sections du genre Mela- noleuca telles qu'elles ont &té récapitulées par Bon

(1978).

III: RESULTATS

1. ESPECES A RETRANCHER DU GENRE MELANOLEUCA (OBSERVATIONS PERSONELLES

Hesler (1958) classe toutes les espéces qu'il a obser- vées dans le genre Tricholoma .

1.1. COLLECTIONS DE CHARLES-HORTON PECK DEPOSEES A FH

Agaricus (Tricholoma) flavescens Peck (Bull. Buffalo

DOCseNat sue Cl «mh s4ci, 1873 ) = Tricholoma flavescens (Peck) Saccardo (Syll. Fung. 5:119, 1897) = Melanoleuca thomp- soniana (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora, published by the New-York Botanical Garden 10:14, 1914)= Tricholoma thompsonianum (Murrill) Murrill (Mycologia 6:269, 1914) = Tricholomopsis flavescens (Peck) Singer (Lilloa 22:196, 1949); Singer 1942:118; spores lisses, inamyloides. Tricholoma semivestitum Peck (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 222405, 1895) = Melanoleuca semivestita (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:20, 1914) = Lentinellus semi- vestitus (Peck) Singer (Lloydia 5:130, 1942); spores

amyloides, laticiféres, nombreuses boucles. 1.2. COLLECTIONS DE CHARLES-HORTON PECK DEPOSEES A NYS

Tricholoma acre Peck (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24:139, 1897) = Melanoleuca acris (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:8, 1914); Hesler 1958:187; spores lisses, inamy- loides. :

Agaricus (Clitocybe) albissimus Peck (Bull.Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1:45, 1873) = Melanoleuca albissima (Peck) Mur- rill (North American Flora 10:8, 1914) = Leucopaxillus

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albissimus (Peck) Sing. (Schweiz. Z. fiir Pilzkunde 17:57, 1939), spores amyloides, sans plage lisse supra-apicu- laire clairement délimitée par une auréole de verrues amyloides, nombreuses boucles dans le revétement piléique.

Tricholoma portentosum centrale Peck (Bull. N.Y. State Mus. 25675, 1899) = Melanoleuca centralis (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:24, 1914), spores lisses, inamy- loides.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) chrysenteroides Peck (Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Mus. 24:60, 1872) = Tricholoma chrysenteroides (Peck) Saccardo (Syll. Fung. 5:115, 1887) = Melanoleuca chrysenteroides (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:15, 1914); Singer 1942:112 +Tricholoma sect. Sericel- lat ,Hesler 1958:187; spores inamyloides. ~ Tricholoma davisiae Peck (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 27:611, 1900) = Melanoleuca davisiae (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:14, 1914); Hesler 1958:187, Bigelow & Barre 19623132 +Tricholoma+ , Bigelow 1979:57 +Tricho- loma+ ;spores lisses, inamyloides.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) fallax Peck (Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1:44, 1873) = Tricholoma fallax (Peck) Saccardo (Syll. Fung. 5:115, 1887) = Melanoleuca naucoria (Peck) | Murrill (North American Flora 10:15, 1914)= Tricholoma naucoria (Murrill) Murrill (Mycologia 6:269, 1914) = Lyo- phyllum fallax (Peck) Kiihner et Romagnesi (Flore ana- lytique des champignons supérieurs, Paris, p.162, 1953) = Calocybe fallax (Saccardo) Singer ex Redhead et Singer (Mycotaxon 6:501, 1978); spores inamyloides.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) fumidellus Peck (Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1:44, 1873) = Tricholoma fumidellum (Peck) Saccardo (Syll. Fung. 5: 128, 1887)= Melanoleuca fumidella (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:11, 1914); Hesler

1958:188; spores lisses, inamyloides.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) fumosoluteus Peck (Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Mus. 27:92, 1875) = Tricholoma fumosoluteum (Peck) Saccardo (Syll. Fung. 5:122, 1887) = Melanoleuca fumosolu- tea (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:13, 1914); Bigelow 1979:59 +Tricholoma+ ; spores lisses, inamyloides.

Tricholoma grave Peck (Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Mus. 43:63, 1890) = Melanoleuca gravis (North American Flora 10:19, 1914), spores lisses, inamyloides.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) impolitoides Peck (Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Mus. 32:25, 1879) = Melanoleuca impolitoides (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:11, 1914), spores lisses, inamyloides.

Tricholoma infantile Peck (Bull. N.Y. State Mus. of

Natural History 1(2):5, 1887) = Melanoleuca infantilis

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(Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:11, 1914), spores lisses, inamyloides.

Tricholoma intermedium Peck (Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Mus. 41:60, 1888) = Melanoleuca intermedia (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:22, 1914); Hesler 1958:190, Bi- gelow 1979:60 +Tricholoma+ ; spores lisses, inamyloides.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) laterarius Peck (Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1:43, 1873) = Melanoleuca lateraria (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:10, 1914), spores amy-

loides et verruqueuses, sans plage lisse: supra- apiculaire clairement délimitée par une auréole de ver- rues amyloides, nombreuses boucles dans le revétement piléique.

Tricholoma latum Peck (Bull. N.Y. State Mus. TOLEOT, 1913) = Melanoleuca lata (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:12, 1914) = Clitocybe lata (Peck) Singer (Lloydia 5:104, 1942), spores lisses, inamyloides.

Tricholoma maculatescens Peck (Ann. Rep. N.Y.State Mus.

44:150, 1891) = Melanoleuca maculatescens (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:17, 1914), spores lisses, inamy- loides.

Tricholoma niveipes Peck (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29:69, 1902) = Melanoleuca niveipes (Peck) Murrill (North Ame- rican Flora 10:18, 1914);Singer 1942:115;spores lisses, inamyloides . :

Tricholoma odorum Peck (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25:321, 1898) = Melanoleuca odora (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10214, 1914);Singer 1942:113 +Tricholoma sect. Se- ricellat , Hesler 1958:191; Ammirati & Ovrebo 1979:361 +Tricholomat+ ; spores lisses, inamyloides.

Tricholoma pallidum Peck (Bull.Torrey Bot. Club 24:139, 1897) = Melanoleuca pallida (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:9, 1914), spores lisses, inamyloides.

Tricholoma piperatum Peck (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26:63, 1899) = Melanoleuca piperata (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:20, 1914), spores lisses, inamyloides«

Tricholoma radicatum Peck (Bull. N.Y. State Mus. 67:22, 1903) = Melanoleuca radicata (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:10, 1914) = Tricholomopsis radicata (Peck) Singer (Lloydia 5:118, 1942), spores lisses, inamy- loides.

Tricholoma rimosum Peck (Bull. N.Y. State Mus. 54:947, 1902) = Melanoleuca rimosa (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:18, 1914), spores lisses, inamyloides.

Tricholoma serratifolium Peck (Ann. Rep.N.Y. State Mus. 46:102, 1893) = Melanoleuca serratifolia (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:10, 1914), spores lisses,inamy-

106

loides.

Tricholoma silvaticum Peck (Ann. Rep. of the Trustees of the State Museum of Natural History 42:113, 1889) = Me- lanoleuca silvatica (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora 10:8, 1914), spores lisses, inamyloides.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) striatifolius Peck (Ann. Rep.

N.Y. State Mus. 5OL5 Ly, 1878) = Tricholoma striatifo- lium (Peck) Saccardo (Syll. Fung. 5:119, 1887) = Mela- noleuca striatifolia (Peck) Murrill (North American Flora